Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-23T14:03:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Maria Aderaldo Vidal.pdf: 784041 bytes, checksum: f927beb63f5c3c304d4098214b0dd629 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-23T14:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Maria Aderaldo Vidal.pdf: 784041 bytes, checksum: f927beb63f5c3c304d4098214b0dd629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / Bacteria with probiotic effect have been used in marine shrimp production like antibiotics substitution, contributing to the health of the host, by antagonistic action to pathogenic micro-organisms or by competition for space and nutrients, and improving appetite and lead the further growth of the animals. When isolated from the host itself is safe to use, being able to adhere and colonize the intestine. The objective was to isolate probiotic bacteria from intestine of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei and evaluate the effects of probiotic administration in the performance of cultivated animals experimental challenged infection. Intestinal bacteria were from cultivated shrimp in oligohaline water and saltwalter in dry and rainy seasons, and confronted with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila. Bacteria showed antimicrobial effect have been identified by molecular biology. Twenty-nine isolates showed antagonistic effect at least one of the tested pathogens. The species that most occurred was Bacillus cereus, the producing of the largest zones of inhibition to the V. alginolyticus and V. vulnificus. The bacterium Citrobacter freundii, from oligohaline water showed the best antimicrobial effect before the four pathogens. The probiotic Bacillus cereus was tested in diet for marine shrimp post-larvae against challenge with V. parahaemolyticus, and V. alginolyticus which evaluated the growth performance of animals, colonization capacity of the probiotic bacteria, pathogens count and histopathological lesions. The use of probiotic had no effect on animals survival, but not for treatments which was used probiotic had a lower weight gain. Animals fed dietary supplementation of probiotic had lower pathogens count those fed without the use. Histopathological lesions were observed in organs and tissues of animals. It can be concluded that it was possible to isolate bacteria having probiotic effect of marine shrimp intestine, wherein the strain Bacillus cereus demonstrated high capacity to colonize the host itself, causing a significant reduction of pathogens. / Bactérias com efeito probiótico contribuem para saúde de camarões marinhos em cultivo, em substituição aos antibióticos, exercendo ação antagonista à micro-organismos patogênicos ou por competição por espaço e nutrientes, além de melhorar o apetite levando a um maior crescimento dos animais. Quando isolados do próprio camarão seu uso é seguro, por serem capazes de aderir ou colonizar o intestino destes. Neste sentido, objetivou-se isolar bactérias probióticas do intestino de juvenis de Litopenaeus vannamei e avaliar os efeitos da sua administração sobre o desempenho dos animais cultivados frente infecção experimental. Foram isoladas bactérias do intestino de camarão cultivado em águas oligohalina e salgada, em períodos seco e chuvoso, e confrontadas com Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus e Aeromonas hydrophila, em testes in vitro. As bactérias que produziram efeito antimicrobiano foram identificadas através de biologia molecular.Vinte e nove isolados apresentaram efeito antagônico a pelo menos um dos patógenos testados. A espécie que mais ocorreu foi Bacillus cereus, produzindo os maiores halos de inibição frente ao V. alginolyticus e V. vulnificus. A bactéria Citrobacter freundii, proveniente de água oligohalina apresentou melhor efeito antimicrobiano, perante os quatro patógenos. O probiótico Bacillus cereus foi testado em ração para pós-larvas de L. vannamei, frente a desafio com V. parahaemolyticus, e V. alginolyticus quando avaliou-se o desempenho zootécnico dos animais, a capacidade de colonização das bactérias probióticas, contagem de patógenos e lesões histopatológicas. O uso do probiótico não influenciou nas taxas de sobrevivência dos animais, porém nos tratamentos em que não se utilizou probiótico houve menor ganho de peso. Os animais que receberam ração suplementada de probiótico, tiveram contagem de patógenos inferior aqueles alimentados sem o uso. Não foram observadas lesões histopatológicas nos órgãos e tecidos dos animais. Concluiu-se que é possível isolar bactérias com efeito probiótico do intestino do camarão marinho, sendo que a cepa de Bacillus cereus demonstrou maior capacidade de colonizar o próprio hospedeiro, diminuindo os patógenos.

