A presente tese propõe um modelo de injusto penal rigorosamente dualista, assimentendido aquele que, ao lado do desvalor da ação, exija sempre e necessariamente a efetivaocorrência de um desvalor do resultado, consistente na afetação, danosa ou perigosa, da esferade existência de terceiros. A hipótese que conduz a investigação é a de que, mesmo diante dosmovimentos expansionistas do poder punitivo hoje verificados, é possível defender a viabilidade de tal concepção de injusto penal. Para a demonstração dessa hipótese, parte-se domodelo dual de sociedade proposto por Jürgen Habermas, que tem na teoria do agircomunicativo a chave para a proteção do mundo da vida frente aos influxos colonizatóriosprovenientes dos sistemas econômico e político administrativo. A partir desse marco teórico,propõe-se uma releitura de alguns dos conceitos fundamentais da teoria do delito, de modo aconferir-lhes interpretação compatível com a concepção dualista rigorosa de injusto adotada.Por fim, para verificar a plausibilidade da hipótese colocada, tais conceitos fundamentais sãopostos à prova diante de situações teóricas tradicionalmente classificadas como de difícilconciliação com uma concepção de injusto baseada na necessária ocorrência de desvalor doresultado, como é o caso dos crimes de perigo abstrato e dos crimes tentados. / The thesis you have in hands proposes a concept of crime in which wrongdoing and harmfulness must be always combined and considered together as elements of a criminal offense in order to demonstrate the real affectation of third parties. The main hypothesis is that even facing an expansionist tendency toward incarceration and overcriminalization it is still possible to defend the viability of such a concept of crime. With the purpose of demonstrate this hypothesis, the Habermas's dualistic society model and his theory of communicative action are taken as a point of departure and based on them we intend to review some of the elements that compose the concept of criminal offense. Finally, the thesis will be challenged against controversial existing rulings (such as victimless crimes) to verify if their reasoning are compatible with such a dualistic concept of crime, which deny the possibility of existing criminal offenses without harm to others.

O objeto de estudo desta tese são as ações de saúde mental desenvolvidas junto ao indivíduo com comportamento suicida na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Esta pesquisa é vinculada às “Ações de Saúde Mental na Estratégia Saúde da Família”, projeto financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq), pelo Edital CT-Saúde/MCT/CNPq/MS 06/2008. Enquanto subprojeto contribuiu para avaliar as ações de saúde mental, fazendo um recorte para o atendimento ao indivíduo com comportamento suicida, já que cada situação de sofrimento psíquico requer ações que deem conta de sua especificidade de acolhimento e cuidado, dada sua prevalência. A pesquisa é avaliativa, qualitativa, desenvolvida na modalidade de estudo de caso, em que se utilizou a Avaliação de Quarta Geração para a construção do processo de condução da coleta e análise das informações. Essas foram coletadas por meio de 192 horas de observação e 15 entrevistas com a equipe ESF Pitoresca, como grupo de interesse. Pelo Método Comparativo Constante chegou-se à construção das categorias temáticas tecnologias relacionais, atendimento usuário-centrado e gestão do cuidado, subordinadas à categoria analítica processo de trabalho. Os trabalhadores da ESF avaliam que as tecnologias relacionais, junto com o cuidado clínico, são fundamentais para o atendimento ao indivíduo com comportamento suicida, principalmente porque o vínculo que têm com eles favorece a procura em caso de necessidade. Salientam que a postura de acolhimento que a equipe tem faz com que se torne mais ágil o acesso à ESF no caso do comportamento suicida se agravar. Em relação ao atendimento usuário-centrado trazem muitas dúvidas na avaliação do risco de suicídio, ao mesmo tempo em que conseguem construir um cuidado individualizado e de acordo com as necessidades do indivíduo com comportamento suicida. Sobre a gestão do cuidado, avaliam que é fundamental o trabalho em equipe para o atendimento ao comportamento suicida. Poder contar com a parceria da equipe de matriciamento da Secretaria da Saúde do município de Porto Alegre e das alunas de enfermagem em saúde mental da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do RS proporciona segurança na abordagem do comportamento. No entanto, se ressentem da falta de uma rede estruturada em saúde mental que acolha os casos mais graves. A ESF Pitoresca vem construindo uma atuação que se insere no modo psicossocial de atendimento em saúde mental, valorizando as tecnologias relacionais como estratégias fundamentais para o atendimento ao indivíduo com comportamento suicida. / The object of study of this thesis is the mental health actions developed with the individual with suicidal behavior in the Family Health Strategy (FHS). This research is linked to the “Mental Health Actions in the