Esta dissertação analisa a temática da violência em dois romances angolanos contemporâneos, designadamente Estação das chuvas (1996), de José Eduardo Agualusa, e Maio, mês de Maria (1997), de Boaventura Cardoso. No primeiro caso, lançando mão de um procedimento metaficcional e de viés testemunhal, Agualusa retraça o percurso que vai da emergência do moderno movimento nacionalista nos princípios da década de 1950 ao reinício da longa e sangrenta guerra civil em 1992, tendo como clímax as repressões levadas a cabo pela direção do Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) contra os grupos contestatários de extrema-esquerda e contra as dissidências políticas pouco antes e logo após a independência. Ao passo que, no segundo caso, de maneira alegórica e fantástica, Cardoso recupera a vaga de terror vigilância, capturas, prisões, torturas e execuções sumárias desencadeada pela polícia política do regime monopartidário na sequência da tentativa de golpe de Estado de 27 de maio de 1977. Desse modo, através de uma leitura comparativa desses romances, procuramos interpretar e explicar em que medida, a despeito de suas diferenças, ambos os autores inscrevem a violência como motivo central de figuração, transformando as ruínas da memória social em matéria de criação e reflexão artística. / This dissertation analyzes the thematization of violence in two Angolan contemporary novels: Estação das chuvas (1996), by Jos,, Eduardo Agualusa, and Maio, mês de Maria (1997), by Boaventura Cardoso. In the first case, procedures such as metafiction and testimony were chosen by Agualusa to retrace the route that goes from the emergence of the modern nationalist movement on the principles of the 1950 until the resumption of the long and bloody civil war in 1992, whose climax was when the direction of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) has unleashed a repression against opposition groups of the extreme left and against political dissidents, on the years before and immediately after independence. While in the second case, through the fantastic and the allegorical, Cardoso sought to reconstitute the wave of terror surveillance, capture, detention, torture and summary executions unleashed by the political police of the regime, immediately after the attempted coup in May 27, 1977. Thus, through a comparative reading of these novels, despite their differences, the analysis sought to interpret and demonstrate, especially in terms of narrative technique and fictional procedure, as both authors inscribe violence as central motif of figuration, transforming from the ruins of the Angolan social memory into creation and artistic reflection.

Se o exercício comparativo desta pesquisa iniciou seu percurso recorrendo a breves elementos comuns e numerosas diferenças entre os romances Nós, os do Makulusu, de José Luandino Vieira, e Un fusil dans la main, un poème dans la poche, de Emmanuel Dongala, o desenvolvimento analítico permitiu construir um diálogo profícuo entre as obras valendo-se dos conceitos de oposição e contradição, didática e dialética. À sua maneira, cada uma das duas narrativas materializa questões que parecem apontar para diferenças significativas também na constituição dos sistemas literários vizinhos a que pertencem. Neste sentido, ao dar enfoque às complexas relações que articulam a produção literária às dinâmicas sociais de seus contextos, empreendeu-se um esforço de reflexão acerca das tensões e contradições que marcaram os processos históricos das colonizações portuguesa e francesa em Angola e Congo-Brazzaville partindo das particularidades de composição verificadas em cada um dos textos literários. Através desse processo, buscou-se explicitar como as contingências agem de modo complexo e intrincado, de forma a influenciar dialeticamente as possibilidades de representação e as escolhas formais dos autores. / If the comparative exercise of this research began its course using brief common elements and numerous differences between the novels Nós, os do Makulusu, by José Luandino Vieira, and Un fusil dans la main, un poème dans la poche by Emmanuel Dongala, the analytical development allowed to construct a fruitful dialogue between the texts using the concepts of opposition and contradiction, didacticism and dialectic. In its own way, each one of these two narratives materializes issues that seem to point to meaningful differences also on the nature of the neighboring literary systems in which they belong. In this sense, by giving focus to the intricate relations that articulate the literary production to the social dynamics of its contexts, an endeavour of reflection was undertook about the tensions and contradictions which branded the historical processes of the Portuguese and French colonizations in Angola and Congo-Brazzaville starting from the peculiarities of composition verified in each of the literary texts. Through this process, it was sought to make explicit how the contingencies act in complex and intricate ways, in order to dialectically influence the possibilities of representation and the formal choices of the authors.