<p>Bacteria and fungi dominate the decomposition of aquatic plants, a major process in the carbon and nutrient cycling in many aquatic systems. Although phylogenetically distant, bacteria and fungi often live in close proximity with each other. Since these microorganisms also have similar ecological functions, interactions have developed between them. This thesis explores the nature of such interactions, and the potential effects on key components of the decomposition process. The thesis includes a critical assessment of the ergosterol method for determination of fungal biomass, a survey of the environmental factors determining the distribution and taxa numbers of litter-decomposing bacteria and fungi in lakes, and a number of experiments on the interactions between bacteria and fungi. In all the experiments performed, fungi responded to bacterial presence through antagonism, although different fungal strains, bacterial communities and substrates were used. The antagonism seemed to be caused by interference competition for substrate. The fungal effect on bacteria was less consistent. Bacterial growth was suppressed, unaffected, or even enhanced by the presence of fungi. Fungi contributed more to extracellular enzyme production than bacteria, and bacteria were probably able to assimilate intermediate decomposition products formed through the activity of extracellular enzymes of fungal origin. Thus, the effect on bacteria from interacting with fungi was determined by the balance between competition and benefit from excreted enzymes. Bacteria and fungi also used different size fractions of the organic matter, according to their different enzymatic capacities. Hence, bacteria appeared to assimilate low-molecular-weight compounds, while high-molecular-weight compounds were utilized primarily by fungi. </p><p>In brief, the ecological interactions influenced the growth and hence also the biomass development of bacteria and fungi, which affected enzyme activity as well as utilization of dissolved organic matter. Therefore, I suggest that interactions between bacteria and fungi influence degradation of plant litter in aquatic systems.</p>

Bacteria and fungi dominate the decomposition of aquatic plants, a major process in the carbon and nutrient cycling in many aquatic systems. Although phylogenetically distant, bacteria and fungi often live in close proximity with each other. Since these microorganisms also have similar ecological functions, interactions have developed between them. This thesis explores the nature of such interactions, and the potential effects on key components of the decomposition process. The thesis includes a critical assessment of the ergosterol method for determination of fungal biomass, a survey of the environmental factors determining the distribution and taxa numbers of litter-decomposing bacteria and fungi in lakes, and a number of experiments on the interactions between bacteria and fungi. In all the experiments performed, fungi responded to bacterial presence through antagonism, although different fungal strains, bacterial communities and substrates were used. The antagonism seemed to be caused by interference competition for substrate. The fungal effect on bacteria was less consistent. Bacterial growth was suppressed, unaffected, or even enhanced by the presence of fungi. Fungi contributed more to extracellular enzyme production than bacteria, and bacteria were probably able to assimilate intermediate decomposition products formed through the activity of extracellular enzymes of fungal origin. Thus, the effect on bacteria from interacting with fungi was determined by the balance between competition and benefit from excreted enzymes. Bacteria and fungi also used different size fractions of the organic matter, according to their different enzymatic capacities. Hence, bacteria appeared to assimilate low-molecular-weight compounds, while high-molecular-weight compounds were utilized primarily by fungi. In brief, the ecological interactions influenced the growth and hence also the biomass development of bacteria and fungi, which affected enzyme activity as well as utilization of dissolved organic matter. Therefore, I suggest that interactions between bacteria and fungi influence degradation of plant litter in aquatic systems.

Rooted in philosophy of education, the overall purpose of this dissertation is to renegotiate the relationship between education, religion, and democracy by placing the religious subject at the centre of this renegotiation. While education is the main focus, the study draws its energy from the fact that tensions around religious beliefs and practices seem to touch upon the very heart of liberal democracy. The study reads the tensions religious pluralism seems to be causing in contemporary education through a post-structural approach to difference and subjectivity. The purpose is accomplished in three movements. The first aims to show why the renegotiation is needed by examining how the relationship between education, democracy, and religion is currently being addressed in cosmopolitan education and deliberative education. The second movement introduces a model of democracy, radical democracy, that sees the process of defining the subject as a political process. It is argued that this model offers possibilities for seeing religion and the religious subject as part of the struggle for democracy. The third movement aims to develop how the relationship between education, democracy, and religion might change if we bring them together in a conversation whose conditions are not ‘owned’ by any one of them. To create this conversation, Hannah Arendt, Jacques Derrida, Søren Kierkegaard, and Emmanuel Levinas are brought together around three themes – love, freedom, and dialogue – referred to as ‘windows.’ The windows offer three examples in which religious subjectivity is made manifest but they also create a shift in perspective that invites other ways of seeing the tensions between religion and democracy. The aim of the study is to discuss how education might change when religion and democracy become questions for it through the perspectives offered in the windows and what this implies for the particular religious subject.

