I allmänhet planeras och kontrolleras ljudmiljöer utifrån fysiska mätningar och åtgärder. Detta förhållningssätt är närmast defensivt i den bemärkelsen att man försöker skydda människan från vad man anser vara ljudföroreningar i stället för att ta vara på kvalitativa egenskaper hos en ljudmiljö. Den här uppsatsen tar fasta på vikten av ett förändrat förhållningssätt till ljudmiljöer och förhåller sig till designkomplexiteten genom ett tvärvetenskapligt holistiskt och explorativt förfarande.  En ljuddesignprocess där forskare har samarbetat med slutanvändare genom flertalet iterativa faser, för att utforma ambienta, behovsanpassade ljudmiljöer vilka av användarna beskrevs som att befinna sig i en bubbla av ljud. I arbetet anpassas användarorienterade designmetoder från informatik till ljuddesign, och därigenom fås ett användardeltagande både i laboratorietester och i fältexperiment. Slutanvändarens upplevelser och bedömning av ljuddesign har kontinuerligt använts för att förfina och förbättra ljuddesignen. Testmetoden har genom dessa faser också utvecklats för att kunna undersöka användarens upplevelser. Metoden är uppdelad i två steg. Steg ett innefattar en användningscentrerad studie i ett perceptionslaboratorium där en kontorsmiljö simulerades audiellt och visuellt. Steg två består av ett fältexperiment där kontorspersonal använde två prototyper som genererade en digital ljudmiljö framtagen för att ge stöd åt fokuserat arbete. I uppsatsen påpekas att för att behovsanpassa en designad ljudmiljö behöver designmetoden vara användningscentrerad, eftersom design av ljudmiljöer måste ske i samverkan med slutanvändaren, och kontextbaserad, då ljudmiljöers funktion är att stödja användarens aktiviteter.

Behovsanpassad gödsling (BAG) ökar skogens tillväxt, vilket kan ha en positivinverkan på kolbalansen. För att öka vår förståelse av vilken effekt gödslingsdoshar på växthusgasutsläpp, har denna studie undersökt respirationen i engranungskog på fastigheten Toftaholm (57°0'N; 14°3'E) med sandning morän ochfrisk markfuktighet, med främsta fokus på emissionerna från lustagas och metan.Resultaten visar på låga halter av lustgasemissioner och för metan sker en fortsattinbindning oavsett gödselgiva. De små ökningarna av växthusgaser indikerade påen fortsatt ökning vid större gödselgiva. För en tänkbar operationell gödselgiva(150khN/Ha och år) kunde ingen signifikant skillnad säkerställas. / BAG leads to a greater forest growth, which could have a positive influence on thecarbon balance. To increase our understanding of the effect fertilization have ongreenhouse gas emissions, this study have examined the respiration of a juvenilespruce forest on the estate of Toftaholm (57°0'N; 14°3'E), where the soil-texturewas manly sand-moraine with a medium humidity, with main focus on theemissions of methane and nitrous gas. The results indicated a small increase innitrous gas and a continued net binding of methane independent of amount offertilization. The small increase in greenhouse-gas indicates a continuation withincreased amount of fertilization. For operational productivity with an amount offertilization (150khN/Ha and year) no significance could be determent.