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-04T11:04:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Raizaro Tosi.pdf: 891893 bytes, checksum: edb75d4b25ad6b33bb2777888de73fc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T11:04:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Raizaro Tosi.pdf: 891893 bytes, checksum: edb75d4b25ad6b33bb2777888de73fc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present research aims to highlight the inter and intratextual relations established by Ondjaki in the elaboration of his short story book E se amanhã o medo (2010), as well as to discuss the importance and the role of recurrence to these strategies in the contemporary context. For this purpose, the study - exploratory, descriptive and essentially bibliographical - is organized in three chapters. In the first, we draw a brief overview of Angolan literature and the importance that orality has in this scenario, as well as presenting the life and work of the author. For the construction of this panorama, we have recourse, in particular, to the considerations of Carlos Ervedosa, Rita Chaves and Tânia Macêdo. The second chapter begins with a study on intertextuality from the reflections undertaken by Julia Kristeva, Gérard Genette, Roland Barthes, Laurent Jenny and Leyla Perrone-Moisés. Next, we propose the analysis of some selected short stories of E se amanhã o medo, identifying and analyzing the intertextual and also intratextual strategies that are observed in them. The third chapter, in turn, undertakes the discussion of critical hypotheses about the recurrence of inter and intratextual strategies in contemporary literature, especially in the short stories under study, but not restricting them, using, mainly, the discussions undertaken by Borges, Harold Bloom and Leyla Perrone-Moses. It is confirmed in this research the hypothesis that Ondjaki, appealing to inter and intratextual strategies in the elaboration of his stories, rather than aiming to become part of the canon, seems to recognize and wish to insert himself as an element of a "Globalized", in which the liquefied borders point to an approximation - and even almost indistinction - between national literatures / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo evidenciar as relações inter e intratextuais estabelecidas por Ondjaki na elaboração de seu livro de contos E se amanhã o medo (2010), bem como discutir a importância e o papel da recorrência a essas estratégias no contexto contemporâneo. Para a realização deste intento, o estudo – exploratório, descritivo e de base essencialmente bibliográfica – está organizado em três capítulos. No primeiro, traçamos um breve panorama da literatura angolana e da importância que a oralidade tem neste cenário, bem como apresentamos a vida e a obra do autor. Para a construção deste panorama, recorremos, em especial, às considerações de Carlos Ervedosa, Rita Chaves e Tânia Macêdo. O segundo capítulo inicia com um estudo sobre a intertextualidade a partir das reflexões empreendidas por Julia Kristeva, Gérard Genette, Roland Barthes, Laurent Jenny e Leyla Perrone- Moisés. A seguir, propomos a análise de alguns contos selecionados de E se amanhã o medo, identificando e analisando as estratégias intertextuais e também intratextuais que neles se observam. O terceiro capítulo, por seu turno, empreende a discussão de hipóteses críticas acerca da recorrência às estratégias inter e intratextuais na literatura contemporânea, especialmente nos contos em estudo, mas não a eles se restringindo, valendo-se, principalmente das considerações de Borges, Harold Bloom e Leyla Perrone-Moisés. Confirmase, nesta pesquisa, a hipótese de que Ondjaki, ao recorrer às estratégias inter e intratextuais na elaboração de seus contos, mais do que almejar tornar-se parte do cânone, parece reconhecer e desejar inserir-se como elemento de uma literatura “globalizada”, em que as fronteiras liquefeitas apontam para uma aproximação – e mesmo quase indistinção – entre as literaturas nacionais