Με στόχο την απομόνωση και χαρακτηρισμό εγγενών μυκοπαράσιτων του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, απομονώθηκαν 199 υποψήφια μυκοπαράσιτα από χώματα καλλιεργουμένων εδαφών ή κήπων της δυτικής Ελλάδας. Από την προκαταρκτική αξιολόγηση των μυκοπαράσιτων αυτών επιλέχθηκαν τα πλέον αποτελεσματικά δεκαοκτώ, τα οποία αξιολογήθηκαν σε άγαρ ύδατος, σε αποστειρωμένο χώμα και σε μη-αποστειρωμένο (φυσικό χώμα). Σε γενικές γραμμές τα 18 μυκοπαράσιτα έδωσαν υψηλά επίπεδα παρασιτισμού του φυτοπαθογόνου απουσία ενδογενών ανταγωνιστών ενώ ένα από τα απομονωθέντα στελέχη του γένους Gliocladium παρουσίασε άριστα αποτελέσματα και παρουσία ενδογενών ανταγωνιστών. Ειδικότερα η απομόνωση Α-9 εκδήλωσε άριστη ανταγωνιστική δράση. Η μορφή του μολύσματος (υφές, σπόρια) αλλά και το περιβάλλον (άγαρ ύδατος, αποστειρωμένο και μη αποστειρωμένο χώμα) επηρεάζουν αποφασιστικά την συμπεριφορά και ικανότητα μυκοπαρασιτισμού των μυκοπαράσιτων με αποτέλεσμα στα πειράματα αξιολόγησης να παρατηρούνται σημαντικές διαφορές. Τα πλέον σταθερά στην συμπεριφορά τους ήταν τρία στελέχη που ανήκουν στο γένος Gliocladium. Ο ανταγωνισμός που υφίστανται τα προστιθέμενα μυκοπαράσιτα από τα ιθαγενή μικρόβια είναι σημαντικός και είναι ένας παράγοντας που θα πρέπει να λαμβάνεται σοβαρά υπόψη. Η ιστοπαθολογική μελέτη του παρασιτισμού των σκληρωτίων έδειξε ότι ένα από τα απομονωθέντα στελέχη του γένους Gliocladium ήταν το ταχύτερο και καταστρεπτικότερο μυκοπαράσιτο των σκληρωτίων του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα. Αρχικά διαπιστώθηκαν οι υφές του μυκοπαράσιτου κάτω από τον φλοιό του σκληρωτίου και λίγο αργότερα στην εντεριώνη. Παράλληλα σχηματίσθηκαν τα πρώτα χλαμυδοσπόρια κοντά στον φλοιό ακολουθούμενα από την εμφάνιση μεγάλα διάκενων. Τελικά οι υφές του μυκοπαράσιτου αποίκισαν ολόκληρο το σκληρώτιο και ακολούθησε αποδιοργάνωση του σκληρωτίου. Η μελέτη στο ηλεκτρονικό μικροσκόπιο σάρωσης έδειξε ότι η βλάστηση των σπορίων γενικεύεται στις 15 ώρες επώασης. Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις διαπιστώθηκε περιπλάνηση των βλαστικών σωλήνων πριν τη διείσδυσή τους εντός του σκληρωτίου, ενώ δεν διαπιστώθηκε σχηματισμός απρεσσορίων και διακλαδώσεων του βλαστικού σωλήνα. Τα πειράματα θερμοκηπίου έδειξαν ότι το πλέον καταστρεπτικό μυκοπαράσιτο του γένους Gliocladium συνέβαλε στη μέγιστη προστασία των σποριόφυτων λάχανου έναντι του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα S. sclerotiorum, γεγονός που υποδηλώνει ότι το μυκοπαράσιτο αυτό μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την αποτελεσματική καταπολέμηση του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα στον αγρό. / In order to isolate and characterize endogenous mycoparasites against the phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, we isolated 199 candidate mycoparasites from soils of western Greece. Preliminary evaluation resulted in the isolation of 18 isolates with significant mycoparasitic efficiency. Evaluation of these isolates in water agar, sterilized soil and natural soil gave good results upon the parasitism of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum and revealed that one of them belonging to genus Gliocladium was the most efficient under all tried conditions. This isolate showed high efficiency at both presence and absence of endogenous antagonist. Particularly, isolation A-9 revealed excellent antagonistic action. Histopathology studies demonstrated that the isolated A-9 (Gliocladium spp) was the most fast in parasitizing and destroying the sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum. At the beginning of the infection, there were observed mycoparasite hyphae under the rind and little later into the medulla of the sclerotia. At the same time the first chlamydospores were formed near the rind followed by the appearance of gaps. Finally, the mycoparasite hyphae colonize the whole sclerotium leading to there disorganization. The added mycoparasites face out strong antagonism from the indigenous microorganism and this (antagonism) is an agent that must be seriously taken account. The scanning electron microscopy study showed spore germination initiation about 12 hours after the beginning of incubation and (the spore germination) is generalised after 15 hours of incubation. In most cases it was observed wandering of the germination tubes before sclerotic penetration. Formation of appressoria was difficult to be observed because of the shape of the surface and the crust that exists due to deflation of exudates. Evaluation of plant-protection capability in pot-trials showed that the isolated A-9 (Gliocladium spp) with the faster and highest parasitic exhibited presented the highest plant-protection capability a fact that indicates that this mycoparasite could be used for large-scale biocontrol applications against the phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