Family Health Strategy”, project funded by the National Research Council (CNPq) by the announcement CT-Saúde/MCT/CNPq/MS 06/2008. While a subproject, it contributed to evaluate the mental health actions, emphasizing the aspect of the care with the individual with a suicidal behavior since each situation of psychic suffering requires actions that consider its specificity of reception and care, according to its prevalence. It is an evaluative and qualitative research, developed in the form of case study, in which used the fourth generation evaluation to build the process of conducting the collection and analysis of information. The information was collected through 192 hours of observation and 15 interviews with the team of the FHS Pitoresca, as an interest group. With constant comparative method was reached to the construction of the theme categories of relational technologies, user-centered care and care management, methodologies subordinate the analytical category work process. Workers of FHS evaluate the relational technologies with the clinical care are the base to the care of the individual with suicidal behavior, mainly because the bond they have with this individual propitiates the demand in case of need. The workers say their mode of reception makes the FHS access more agile in case of aggravation of the suicidal behavior. In relation to the user-centered care, they relate many doubts about the assessment of suicide risk, at the same time they are able to build up an individualized care, according to the needs of the individual with suicidal behavior. About the care management, they evaluate that the team work is fundamental to reception of the suicidal behavior. The association with the team of matricial process of Health Department of the city of Porto Alegre and with the nursing students in mental health of the Nursing School of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul provides security in approach of this behavior. However, they resent about the lack of a structured network of mental health that receives the most serious cases. The FHS Pitoresca has been building a performance inserts in the psychosocial aspects in the mental health care, valuing the relational technologies as fundamental strategies to the care of the individual with suicidal behavior. / El objeto de estudio de esta tesis son las acciones de salud mental desarrolladas junto a la persona con comportamiento suicida en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF). Esta investigación está obligada a las “Acciones de Salud Mental en Estrategia Salud de la Familia”, proyecto que está en financiación por el Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq), por la Nota CT-Saúde/MCT/CNPq/MS 06/2008. Como subproyecto ha contribuido para evaluar las acciones de salud mental, haciendo una ejemplificación para el manejo a la persona con comportamiento suicida, ya que cada situación de sufrimiento psíquico requiere acciones que dan cuenta de su especificidad de recepción y cuidado, dado su predominio. La investigación tiene carácter evaluativo, cuantitativo, y si desarrolla en la modalidad de estudio de caso, en que se ha utilizado la Evaluación de Cuarta Generación para la construcción del proceso de conducción de informaciones y sus analizes. Esas fueron logradas por medio de 192 horas de observación y 15 entrevistas con la equipo ESF Pitoresca, como grupo de interés. Por el Método Comparativo Constante se ha llegado a la construcción de categorías temáticas tecnologías relacionales, interacción usuario-centrado y gestión de atención, subordinadas a la categoría analítica proceso de trabajo. Los trabajadores de ESF evalúan que las tecnologías relacionales, junto con el cuidado clínico, son fundamentales para la interacción con la persona con comportamiento suicida, principalmente porque el enlace entre los dos favorece a la busca en caso de necesidad. Agregan que la postura de recepción que el equipo tiene hace con que sea más ágil el acceso a ESF en caso de que el comportamiento suicida se agrave. En relación a la interacción usuario-centrado traer muchas dudas en el proceso de investigación de riesgo de suicidio, al mismo tiempo en que se consigan construir un cuidado individualizado y de acuerdo a las necesidades del individuo con el comportamiento suicida. Sobre la gestión del cuidado, evalúan que es fundamental el trabajo en equipo para la interacción al comportamiento suicida. Poder contar con la asociación de la equipo matricial de la Secretaria de Salud del municipio de Porto Alegre y de las alumnas de enfermería en salud mental de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de RS ha proporcionado seguridad en el abordaje del comportamiento. Sin embargo, resentirse de la falta de un red con estructura en salud mental que haga la recepción a los casos más graves. ESF Pitoresca está construyendo una actuación que se inserta en lo psicosocial de interacción en salud mental, valorando las tecnologías relacionales como estrategias fundamentales para la interacción al individuo con comportamiento suicida.