O presente trabalho aborda os romances Teoria Geral do Esquecimento (2012) de José Eduardo Agualusa, e As visitas do Dr. Valdez (2010) de João Paulo Borges Coelho, com foco nos processos de rememoração de duas personagens femininas que se confrontam com o medo das transformações sociais iniciadas com os movimentos pela Independência. de Angola e Moçambique. Diante do clima de incerteza Ludovica e Sá Amélia se fecham e se restringem a microespaços, como pequenas ilhas de sobrevivência dos valores coloniais dentro dos países independentes. Trata-se de refletir a respeito da clausura como parte do processo de rememoração, sendo ela antes um meio do que propriamente um fim, ou mesmo uma tentativa de solução para escapar à realidade da transformação radical. O estudo comparativo focalizará os movimentos da memória e seu registro enquanto construção histórico-ficcional no campo literário, examinando os desdobramentos do percurso dessas personagens para as quais a única forma de viver no presente é viver no passado. / The present work discusses the novels Teoria Geral do Esquecimento (2012) by José Eduardo Agualusa and As visitas do Dr. Valdez (2010) by João Paulo Borges Coelho, focusing on remembrance processes of two female characters who are confronted with the social transformations initiated with the movements for Independence of Angola and Mozambique. Facing the climate of uncertainty, Ludovica and Sá Amélia close and restrict themselves to micro-spaces, like small islands of survival of the colonial values within the independent countries. This is to reflect on the cloister as part of the recall process, a means than an end itself, or even an attempted solution to escape the reality of radical transformation. The comparative study will focus on the movements of memory and its record as a historical-fictional construction in the literary field, examining the unfolding of the course of these characters for which the only way to live in the present is to live in the past.

Esta dissertação analisa a temática da violência em dois romances angolanos contemporâneos, designadamente Estação das chuvas (1996), de José Eduardo Agualusa, e Maio, mês de Maria (1997), de Boaventura Cardoso. No primeiro caso, lançando mão de um procedimento metaficcional e de viés testemunhal, Agualusa retraça o percurso que vai da emergência do moderno movimento nacionalista nos princípios da década de 1950 ao reinício da longa e sangrenta guerra civil em 1992, tendo como clímax as repressões levadas a cabo pela direção do Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) contra os grupos contestatários de extrema-esquerda e contra as dissidências políticas pouco antes e logo após a independência. Ao passo que, no segundo caso, de maneira alegórica e fantástica, Cardoso recupera a vaga de terror vigilância, capturas, prisões, torturas e execuções sumárias desencadeada pela polícia política do regime monopartidário na sequência da tentativa de golpe de Estado de 27 de maio de 1977. Desse modo, através de uma leitura comparativa desses romances, procuramos interpretar e explicar em que medida, a despeito de suas diferenças, ambos os autores inscrevem a violência como motivo central de figuração, transformando as ruínas da memória social em matéria de criação e reflexão artística. / This dissertation analyzes the thematization of violence in two Angolan contemporary novels: Estação das chuvas (1996), by Jos,, Eduardo Agualusa, and Maio, mês de Maria (1997), by Boaventura Cardoso. In the first case, procedures such as metafiction and testimony were chosen by Agualusa to retrace the route that goes from the emergence of the modern nationalist movement on the principles of the 1950 until the resumption of the long and bloody civil war in 1992, whose climax was when the direction of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) has unleashed a repression against opposition groups of the extreme left and against political dissidents, on the years before and immediately after independence. While in the second case, through the fantastic and the allegorical, Cardoso sought to reconstitute the wave of terror surveillance, capture, detention, torture and summary executions unleashed by the political police of the regime, immediately after the attempted coup in May 27, 1977. Thus, through a comparative reading of these novels, despite their differences, the analysis sought to interpret and demonstrate, especially in terms of narrative technique and fictional procedure, as both authors inscribe violence as central motif of figuration, transforming from the ruins of the Angolan social memory into creation and artistic reflection.