L'uranium est un radioélément naturel, généralement retrouvé à l'état de traces, mais dont la concentration peut être significativement augmentée à proximité de certaines installations du cycle du combustible nucléaire ou de zones d'agriculture intensive. En raison de son association dans les minerais avec différents éléments traces métalliques tels que le cadmium, l'U est la plupart du temps présent en mélange avec d'autres contaminants dans l'environnement. L'étude de leurs effets combinés est indispensable afin de mieux appréhender le risque engendré par les contaminations métalliques multiples pour les écosystèmes. L'évaluation de la toxicité des mélanges et l'identification des interactions synergiques ou antagonistes sont généralement réalisées sur la base de modèles d'additivité de référence intégrés à des approches descriptives, purement statistiques et sans réelles considérations biologiques. Plus récemment, des modèles mécanistes ont été proposés en alternative afin de mieux rendre compte de la dynamique des processus biologiques et des mécanismes de toxicité des contaminants. Ceux-ci n'ont cependant été mis en pratique que dans un nombre limité de cas d'étude de la toxicité des mélanges. L'objectif de ce projet de thèse a été d'étudier les effets combinés chroniques de l'U et du Cd sur les traits de vie du nématode Caenorhabditis elegans, en utilisant en parallèle une approche descriptive (MixTox) et une approche mécaniste (DEBtox). Pour cela, une exposition des nématodes à différentes concentrations d'U et de Cd, seuls ou en mélange, a été réalisée durant onze jours. Une interaction antagoniste importante entre l'U et le Cd a été identifiée pour les critères d'effet de croissance et de reproduction, à partir des deux approches. L'étude du transfert de l'U et du Cd du milieu vers la nourriture ainsi que de leur bioaccumulation par C. elegans nous a permis de montrer que la coprésence d'U diminuait la fraction de Cd disponible pour l'exposition des nématodes. Afin de déceler la présence d'une éventuelle interaction au niveau des organismes, durant les phases toxicocinétique ou toxicodynamique, les données d'effet ont été réanalysées à partir des concentrations d'U et de Cd dans la nourriture, supposées plus proches des concentrations disponibles pour C. elegans. Des effets combinés globalement additifs, sans interaction notable, ont été mis en évidence pour l'U et le Cd même si des conclusions légèrement contrastées ont été obtenues à partir des approches descriptives et mécanistes. La présente étude permet d'illustrer la complexité de l'étude des effets des mélanges et de l'identification des interactions entre les substances. Malgré quelques difficultés d'application, l'approche mécaniste DEBtox semble particulièrement prometteuse pour décrire la toxicité de mélanges au cours du temps et tester d'éventuels mécanismes d'interaction. À terme, le perfectionnement des outils d'analyse des effets combinés des contaminants devrait permettre une meilleure prise en compte de la problématique des mélanges dans les démarches d'évaluation des risques. / Uranium is a natural radioactive trace element for which elevated concentrations can be found in the vicinity of some nuclear fuel cycle facilities or of intensive farming areas. Due its co-occurrence with different trace metals, such as cadmium, in geological ores, U is generally found associated with other contaminants in the environment. The study of their combined effects on ecosystems is of interest to better characterize such multi-metallic polluted sites. The mixture toxicity assessment and the identification of synergistic or antagonistic interaction are generally performed on the basis of additive reference models integrated to descriptive and purely statistical approaches with no real biological basis. Recently, mechanistic models were proposed to better account for the dynamics of biological and toxicological processes. However, such models have only been put into practice in a few number of mixture toxicity case studies. The aim of this PhD project was to assess the chronic U/Cd combined toxicity on the life history traits of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using both a descriptive (MixTox) and a mechanistic (DEBtox) approach. To do so, nematodes were exposed during eleven days to different U and Cd concentrations, alone or in mixture. A strong antagonistic interaction between U and Cd was identified for length increase and brood size endpoints on the basis of both approaches. From the study of the U and Cd media-to-food transfer and of the U and Cd bioaccumulation by C. elegans, we showed that the co-presence of U reduced the available Cd fraction for nematodes. To identify a possible interaction at organism level, occurring during the toxicokinetic or toxicodynamic steps, data were re-analyzed on the basis of U/Cd concentrations in food, assumed to be more closely related to available concentrations for C. elegans. Overall additive effects, without interaction, were identified between U and Cd, even if slightly contrasted conclusions were obtained on the basis of the descriptive and mechanistic approaches. The present study underlines the complexity of studying mixture toxicity and identifying chemical interactions. Despite some application problems, the mechanistic approach DEBtox is particularly promising to describe the toxicity of chemical mixtures over time and to test hypothetical interaction mechanisms. In the future, the improvement of tools to analyze the combined toxicity of contaminants would allow to better address the issue of mixtures in ecotoxicological risk assessment processes.