Bakgrund Många patienter i vården drabbas av vårdskador till följd av avvikelser i vården. Ett antal studier pekar på faktorer som påverkar patientsäkerheten, bland annat att hög arbetsbelastning, otillräcklig bemanning och långa arbetstider inverkar negativt. Inom intensivvård är uppmärksamhet och vaksamhet viktigt för att identifiera förändringar hos patienten. Flera studier visar att längre arbetspass och veckoarbetstid förknippas med ökad fysisk och psykisk trötthet och risk för minskad vaksamhet vilket medför ökad risk för att avvikelser inträffar. Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur införandet av behovsanpassad bemanning relaterar till medarbetarnas upplevelse av stress, tid för återhämtning och arbetstillfredsställelse samt till kostnader och aspekter på patientsäkerhet. Metod Studien har genomförts med hjälp av en kombination av metoder. Enkäter lämnades ut före och ett år efter införandet av bemanningsmodellen. Fem fokusgruppsintervjuer genomfördes med medarbetare och arbetsledare och analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Författaren har under studien verkat som vårdenhetschef och medverkat i, samt observerat, införandet av den nya bemanningsmodellen. Resultat Enkätstudien visar att 94 % av respondenterna upplever att de har tid till återhämtning varje dag eller vecka efter införandet jämfört med 74 % innan modellen infördes. 67 % rapporterar att de inte känner sig stressade mot 50 % tidigare. Intervjuerna visar att medarbetarna upplever att de kan påverka sina arbetstider, minska arbetstiden och att de har mer tid för återhämtning. Mindre positiva upplevelser var oro för lönen då man i hög grad påverkar den själv. Flera medarbetare menar att patientsäkerheten påverkas positivt eftersom medarbetarna är gladare och mer utvilade när de arbetar, det minimerar riskerna för att medicinska avvikelser inträffar. Patientsäkerheten påverkas också av att kompetensen har stärkts eftersom det är färre vikarier i tjänst. Ekonomiskt resulterade modellen i ett underskott på 1 % av personalbudgeten under 2011, men under 2012 har vi ett positivt utfall på ca 700 t kr under årets första 4 månader. Diskussion Den behovsanpassade bemanningsmodellen resulterade i att medarbetarna upplevde en större arbetstillfredsställelse och en ökad återhämtning samtidigt som verksamheten har fått en mer balanserad bemanning. Medarbetarna upplever att patienterna påverkas positivt dels då medarbetarna är gladare på arbetet, dels då kompetensen har stärkts eftersom det är färre vikarier. Ekonomiskt har modellen visats sig vara kostnadsneutral vilket var ett krav. / Background Many patients in care suffer health damage due to adverse events in health care. A number of studies point to factors that affect patient safety, including the heavy workload, inadequate staffing and long working hours have a negative impact. In intensive care, is attention and vigilance is important to identify changes in the patient status. Several studies show that the longer the work shifts and weekly working hours are associated with increased physical and mental fatigue and the risk of reduced vigilance resulting in increased risk of adverse events. Purpose The study aims to investigate how the introduction of needs-based staffing related to employees' perception of stress, time for recovery and job satisfaction as well as costs and aspects of patient safety. Method The study was conducted using a combination of methods. Surveys were released before and one year after the introduction of the staffing model. Five focus group interviews with employees and supervisors were conducted and were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The author has during the study served as a head nurse and participated in and observed the introduction of the new staffing model. Results The questionnaire shows that 94% of respondents consider that they have time to recover every day or week after the introduction of the new model compared with 74% before its introduction. 67% report that they do not feel stressed to 50% previously. The interviews indicate that employees feel they can influence their working hours, reduced working hours and that they have more time for recovery. Less positive experiences were concerns about the salary when the employees have a significant impact on the salary by themselves. Many employees believe that patient safety is positively affected because employees are happier and more rested when they work, it minimizes the risks of adverse events. Patient safety is also affected by the skills have been strengthened because there are fewer agency staff on duty. Economic model resulted in a deficit of 1% of the personnel budget in 2011, but in 2012 we have a positive outcome of about 700 000 SEK during the first 4 months. Discussion The needs-based staffing model resulted in the employees experienced greater job satisfaction and increased recovery, and the clinic has had a more balanced staffing. Employees feel that patients are affected positively and when the employees are happier at work, partly because expertise has been strengthened because there are fewer substitutes. Economically, the model has proven to be cost-neutral, which was a requirement.