O objeto de estudo desta tese são as ações de saúde mental desenvolvidas junto ao indivíduo com comportamento suicida na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Esta pesquisa é vinculada às “Ações de Saúde Mental na Estratégia Saúde da Família”, projeto financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq), pelo Edital CT-Saúde/MCT/CNPq/MS 06/2008. Enquanto subprojeto contribuiu para avaliar as ações de saúde mental, fazendo um recorte para o atendimento ao indivíduo com comportamento suicida, já que cada situação de sofrimento psíquico requer ações que deem conta de sua especificidade de acolhimento e cuidado, dada sua prevalência. A pesquisa é avaliativa, qualitativa, desenvolvida na modalidade de estudo de caso, em que se utilizou a Avaliação de Quarta Geração para a construção do processo de condução da coleta e análise das informações. Essas foram coletadas por meio de 192 horas de observação e 15 entrevistas com a equipe ESF Pitoresca, como grupo de interesse. Pelo Método Comparativo Constante chegou-se à construção das categorias temáticas tecnologias relacionais, atendimento usuário-centrado e gestão do cuidado, subordinadas à categoria analítica processo de trabalho. Os trabalhadores da ESF avaliam que as tecnologias relacionais, junto com o cuidado clínico, são fundamentais para o atendimento ao indivíduo com comportamento suicida, principalmente porque o vínculo que têm com eles favorece a procura em caso de necessidade. Salientam que a postura de acolhimento que a equipe tem faz com que se torne mais ágil o acesso à ESF no caso do comportamento suicida se agravar. Em relação ao atendimento usuário-centrado trazem muitas dúvidas na avaliação do risco de suicídio, ao mesmo tempo em que conseguem construir um cuidado individualizado e de acordo com as necessidades do indivíduo com comportamento suicida. Sobre a gestão do cuidado, avaliam que é fundamental o trabalho em equipe para o atendimento ao comportamento suicida. Poder contar com a parceria da equipe de matriciamento da Secretaria da Saúde do município de Porto Alegre e das alunas de enfermagem em saúde mental da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do RS proporciona segurança na abordagem do comportamento. No entanto, se ressentem da falta de uma rede estruturada em saúde mental que acolha os casos mais graves. A ESF Pitoresca vem construindo uma atuação que se insere no modo psicossocial de atendimento em saúde mental, valorizando as tecnologias relacionais como estratégias fundamentais para o atendimento ao indivíduo com comportamento suicida. / The object of study of this thesis is the mental health actions developed with the individual with suicidal behavior in the Family Health Strategy (FHS). This research is linked to the “Mental Health Actions in the Family Health Strategy”, project funded by the National Research Council (CNPq) by the announcement CT-Saúde/MCT/CNPq/MS 06/2008. While a subproject, it contributed to evaluate the mental health actions, emphasizing the aspect of the care with the individual with a suicidal behavior since each situation of psychic suffering requires actions that consider its specificity of reception and care, according to its prevalence. It is an evaluative and qualitative research, developed in the form of case study, in which used the fourth generation evaluation to build the process of conducting the collection and analysis of information. The information was collected through 192 hours of observation and 15 interviews with the team of the FHS Pitoresca, as an interest group. With constant comparative method was reached to the construction of the theme categories of relational technologies, user-centered care and care management, methodologies subordinate the analytical category work process. Workers of FHS evaluate the relational technologies with the clinical care are the base to the care of the individual with suicidal behavior, mainly because