The consumption of functional foods has increased over the years, the awareness of the population to purchase foods that benefit health. Among the main and most functional foods are consumed fermented milk. The kefir is fermented milk that has stood out for its natural functional origin, with significant effects on health when consumed regularly, and despite not being marketed in Brazil is easily found by hand. Thus, the study of this important source functional food has gained ground among researchers, and the aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the craft of kefir northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul State and the characteristics of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in the product. Eight kefir samples were analyzed produced by hand in the northwest region of of Rio Grande do Sul. The samples were cultured in the laboratory and fermented milk subjected to physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes. The physicochemical analyzes the moisture, ash, fat, total and degreased dry extract, protein, acidity, titratable acidity, pH, water activity and color. In the microbiological evaluation, the samples were subjected to counting of yeasts and molds and analysis the most probable numbers of total and fecal coliforms. We also assessed the potential of probiotic the isolated by BALs antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria strains of reference and resistance tests to acidic conditions and bile salts. In this work, we can to observe that the handmade kefir of the study area has similar characteristics between the different samples, both in physicochemical as microbiological parameters, and some isolates have important features in regard to the probiotic potential. However, we suggest further studies, especially in relation to microbiological behavior to assess more parameters to classify this as a functional food. / O consumo de alimentos funcionais tem aumentando no decorrer dos anos, pela conscientização da população em adquirir alimentos que tragam benefícios à saúde. Dentre os principais e mais consumidos alimentos funcionais estão os leites fermentados. O kefir é um leite fermentado que tem se destacado pela sua origem funcional natural, com efeitos significativos sobre a saúde quando consumido regularmente, e apesar de não ser comercializado no Brasil é encontrado facilmente de forma artesanal. Dessa forma, o estudo sobre essa fonte importante de alimentação funcional tem ganhado espaço entre pesquisadores, sendo o objetivo desse trabalho avaliar as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do kefir artesanal da região noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como as características probióticas das bactérias ácido láticas presentes no produto. Foram analisadas oito amostras de kefir produzidos artesanalmente na região noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras coletadas foram cultivadas em laboratório e os leites fermentados submetidos às analises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Nas análises físico-químicas foram avaliados os teores de umidade, cinzas, gordura, extrato seco total e desengordurado, proteína, acidez titulável, acidez potenciométrica, pH, atividade de água e cor. Na avaliação microbiológica, as amostras foram submetidas a contagem de bolores e leveduras, análise do número mais provável de coliformes totais e termotolerantes e contagem de bactérias láticas (BALs). Também foi avaliado o potencial probiótico dos isolados através da atividade antagônica de BALs em relação a cepas de bactérias patogênicas de referência, além de testes de resistência à condições ácidas e sais biliares. Com a realização deste trabalho, é possível observar que o kefir artesanal da região de estudo tem características semelhantes entre as diferentes amostras, tanto nos parâmetros físico-químicos quanto microbiológicos, além de alguns isolados apresentarem características importantes no que diz respeito ao potencial probiótico. No entanto, sugerem-se mais estudos, especialmente em relação ao comportamento microbiológico para avaliar mais parâmetros que classifique esse alimento como funcional.