Este trabalho é uma análise de três obras do escritor angolano Ondjaki, a saber: Bom dia camaradas, Os da minha rua e AvóDezanove e o segredo do soviético. Expoente da literatura angolana contemporânea, nestas três obras, Ondjaki apresenta o mesmo narrador – um menino de classe média que vive em Luanda. Embora sejam obras independentes, em todas o narrador explora as possibilidade do texto a partir do tempo mítico da infância. Nossa análise parte do conceito de “memória cultural”, desenvolvido pelo egiptólogo alemão e teórico da cultura Jan Assmann. Segundo ele, a memória cultural é a memória que conduz a história a partir de uma perspectiva narrativa, não oficial. Assim sendo, a memória cultural se insere nas esferas da tradição e do mito, passada de geração em geração através das mais diversas instâncias narrativas, tais quais as literaturas escrita e oral, a música, as lendas, a dança, as artes pictóricas e tudo aquilo que é parte da cultura de uma comunidade. A memória cultural difere da História na medida em que a primeira é dada pela história que narra, e a segunda pela história que investiga. Na edificação do conceito de memória cultural, Jan Assmann utiliza, como principais pressupostos, conceitos de Nietzsche e Freud, mais especificamente, o conceito nietzschiano de memória vinculante, a memória normativa que é forjada na dor, e o conceito freudiano de trauma. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar de que modo as três obras de Ondjaki se coadunam com as teorias desenvolvidas por Assmann e como a memória cultural está presente nas narrativas do escritor angolano. / The current thesis presents an analysis of three novels by Angolan writer Ondjaki: Bom Dia Camaradas, Os da Minha Rua e Avó Dezanove e o Segredo do Soviético. Renowned contemporary Angolan writer, in these three books Ondjaki presents the same narrator, a middle class boy who lives in Luanda. Although the books are independent, in all of them the narrator explores the possibilities of the text from the mythical time of childhood. The analysis is built upon the concept of “cultural memory” developed by the German Egyptologist and culture theoretician Jan Assmann. According to him, cultural memory is that memory which conducts history from a narrative perspective instead of an official historical perspective. Therefore, cultural memory is integrant part of the traditional and mythical spheres of culture, being handed down from one generation to the next in the most diverse narrative media, such as written and oral literatures, music, dance, the visual arts and everything that is part of the culture of a community. Cultural memory is different from history in that the first is narrative, whereas the second is investigative. Jan Assmann builds the concept of cultural memory using as his principal presuppositions, Nietzsche’s concept of “linking memory,” that is, the normative memory that is forged in pain, and Freud’s concept of “trauma.” The purpose of this analysis is to determine how Ondjaki’s three novels are in line with Assmann’s theory and to explore the way cultural memory appears in the Angolan writer’s narratives.

<p>The Okavango river flows from southern Angola, through the Kavango region of Namibia and into the Okavango Delta in Botswana. The recent peace in Angola hopefully marks the end of the intense suffering that the peoples of the river basin have endured, and the beginning of sustainable decision-making in the area. Informed decision-making however requires knowledge; and there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge regarding basin-wide land cover (LC) changes, and their causes, during the Angolan civil war in the basin. Furthermore, there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge on how expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth along the Angola-Namibia border affects the water quality of the river.</p><p>The aim of this study was therefore to develop a remote sensing method applicable to the basin (with scant ground-truth data availability) to carry out a systematic historic study of LC changes during the Angolan civil war, to apply the method to the basin, to relate these changes to major societal trends in the region, and to analyse potential impacts of expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth on the water quality of the river along the Angola-Namibia border.</p><p>A range of remote sensing methods to study historic LC changes in the basin were tried and evaluated against reference data collected during a field visit in Namibia in October 2005. Eventually, two methods were selected and applied to pre-processed Landsat MSS and ETM+ satellite image mosaics of 1973 and 2001 respectively: 1. a combined unsupervised classification and pattern-recognition change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed binary LC class change trajectory information and, 2. an NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed continuous information on degrees of change in vegetation vigour. In addition, available documents and people initiated in the basin conditions were consulted in the pursuit of discerning major societal trends that the basin had undergone during the Angolan civil war. Finally, concentrations of nutrients (total phosphorous & total nitrogen), bacteria (faecal coliforms & faecal streptococci), conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and Secchi depth were sampled at 11 locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities and an urban area during the aforementioned field visit.