the bond they have with this individual propitiates the demand in case of need. The workers say their mode of reception makes the FHS access more agile in case of aggravation of the suicidal behavior. In relation to the user-centered care, they relate many doubts about the assessment of suicide risk, at the same time they are able to build up an individualized care, according to the needs of the individual with suicidal behavior. About the care management, they evaluate that the team work is fundamental to reception of the suicidal behavior. The association with the team of matricial process of Health Department of the city of Porto Alegre and with the nursing students in mental health of the Nursing School of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul provides security in approach of this behavior. However, they resent about the lack of a structured network of mental health that receives the most serious cases. The FHS Pitoresca has been building a performance inserts in the psychosocial aspects in the mental health care, valuing the relational technologies as fundamental strategies to the care of the individual with suicidal behavior. / El objeto de estudio de esta tesis son las acciones de salud mental desarrolladas junto a la persona con comportamiento suicida en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF). Esta investigación está obligada a las “Acciones de Salud Mental en Estrategia Salud de la Familia”, proyecto que está en financiación por el Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq), por la Nota CT-Saúde/MCT/CNPq/MS 06/2008. Como subproyecto ha contribuido para evaluar las acciones de salud mental, haciendo una ejemplificación para el manejo a la persona con comportamiento suicida, ya que cada situación de sufrimiento psíquico requiere acciones que dan cuenta de su especificidad de recepción y cuidado, dado su predominio. La investigación tiene carácter evaluativo, cuantitativo, y si desarrolla en la modalidad de estudio de caso, en que se ha utilizado la Evaluación de Cuarta Generación para la construcción del proceso de conducción de informaciones y sus analizes. Esas fueron logradas por medio de 192 horas de observación y 15 entrevistas con la equipo ESF Pitoresca, como grupo de interés. Por el Método Comparativo Constante se ha llegado a la construcción de categorías temáticas tecnologías relacionales, interacción usuario-centrado y gestión de atención, subordinadas a la categoría analítica proceso de trabajo. Los trabajadores de ESF evalúan que las tecnologías relacionales, junto con el cuidado clínico, son fundamentales para la interacción con la persona con comportamiento suicida, principalmente porque el enlace entre los dos favorece a la busca en caso de necesidad. Agregan que la postura de recepción que el equipo tiene hace con que sea más ágil el acceso a ESF en caso de que el comportamiento suicida se agrave. En relación a la interacción usuario-centrado traer muchas dudas en el proceso de investigación de riesgo de suicidio, al mismo tiempo en que se consigan construir un cuidado individualizado y de acuerdo a las necesidades del individuo con el comportamiento suicida. Sobre la gestión del cuidado, evalúan que es fundamental el trabajo en equipo para la interacción al comportamiento suicida. Poder contar con la asociación de la equipo matricial de la Secretaria de Salud del municipio de Porto Alegre y de las alumnas de enfermería en salud mental de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de RS ha proporcionado seguridad en el abordaje del comportamiento. Sin embargo, resentirse de la falta de un red con estructura en salud mental que haga la recepción a los casos más graves. ESF Pitoresca está construyendo una actuación que se inserta en lo psicosocial de interacción en salud mental, valorando las tecnologías relacionales como estrategias fundamentales para la interacción al individuo con comportamiento suicida.