Submitted by Carolina Silva Pedroso (c.silvapedroso@gmail.com) on 2018-09-17T19:02:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Carol revisada FINAL_Ficha.pdf: 3130255 bytes, checksum: 8dbc81c8c46572ba62be043576e9b2ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-09-17T20:20:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedroso_cs_dr_mar.pdf: 3130255 bytes, checksum: 8dbc81c8c46572ba62be043576e9b2ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T20:20:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedroso_cs_dr_mar.pdf: 3130255 bytes, checksum: 8dbc81c8c46572ba62be043576e9b2ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Desde a sua gênese enquanto Estado-Nação, a Venezuela se depara com uma en-cruzilhada em termos de inserção externa: apostar no bolivarianismo ou aderir à he-gemonia. No início do século XX, a descoberta daquele que viria a ser seu principal produto de exportação, o petróleo, adicionou um elemento estruturante significativo e com consequências diretas na forma com que o país passou a se situar na arena internacional. Desde então, consolidou-se a parceria econômica e política com a po-tência hegemônica: os Estados Unidos da América (EUA). A ascensão de Hugo Chávez Frías ao poder, em 1999, representou o início de um novo ciclo político, marcado por uma intensa polarização política. Ademais, foi o primeiro governo lati-no-americano de uma safra de líderes que foram eleitos com um discurso bolivaria-no, anti-neoliberal e antiestadunidense. Assim, as relações bilaterais com os Esta-dos Unidos passaram por um espiral de tensões crescentes durante o chavismo, especialmente após evidências de ingerência norte-americana sob o governo de George W. Bush, baseado em uma política exterior venezuelana de revisionismo periférico antagônico. Contudo, no campo econômico e comercial, a tônica das rela-ções bilaterais foi o pragmatismo. Observou-se uma postura contraditória por parte da Venezuela chavista, em que politicamente recorria a discursos e gestos de afron-ta, mas economicamente manteve a dependência comercial com os EUA. Defende-mos que a inimizade entre esses dois países beneficiou os dois polos da política ve-nezuelana, tendo sido conveniente para ambos. Portanto, nossa hipótese é que as relações Venezuela-EUA durante o chavismo expressam a disputa entre os dois pa-radigmas de inserção internacional: o bolivarianismo e a adesão à hegemonia, ao mesmo tempo em que suas contradições podem ser explicadas pelos interesses mútuos dos grupos internos. Tal complexidade é abordada por meio de uma abor-dagem histórica, ancorada em revisão bibliográfica, entrevistas, documentos, decla-rações e dados oficiais. Concluímos que a inimizade com os EUA foi conveniente para os dois polos políticos venezuelanos, que compartiam o mesmo interesse (ma-nutenção das hostilidades), ainda que com preferências opostas, ligadas à disputa de poder entre eles. / Venezuela’s inception as Nation-State faces a paradigm in foreign affairs: to incorpo-rate Bolivarianism or adhere to hegemony. In the beginning of the 20th century, the discovery of petroleum as the country’s main product for exports added a structurally significant element with direct consequences in the country’s insertion in the interna-tional arena. Since then, economic and political economy with hegemonic power – the United States (US) – has been consolidated. Hugo Chávez Frías’ commander-in-chief from 1999 on represented the beginning of a new and intense polarized cycle. Furthermore, that was the first of sequential Latin-American commanders-in-chief elected with a bolivarianist discourse, either anti-neo-liberal and anti-US. Therefore, bilateral relations with the US under chavism have been increasingly tenuous, espe-cially after evidence of US ingerence under George W. Bush’s government. Vene-zuelan external policy was based on antagonist and peripherical revisionism. How-ever, at the economic and commercial areas pragmatism was the tone of bilateral relations. A contradictory stance in which politically Venezuela had confrontational narrative and actions, but economically kept dependent on the US, was observed. We argue that hostility between Venezuela and the United States benefited Vene-zuelan politics and were worthwhile for both countries. Venezuelan-US relations ex-pressing the dispute between both paradigms of international insertion – Bolivarian-ism and adhesion to hegemony – at the same time explaining mutual interests of in-ternal groups is, thus, our hypothesis. The research has a historic approach based on literature review, interviews, documents, declarations, and official data. The con-clusion is that the hostilities against US has been conveniente for both Venezuelan political sides, which shared the same interest (maintaining animosities), although their preferences were opposite, related to power struggle between them. / Desde su génesis mientras Estado-Nación, Venezuela se encuentra en una encruci-jada en términos de inserción externa: apostar en el bolivarianismo o adherirse a la hegemonía. A principios del siglo XX, el descubrimiento de aquel que vendría a ser su principal producto de exportación, el petróleo, añadió un elemento estructurante significativo y con consecuencias directas en la forma con que el país pasó a situar-se en la arena internacional. Desde entonces, se ha consolidado la asociación eco-nómica y política con la potencia hegemónica: los Estados Unidos de América. La llegada de Hugo Chávez Frías al poder, en 1999, representó el inicio de un nuevo ciclo político, marcado por una intensa polarización política. Además, fue el primer gobierno