</p><p>The nature, extent and geographical distribution of LC changes in the study area during the Angolan civil war were determined. The study area (150 922 km²) was the Angolan and Namibian parts of the basin. The results indicate that the vegetation vigour is dynamic and has decreased overall in the area, perhaps connected with precipitation differences between the years. However while the vigour decreased in the northwest, it increased in the northeast, and on more local scales the pattern was often more complex. With respect to migration out of Angola into Namibia, the LC changes followed expectations of more intense use in Namibia close to the border (0-5 km), but not at some distance (10-20 km), particularly east of Rundu. With respect to urbanisation, expectations of increased human impact locally were observed in e.g. Rundu, Menongue and Cuito Cuanavale. Road deterioration was also observed with Angolan urbanisation but some infrastructures appeared less damaged by the war. Some villages (e.g. Savitangaiala de Môma) seem to have been abandoned during the war so that the vegetation could regenerate, which was expected. But other villages (e.g. Techipeio) have not undergone the same vegetation regeneration suggesting they were not abandoned. The areal extent of large-scale agriculture increased 59% (26 km²) during the war, perhaps as a consequence of population growth. But the expansion was not nearly at par with the population growth of the Kavango region (320%), suggesting that a smaller proportion of the population relied on the large-scale agriculture for their subsistence in 2001 compared with 1973.</p><p>No significant impacts were found from the large-scale agriculture and urbanisation on the water quality during the dry season of 2005. Total phosphorous concentrations (with range: 0.067-0.095 mg l^-1) did vary significantly between locations (p=0.013) but locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities were not significantly different (p=0.5444). Neither did faecal coliforms (range: 23-63 counts per 100ml) nor faecal streptococci (range: 8-33 counts per 100ml) vary significantly between locations (p=0.332 and p=0.354 respectively). Thus the impact of Rundu and the extensive livestock farming along the border were not significant at this time. The Cuito river on the other hand significantly decreased both the conductivity (range: 27.2-49.7 μS cm^-1, p<0.0001) and the total dissolved solid concentration (range: 12.7-23.4 mg l^-1, p<0.0001) of the mainstream of the Okavango during the dry season.</p><p>Land cover changes during the Angolan civil war, contributing causes and effects on water quality were studied in this research effort. Many of the obtained results can be used directly or with further application as a knowledge base for sustainable decision-making and management in the basin. Wisely used by institutions charged with that objective, the information can contribute to sustainable development and the ending of suffering and poverty for the benefit of the peoples of the Okavango and beyond.</p>

The Okavango river flows from southern Angola, through the Kavango region of Namibia and into the Okavango Delta in Botswana. The recent peace in Angola hopefully marks the end of the intense suffering that the peoples of the river basin have endured, and the beginning of sustainable decision-making in the area. Informed decision-making however requires knowledge; and there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge regarding basin-wide land cover (LC) changes, and their causes, during the Angolan civil war in the basin. Furthermore, there is a need for, and a lack of knowledge on how expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth along the Angola-Namibia border affects the water quality of the river. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a remote sensing method applicable to the basin (with scant ground-truth data availability) to carry out a systematic historic study of LC changes during the Angolan civil war, to apply the method to the basin, to relate these changes to major societal trends in the region, and to analyse potential impacts of expanding large-scale agriculture and urban growth on the water quality of the river along the Angola-Namibia border. A range of remote sensing methods to study historic LC changes in the basin were tried and evaluated against reference data collected during a field visit in Namibia in October 2005. Eventually, two methods were selected and applied to pre-processed Landsat MSS and ETM+ satellite image mosaics of 1973 and 2001 respectively: 1. a combined unsupervised classification and pattern-recognition change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed binary LC class change trajectory information and, 2. an NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) change detection method providing quantified and geographically distributed continuous information on degrees of change in vegetation vigour. In addition, available documents and people initiated in the basin conditions were consulted in the pursuit of discerning major societal trends