<p>The market for security is one filled with great opportunities. The security services companies are numerous and diverse, the Swedish market is dominated by two large companies: Securitas Bevakning AB and Falck Security AB. In this study we have focused on the bigger of the two, Securitas. </p><p>This report describes and analysis the security service branch and its surroundings in an involved manner. The target group of the result is mainly people within the security branch. However, by making a wide theoretical description the person unacquainted with the business will be able to understand the concept of this interesting trade. Further, those who are familiar with this field will be enabled to broaden their minds. The aim with this project is to create a foundation upon which Securitas can further continue their work. We have not presented any direct solutions, instead we have displayed concrete problems and presented guidelines for further exploration. </p><p>The purpose of the investigation is to discover how modern technology can improve today’s guard services. Moreover, the aim is to show how a change of attitude needs to be present while developing future security services. This change can also be applied to other security services than the time-sharing guarding. </p><p>The methodology used to meet our goals was a qualitative investigation based on interviews and literary studies. In order to form a robust overview of the study area the objects were carefully selected according to set preferences. These were, among others, which function the object has in society, how long they have been customers with Securitas and what kind of business they run. </p><p>In the discussion and analysis four important areas is to be taken into consideration: The change of the market, the adaptation of the service to the needs of the customer, the adaptation of technology, and the assertion to the customer of the profound effects following these amendments. These four areas represent the foundation for the presented model. </p><p>A solid cooperation between the customer and the supplier of the security service is vital. In contemporary society the customers have become more specialised and thereby the delivering company must aim to meet the increasing demands expected of this specialised service. Therefore the demand on the competence of the guard is getting higher. Another conclusion is also that one should introduce a quality measurement system that together with a statistical basis makes reporting and the analysing of the effects of the guarding easier to the customer. </p><p>Technology is the most important corner stone in an effective alarm system. The time for an emergency call response must be reduced. Further qualities that the customer demands are that the security companies possess good knowledge of the object and its surroundings. The effectiveness in the guarding rounds and the learning time for a new object can be reduced by multimedia teaching aids. </p><p>The customer satisfaction is not likely to be long term if they cannot see the results and high quality that they ask for. This is why it will be very important to measure, calculate and point out what both the guard and the security company can contribute with to please the customer. To enhance the dialogue the guard will be presenting solutions rather than static reports, and an acting counsellor strengthen the feeling of professionalism. Any change from the customers that affects the actual risk picture has to be identified promptly by the security service company.</p>

The market for security is one filled with great opportunities. The security services companies are numerous and diverse, the Swedish market is dominated by two large companies: Securitas Bevakning AB and Falck Security AB. In this study we have focused on the bigger of the two, Securitas. This report describes and analysis the security service branch and its surroundings in an involved manner. The target group of the result is mainly people within the security branch. However, by making a wide theoretical description the person unacquainted with the business will be able to understand the concept of this interesting trade. Further, those who are familiar with this field will be enabled to broaden their minds. The aim with this project is to create a foundation upon which Securitas can further continue their work. We have not presented any direct solutions, instead we have displayed concrete problems and presented guidelines for further exploration. The purpose of the investigation is to discover how modern technology can improve today’s guard services. Moreover, the aim is to show how a change of attitude needs to be present while developing future security services. This change can also be applied to other security services than the time-sharing guarding. The methodology used to meet our goals was a qualitative investigation based on interviews and literary studies. In order to form a robust overview of the study area the objects were carefully selected according to set preferences. These were, among others, which function the object has in society, how long they have been customers with Securitas and what kind of business they run. In the discussion and analysis four important areas is to be taken into consideration: The change of the market, the adaptation of the service to the needs of the customer, the adaptation of technology, and the assertion to the customer of the profound effects following these amendments. These four areas represent the foundation for the presented model. A solid cooperation between the customer and the supplier of the security service is vital. In contemporary society the customers have become more specialised and thereby the delivering company must aim to meet the increasing demands expected of this specialised service. Therefore the demand on the competence of the guard is getting higher. Another conclusion is also that one should introduce a quality measurement system that together with a statistical basis makes reporting and the analysing of the effects of the guarding easier to the customer. Technology is the most important corner stone in an effective alarm system. The time for an emergency call response must be reduced. Further qualities that the customer demands are that the security companies possess good knowledge of the object and its surroundings. The effectiveness in the guarding rounds and the learning time for a new object can be reduced by multimedia teaching aids. The customer satisfaction is not likely to be long term if they cannot see the results and high quality that they ask for. This is why it will be very important to measure, calculate and point out what both the guard and the security company can contribute with to please the customer. To enhance the dialogue the guard will be presenting solutions rather than static reports, and an acting counsellor strengthen the feeling of professionalism. Any change from the customers that affects the actual risk picture has to be identified promptly by the security service company.