latinoamericano que fueron elegidos con un discurso bolivariano, anti-neoliberal y antiestadounidense. Así, las relaciones bilaterales con Estados Unidos pasaron por un espiral de tensiones crecientes durante el chavismo, especialmente tras evidencias de injerencia norteamericana bajo el gobierno de George W. Bush, basado en una política exterior venezolana de revisionismo periférico antagónico. Sin embargo, en el campo económico y comercial, la tónica de las relaciones bilate-rales fue el pragmatismo. Se observó una postura contradictoria por parte de Vene-zuela chavista, en que políticamente recurría a discursos y gestos de hostilidad, pero económicamente mantuvo la dependencia comercial con Estados Unidos. Defende-mos que la enemistad entre esos dos países benefició los dos polos de la política venezolana, siendo conveniente para ambos. Por lo tanto, nuestra hipótesis es que las relaciones Venezuela-EEUU durante el chavismo expresan la disputa entre los dos paradigmas de inserción internacional: el bolivarianismo y la adhesión a la he-gemonía, al mismo tiempo que sus contradicciones pueden ser explicadas por los intereses mutuos de los grupos internos. Dicha complejidad es abordada por medio de una perspectiva histórica, basada en revisión bibliográfica, entrevistas, documen-tos, declaraciones y datos oficiales. La conclusion es que la enemistad con Estados Unidos fue conveniente para los dos polos políticos venezolanos, que compartieron el mismo interés (mantenimiento de las hostilidades), aunque con preferencias opuestas, relacionadas a la disputa de poder entre ellos. / FAPESP: 2014/08726-3

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic non-essential heavy metal. Soil, water and air contamination by Hg leads to its accumulation in fish, birds and mammals, thus entering human food. Due to the hazardous effects to the ecosystem, it is necessary that contaminated soils be rehabilitated. Phytoremediation is a cheap technique that can be utilizated with this objective, however, it is necessary to be knowledgeable about plant behavior during metal exposure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize biological and biochemical aspects of Hg toxicity and the role of Zn to alleviate these effects in P. glomerata plants. For both experiments, plants were grown in vitro and acclimated ex vitro, for the application of treatments. Nine days later, growth and biochemical parameters of oxidative stress were evaluated. In the first experiment, plants were exposed to four concentrations (0.0, 1.0, 25 and 50 μM Hg). In the second experiment, four treatments of Hg and Zn were added to the nutrient solution (without Zn or Hg (control); 50 μM Zn; 50 μM Hg and; 50 μM Zn + 50 μM Hg). The Hg concentration was higher in shoot than in roots only in treatments without Hg (control and 50 μM Zn). Fresh and dry weight of roots and shoot decreased and a high malondialdeide (MDA) concentration was observed at 50 μM Hg, indicating that tissue damage occurred. The antioxidant enzyme activity and non-enzymatic concentration increased with the presence of Zn+Hg. Plants exposed to Zn showed a decrease in fresh and dry weight, but there was no significant increase in MDA production. There was an interaction between Zn and Hg. The antioxidant system of P. glomerata plants was important in oxidative damage regulation, however, at 50 μM Hg these mechanisms were not able to revert the damage caused by Hg. Zinc addition parcially prevented Hg damage, observed by the significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and higher survival percentage. / O mercúrio (Hg) é um metal pesado não-essencial altamente tóxico aos organismos. A contaminação dos solos, ar e água por este metal leva a sua acumulação em peixes, aves e mamíferos e a intoxicação humana, através da alimentação. Devido aos efeitos danosos do Hg ao ecossistema, é necessário que estas áreas sejam reabilitadas. A fitorremediação é uma técnica de baixo custo que pode ser utilizada com tal objetivo. Para que a planta seja utilizada na fitorremediação, no entanto, é necessário haver conhecimento sobre o comportamento vegetal quando exposto ao contaminante. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos da toxidez do Hg e o papel do Zn em aliviar estes efeitos em plantas de P. glomerata. Foram realizados dois experimentos, cujas plantas foram cultivadas in vitro e aclimatizadas ex vitro, quando foram aplicados os tratamentos. Após nove dias de exposição aos tratamentos, foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento e parâmetros bioquímicos ligados ao estresse oxidativo. No primeiro experimento, as plantas foram expostas a quatro concentrações de Hg (0,0, 1,0, 25 e 50 μM). Já no segundo experimento, o Hg e o Zn foram adicionados à solução nutritiva de modo a formar quatro tratamentos (sem Zn e Hg (controle); 50 μM Zn; 50 μM Hg; 50 μM Zn + 50 μM Hg). A concentração de Hg foi maior nas raízes do que na parte aérea das plantas expostas ao Hg e sua presença induziu o estresse oxidativo, bem como causou danos aos tecidos vegetais nas concentrações de 25 e 50 μM Hg. A concentração de Hg foi maior na parte aérea do que nas raízes apenas nos tratamentos em que o Hg não foi adicionado à solução nutritiva (controle e 50 μM Zn). A massa fresca e seca das raízes e da parte aérea diminuiu e foi observado aumento da concentração de malondialdeído (MDA) nos tecidos em relação ao controle, quando expostos a 50 μM Hg, indicando que houve dano aos tecidos. A atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e a concentração de antioxidantes não enzimáticos aumentaram com a presença de Hg e com a adição de Zn. O tratamento de Zn diminuiu a massa fresca e seca das plantas, por outro lado não houve alteração na peroxidação lipídica. Houve interação entre os elementos Zn e Hg quando fornecidos simultaneamente na solução nutritiva. O sistema antioxidante de P. glomerata foi importante na regulação do dano oxidativo. No entanto, em 50 μM Hg, estes mecanismos não foram suficientes para reverter o dano causado por este elemento. O Zn parcialmente evitou os danos causados pelo Hg, observados pela significante diminuição da peroxidação lipídica e pela maior porcentagem de sobrevivência de plantas neste tratamento.