that the basin had undergone during the Angolan civil war. Finally, concentrations of nutrients (total phosphorous &amp; total nitrogen), bacteria (faecal coliforms &amp; faecal streptococci), conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and Secchi depth were sampled at 11 locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities and an urban area during the aforementioned field visit. The nature, extent and geographical distribution of LC changes in the study area during the Angolan civil war were determined. The study area (150 922 km2) was the Angolan and Namibian parts of the basin. The results indicate that the vegetation vigour is dynamic and has decreased overall in the area, perhaps connected with precipitation differences between the years. However while the vigour decreased in the northwest, it increased in the northeast, and on more local scales the pattern was often more complex. With respect to migration out of Angola into Namibia, the LC changes followed expectations of more intense use in Namibia close to the border (0-5 km), but not at some distance (10-20 km), particularly east of Rundu. With respect to urbanisation, expectations of increased human impact locally were observed in e.g. Rundu, Menongue and Cuito Cuanavale. Road deterioration was also observed with Angolan urbanisation but some infrastructures appeared less damaged by the war. Some villages (e.g. Savitangaiala de Môma) seem to have been abandoned during the war so that the vegetation could regenerate, which was expected. But other villages (e.g. Techipeio) have not undergone the same vegetation regeneration suggesting they were not abandoned. The areal extent of large-scale agriculture increased 59% (26 km2) during the war, perhaps as a consequence of population growth. But the expansion was not nearly at par with the population growth of the Kavango region (320%), suggesting that a smaller proportion of the population relied on the large-scale agriculture for their subsistence in 2001 compared with 1973. No significant impacts were found from the large-scale agriculture and urbanisation on the water quality during the dry season of 2005. Total phosphorous concentrations (with range: 0.067-0.095 mg l-1) did vary significantly between locations (p=0.013) but locations upstream and downstream of large-scale agricultural facilities were not significantly different (p=0.5444). Neither did faecal coliforms (range: 23-63 counts per 100ml) nor faecal streptococci (range: 8-33 counts per 100ml) vary significantly between locations (p=0.332 and p=0.354 respectively). Thus the impact of Rundu and the extensive livestock farming along the border were not significant at this time. The Cuito river on the other hand significantly decreased both the conductivity (range: 27.2-49.7 μS cm-1, p&lt;0.0001) and the total dissolved solid concentration (range: 12.7-23.4 mg l-1, p&lt;0.0001) of the mainstream of the Okavango during the dry season. Land cover changes during the Angolan civil war, contributing causes and effects on water quality were studied in this research effort. Many of the obtained results can be used directly or with further application as a knowledge base for sustainable decision-making and management in the basin. Wisely used by institutions charged with that objective, the information can contribute to sustainable development and the ending of suffering and poverty for the benefit of the peoples of the Okavango and beyond.

Through their stories, South African Defence Force (SADF) veterans of the Border War participate in the historical revival of South Africa’s involvement in the Angolan conflict, 1966-1989. Their engagement in the Border War discourse sets these veterans apart for an analysis of their motivations to participate and how their views compare and contrast with one another. SADF veterans are reconstructing their past within their present context in the new South Africa. Their struggle to rectify public knowledge and perceptions of the past through the provision of their personal memories is a growing trend within South Africa, one that has become a conversation between the various competing narratives.

Ao longo dos últimos séculos Angola passou por um processo sistemático de exploração, o qual desencadeou consequências nas instituições e organizações sociais do país. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho propõe-se a investigar de que forma se aplicam os conceitos de modernidade, especialmente a modernidade tardia, conforme apresentada por Giddens (1991, 2002), e de identidade, para analisar de que maneira essas reflexões são construídas na prosa angolana contemporânea de José Eduardo Agualusa e Ondjaki. Para tanto, exploramos os romances Teoria Geral do Esquecimento (2012) e Os Transparentes (2013). / Over the last few centuries Angola has undergone a systematic process of exploitation, which has had consequences in the country’s social institutions and organizations. In this sense, the present work proposes to investigate the concepts of modernity, especially the late modernity, as presented by Giddens (1991, 2002), and of identity, in order to analyze how these reflections are built on contemporary Angolan prose of José Eduardo Agualusa and Ondjaki. To do so, we explore the novels A General Theory of Oblivion (2012) and Os Transparentes (2013).