The work environment in Activity-based working (ABW) should be adapted based on the needs and activities that the business requires. Employees lack their own place and are expected to move depending on the task. The working method entails flexibility for both the organization and the employees. The development of digitalization in society has contributed to why ABW has become increasingly popular. Implementation procedure is perceived to influence the outcome and acceptance of the working method. The expectations with ABW are that strengthened self-leadership and increased responsibility will promote productivity and efficiency. This study has a qualitative approach and aims to identify factors that influence the design and implementation of ABW in a public organization. With the help of an abductive approach, the results of the study have emerged. The empirical material was collected through three semi-structured interviews and an online survey. Each of the respondents were involved in the transformation process and the implementation of ABW at “Framtidens arbetsplats” in Skellefteå municipality. The study intends to provide a deeper explanation regarding which factors have been prominent and what effects they have led to. The previous research in the subject contributed to the direction of the study and resulted in three main areas: The transformation process, design and custom-built as well as management and control. The empirical material was analyzed and compared against the theoretical frame of reference. The results show that the respondents' experience of ABW varied, but with a predominantly positive response. ABW was implemented to streamline the use of premises, but that was not communicated to the employees. Participation has been expressed as an important factor throughout the process, but it can also be perceived as involuntary and that the concept is forced on the employees. The working method is adapted to the modern mobile generation and can be seen as discriminating against those who are not as receptive. ABW can not only be introduced at the start since it appears that maintaining and updating are important factors. How employees accept the working method largely depends on managers' views and actions and the corporate culture. According to the results trust-based leadership is applied to the “Framtidens arbetsplats”, which is required because controllability decreases with ABW. Weaknesses in design have been identified since it does not meet everyone's needs based on their tasks. To talk undisturbed is a need that has emerged as an important factor, since classified information is part of their work. Social relations in the workplace are expressed as having been strengthened and weakened. Many expressed social distancing as an effect of ABW, which in turn has created a nesting behavior. It appears that work from home is appreciated, which we believe will affect ABW. This is therefore a proposal for research in future studies. / Aktivitetsbaserat arbetssätt (ABW) bygger på att arbetsmiljön är anpassad utifrån de behov och aktiviteter som verksamheten kräver. Medarbetarna saknar egen plats och förväntas förflytta sig beroende på arbetsuppgift. Arbetssättet medför flexibilitet både för organisationen och medarbetarna. Den utvecklade digitaliseringen i samhället har bidragit till att arbetssättet blivit alltmer populärt. Tillvägagångssättet vid implementering upplevs påverka utfallet och acceptansen av arbetssättet. Förväntningarna med ABW är att ett förstärkt självledarskap och ökat ansvarstagande ska främja produktivitet och effektivitet. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ ansats och syftar till att identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar utformningen och genomförandet av ett aktivitetsbaserat arbetssätt i en offentlig organisation. Med hjälp av ett abduktivt förhållningssätt har studiens resultat vuxit fram. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom tre semistrukturerade intervjuer samt en enkät. Samtliga respondenter var delaktiga i förändringsprocessen och införandet av ABW på “Framtidens arbetsplats” på Skellefteå kommun. Studien ämnar ge en djupare förklaring till vilka faktorer som varit framträdande och vilka effekter det medfört. Den tidigare forskningen inom ämnet bidrog till studiens riktning och resulterade i tre huvudområden: Förändringsprocessen, design och utformning samt styrning och kontroll. Det empiriska materialet analyserades och jämfördes mot den teoretiska referensramen.  Resultatet visar att respondenternas upplevelse gentemot det aktivitetsbaserade arbetssättet varierade, men med en övervägande positiv respons. Beslutet att implementera ABW var att effektivisera lokalutnyttjandet men det var inte vad som förmedlades till medarbetarna. Delaktigheten har uttryckts som en viktig faktor under hela processen men kan uppfattas som ofrivillig, vilket kan ses som att konceptet pressats ut på medarbetarna. Arbetssättet anpassas till den moderna mobila generationen och kan ses diskriminerade mot den som inte är lika mottaglig. Att arbetssättet underhålls samt hålls aktuellt och inte enbart introduceras vid starten har framkommit som en viktig faktor. Hur medarbetarna anammar arbetssättet beror till stor del på chefers synsätt och agerande samt företagskulturen. Resultatet visar att ett tillitsbaserat ledarskap tillämpas på “Framtidens arbetsplats”, vilket krävs eftersom kontrollbarheten minskar med ABW. Svagheter i utformningen har påvisats då den inte uppfyller allas behov baserat på deras arbetsuppgifter. Behovet att prata ostört är något som framkommit som en viktig faktor, då verksamheten behandlar sekretessbelagda uppgifter. De sociala relationerna på arbetsplatsen uttrycks både ha förstärkts och försvagats. Många påpekar social distansering som en effekt av ABW vilket i sin tur skapat ett ockuperingsbeteende. Det har framkommit att hemarbete uppskattas vilket vi anser kan påverka ABW. Detta är därav ett förslag som kan undersökas i fortsatta studier.