Cette thèse se propose d’explorer le phénomène de l’explicitation en traduction et d’observer la mise en œuvre de la stratégie d’explicitation dans un grand corpus composé de traductions en arabe du Monde Diplomatique (MD) durant la période 2001-2011. Elle s’articule autour de cinq questions centrales : Qu’est-ce que l’explicitation ? Qu’est-ce qu’on explicite ? Pourquoi ? Pour qui ? Comment ? Pour mener à bien cette investigation, nous avons élaboré un appareillage conceptuel dont la Théorie Interprétative de la Traduction (TIT) constitue le socle et auquel les autres approches traductives ont apporté des outils conceptuels et méthodologiques complémentaires. A la lumière des travaux antérieurs, nous avons d’abord tenté de redéfinir le concept de l’explicitation afin de déterminer les caractéristiques de cette stratégie ainsi que ses fondements théoriques. Ensuite, nous nous sommes penché sur l'analyse du corpus du MD composé d’environ 5000 exemples d’explicitation en contexte. Grâce à l'analyse discursive des décisions d’explicitation prises par les traducteurs du MD, nous avons pu dégager cinq problématiques principales qui suscitaient leur intervention et six techniques par le biais desquelles ils mettaient en œuvre les explicitations dans les textes arabes. Enfin, nous proposons cinq maximes susceptibles d’optimiser l’application de cette stratégie de sorte à permettre aux lecteurs cibles d’accéder aisément au sens des textes sources. L’explicitation devient pour nous un travail de marqueterie qui consiste à insérer dans le fil du texte des suppléments informationnels pertinents, mais surtout limités au strict nécessaire. Tout est question de « bon sens ». / The present thesis explores the concept of explicitation in translation and the implementation of this strategy on a large corpus of Arabic translations of “Le Monde Diplomatique” (MD) from 2001 to 2011. The argument revolves around five central questions: What is explicitation? What is explicitated? Why? For whom? and How? To carry out this investigation, a conceptual framework was developed of which The Interpretive Theory of Translation (TIT) forms the basis, with other translational approaches contributing additional conceptual and methodological tools. In the light of previous research, we have first attempted to redefine the concept of explicitation in order to determine the distinctive features of this strategy as well as its theoretical foundations. Then, we have focused on the analysis of about 5000 examples of explicitation from MD in their context. Through the discursive analysis of the reasons why the translators of MD decided to apply explicitation, we have identified five main issues that justify the strategy and six techniques by which the translators apply it to Arabic texts. Finally, five translational maxims are proposed that optimize the application of explicitation so as to enable readers in the target language easy access to the meaning of the source text. Our conclusion is that when the explicitation strategy is applied in this way, the result is similar to marquetry with supplementary, but above all strictly relevant information inlaid into the text. It is all about ‘common sense’.

This thesis investigated the experience of taking part in a psychosocial assessment following an episode of self-harm from the service user perspective. Psychosocial assessments are a key aspect of self-harm management in secondary care, designed to identify needs and risk and determine further care. This study utilised interpretative phenomenological analysis to privilege the voices of service users and produce in-depth, contextualised understandings of the experience of assessment and its impact on future help-seeking and engagement with services. Data collection consisted of semi-structured interviews with thirteen participants soon after their hospital attendance; follow-up semi-structured interviews were also completed with seven participants three months later, to explore patient-derived outcomes from assessment and hospital attendance. The lived experiences of participants were characterised by two main features: experiences of life as a struggle and of the self as “less than”. As a result of these struggles and experiences of powerlessness and devaluation, participants mostly saw self-harm and suicide as a natural progression in their narratives. Expressions of suicidal intent reflected a struggle between a desperate desire for change and hopelessness in the face of current circumstances. The key message gained from participants’ accounts of assessment was that the interaction with staff had the power to reinforce or challenge hopelessness and negative self-evaluations. In addition, the way an assessment was conducted had influence beyond the hospital: as an experience which created or reinforced expectations for future instances of help-seeking; as a deterrent or an encouragement to seek help; and as the first step along the path to change. Unfortunately, participants’ experiences of aftercare were dominated by a sense of stagnation due to the failure of services to follow through with promises of aftercare, which affected their attitudes towards future help-seeking and towards themselves. This thesis is the first study to utilise an in-depth idiographic methodology to explore and contextualise the service user experience of psychosocial assessment following self-harm within the wider circumstances of their lives. It demonstrates how patient-staff interactions within the hospital and after discharge can affect future help-seeking through reinforcing or challenging the hopelessness and self-negativity of patients.