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The efficient management of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean (SSR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, can be obtained through biological control with Trichoderma spp. which has antagonistic properties based on the activation of a diverse arsenal of mechanisms. The objective of this research work was to evaluate the efficiency of different products with Trichoderma spp. available, for the SSR control. The commercial bioproducts used were: Agrotrich, Ecotrich, Quality and Trichodermil. For this, experiments were performed in laboratory and greenhouse conditions, at the Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, to demonstrate the quality of this bioproducts, such as concentration, viability, and contamination from serial dilutions; to verify the antagonistic capability and hyperparasitism of the isolates against pathogen by scanning electron microscopy; compatibility between fungicides and bioproducts after plating in culture medium and after treatment of seeds with them; to verify the influence of isolated on seed health, germination and emergence of soybean seeds with and without SSR inoculation using the techniques of seedling tests, paper roll and tray; the influence on colonization and germination of sclerotia recovered from soil treated with bioproducts, and testing biological products in the field, alone or in combination with chemical fungicides Fluazinam and Thiophanate methyl to control SSR. The assessments were done for the following variables: incidence, severity, disease index (incidence x severity), AUDPC (Area Under the Disease Progress Curve), sclerotia weight, thousand kernel weight and yield. The results shows that have difference in the products quality available on the market, although all isolates analyzed proved to be antagonistic against S. sclerotiorum. The compatibility between fungicides and bioproducts must be analyzed with caution, given that some fungicides are incompatible with this antagonist. Seed treatment with Trichoderma spp. not interferes with the vigor and germination of soybean without inoculation. The efficiency SSR control using biological products with Trichoderma spp. has been proved, that Quality and Trichodermil highlighted by the highest quality and viability of bioproducts, which led to similar efficiency to Fluazinam and Thiophanate methyl. / O manejo eficiente da podridão branca da haste da soja, causada pelo fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, pode ser obtido através do controle biológico com Trichoderma spp. o qual possui propriedades antagônicas baseadas na ativação de um arsenal de mecanismos variados. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes produtos à base de Trichoderma spp. disponíveis no mercado, no controle da podridão branca da haste da soja. Os bioprodutos comerciais utilizados foram: Agrotrich, Ecotrich, Quality e Trichodermil. Para isso, foram realizados experimentos em laboratório e casa de vegetação, na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, a fim de se comprovar a qualidade desses bioprodutos, como concentração, viabilidade e contaminação a partir de diluições seriadas; verificar a capacidade antagônica e o hiperparasitismo dos isolados sobre o patógeno através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura; a compatibilidade entre os bioprodutos e fungicidas após plaqueamento em meio de cultura e após tratamento de sementes com os mesmos; verificar a influência dos isolados na sanidade, germinação e emergência de sementes de soja com e sem inoculação de S. sclerotiorum utilizando as técnicas dos testes em gerbox, rolo de papel e bandeja; a influência na colonização e germinação de escleródios recuperados de solo tratado com os bioprodutos e testar os produtos biológicos no campo, de forma isolada ou combinada com os fungicidas químicos Fluazinam e Tiofanato Metílico, para o controle do mofo branco. As avaliações para o teste de campo foram realizadas para as seguintes variáveis: incidência, severidade, índice de doença (incidência x severidade), AACPD (Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Doença), peso de escleródios, peso de mil grãos e produtividade. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que há diferença na qualidade dos produtos existentes no mercado, embora todos os isolados analisados mostraram-se antagônicos à S. sclerotiorum. A compatibilidade entre fungicidas e bioprodutos deve ser analisada com cautela, visto que alguns fungicidas são incompatíveis com este antagonista. O tratamento de sementes com Trichoderma spp. não interfere no vigor e germinação das sementes de soja sem inoculação do patógeno. A eficiência do controle do mofo branco utilizando produtos biológicos à base de Trichoderma spp. foi comprovada, em que se destacaram Quality e Trichodermil, pela maior qualidade e viabilidade dos bioprodutos, o que propiciaram eficiência semelhante aos fungicidas Fluazinam e Tiofanato Metílico. / Mestre em Agronomia