This research focused on the personal experiences of both male and female victims of violent crimes. The aim of this research was to explore how indigenous Black South Africans understand and deal with victimisation. An African epistemology was used to help gain a deeper understanding of the experiences of the participants. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling strategy. Five participants were selected for this study. Data was collected using individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Based on the transcribed data, themes were extracted and analysed using content analysis. The results indicate that participants attributed varying meanings to their victimisation. / Psychology / M. A. (Clinical Psychology)

Adolescent suicide and attempted suicide is an unhealthy practice that involves mental illness which led the suicidal behavior to be an important public health problem globally and in Africa. Suicide prevalence rates in young people in South Africa and in all major ethnic groups are a significant cause for concern. The adolescent mental illness causes sleepless nights on the education system. Though much research has been done on this problem it still remains one of the leading causes of death amongst adolescent learners locally and globally. As a parent and an educator reading news articles, attending memorial services and funerals of adolescent learners who took their own lives, gave me enough reason for actions to be taken in order to find out what is causing adolescents to commit suicide. During this emotional experience as the researcher, I have discovered that the adolescent stage is a very fragile stage. I also discovered that when life stresses strike, coping as an adolescent becomes difficult. This study focuses on an in-depth study of the causative factors of suicide and attempted suicide amongst the adolescent learners of Tshwane North (D3) area. The topic was investigated by means of a literature study and an empirical investigation using a qualitative approach. Data was collected by means of focus group discussion and one to one interview using a tape recorder and taking notes. Participant's answers were analysed individually and compared with all others. Findings shows that adolescent suicide and attempted suicide is a mental disorder that need to be addressed by including physicians and psychologists, upon realizing the warning signs of suicide in order to minimalize the practice. It is also clear that adolescence is a fragile stage of growth and adolescents struggle to cope with life challenges such as peer pressure, parent separations, socialization, pregnancy, chronic illness and academic pressure. It is recommended that NGOs in collaboration with the Health and Education Departments need to take action by organizing workshops to address causative factors of suicide and how to find help when realizing a suicidal adolescent learner. The department of education needs to ensure that adolescent suicide and attempted suicide preventative strategies should be taught from primary school level and be added to life skills subject in all grades. Life Orientation educator's to be trained about adolescent suicide to be well equipped to teach learners on how to recognize warning signs in their peers and friends. / Inclusive Education / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

This research focused on the personal experiences of both male and female victims of violent crimes. The aim of this research was to explore how indigenous Black South Africans understand and deal with victimisation. An African epistemology was used to help gain a deeper understanding of the experiences of the participants. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling strategy. Five participants were selected for this study. Data was collected using individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Based on the transcribed data, themes were extracted and analysed using content analysis. The results indicate that participants attributed varying meanings to their victimisation. / Psychology / M. A. (Clinical Psychology)

Adolescent suicide and attempted suicide is an unhealthy practice that involves mental illness which led the suicidal behavior to be an important public health problem globally and in Africa. Suicide prevalence rates in young people in South Africa and in all major ethnic groups are a significant cause for concern. The adolescent mental illness causes sleepless nights on the education system. Though much research has been done on this problem it still remains one of the leading causes of death amongst adolescent learners locally and globally. As a parent and an educator reading news articles, attending memorial services and funerals of adolescent learners who took their own lives, gave me enough reason for actions to be taken in order to find out what is causing adolescents to commit suicide. During this emotional experience as the researcher, I have discovered that the adolescent stage is a very fragile stage. I also discovered that when life stresses strike, coping as an adolescent becomes difficult. This study focuses on an in-depth study of the causative factors of suicide and attempted suicide amongst the adolescent learners of Tshwane North (D3) area. The topic was investigated by means of a literature study and an empirical investigation using a qualitative approach. Data was collected by means of focus group discussion and one to one interview using a tape recorder and taking notes. Participant's answers were analysed individually and compared with all others. Findings shows that adolescent suicide and attempted suicide is a mental disorder that need to be addressed by including physicians and psychologists, upon realizing the warning signs of suicide in order to minimalize the practice. It is also clear that adolescence is a fragile stage of growth and adolescents struggle to cope with life challenges such as peer pressure, parent separations, socialization, pregnancy, chronic illness and academic pressure. It is recommended that NGOs in collaboration with the Health and Education Departments need to take action by organizing workshops to address causative factors of suicide and how to find help when realizing a suicidal adolescent learner. The department of education needs to ensure that adolescent suicide and attempted suicide preventative strategies should be taught from primary school level and be added to life skills subject in all grades. Life Orientation educator's to be trained about adolescent suicide to be well equipped to teach learners on how to recognize warning signs in their peers and friends. / Inclusive Education / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)