With digital presence becoming an increasingly big part of museums, more resources have been put on digital interactions. This thesis studies how Malmö Museums can enforce their digital strategy by taking advantage of the Norwegian method – Tingens Metod (Method of Things), and by renewing their digital presence. Because of the COVID-19 crisis and the technological advancements of the past decade, museums are using digital technologies more than ever before to reach their visitors. By using Tingens Metod, we have been able to show how collaborative digital workshops with different participating groups can open the museum process to be an open dialogue between museum creators and the museum’s visitors. The workshops have led to a democratisation of artefacts, and a new-found appreciation for the conservation that occurs at museums. These workshops have also shown that participants would like to use digital tools and interactions in their exploration of a museum’s wide collection of artefacts.The results of this thesis project have led to the creation of a two-part prototype. First, the Tingens Metod workshops are adapted to become a recurring playtest programme at the museum. Second, an overall renewed digital presence which reimagines the museum’s digital presence in a modern and reimagined way should be available on platforms that visitors are using. Together these two parts form a proposed prototype which can be adapted by Malmö Museums in their continued effort to reach their long-term digital strategy goals.

My aim with this essay was to write about bordercrossing and border changing in Olga Tokarczuk’s literary work with the main focus on her novel Drive Your Plow over the Bones of the Dead. While writing I came to the conclusion that there are very many different sorts of border changing in the novel, for example borders between countries, borders between fiction and reality, indistinct borders, borders between identities and borders in time and space. However, one distinct bordercrossing, that I had not anticipated, emerged very clearly: the border changing when it comes to genre. Drive Your Plow over the Bones of the Dead characterizes as a detective story, but the more you read the novel, the more you realize, that other themes might be more important than the puzzle. This book holds above all eco fiction and posthumanism. By crossing different borders Olga Tokarczuk has transformed an illusory detective story to a nuanced novel about human life on various levels and in different spaces, about human view on animals and about hunters’ disrespect for animals.

[pt] A partir do aumento no fluxo migratório venezuelano para o Brasil no início de 2017, a mobilidade venezuelana passou a ser veiculada na mídia e reproduzida nos discursos de autoridades governamentais brasileiras tanto como um problema e um risco a ser controlado quanto como um imperativo para o acolhimento e proteção dessa população vulnerável. Tais representações e discursos foram reforçados em março de 2018 com a criação da chamada Operação Acolhida, operação logística governamental constituída para gerenciar o fluxo das centenas de milhares de venezuelanos adentrando as fronteiras nacionais. A fim de questionar como os discursos de perigo e controle das fronteiras coexistem com uma lógica de acolhimento e defesa dos direitos humanos, a dissertação analisa as práticas discursivas que participam da construção da governança humanitária do fluxo migratório venezuelano no Brasil, especialmente através da Operação Acolhida. Partindo de uma análise de discurso pós-estruturalista, argumenta-se que a Operação Acolhida, ao articular uma lógica específica de engajamento com o outro venezuelano, funciona (re) produzindo uma representação específica do Estado e da nação brasileira. Enquanto uma prática de construção de fronteiras e identidades, a Operação Acolhida apresenta-se, assim, como propõe David Campbell (1992), como, uma prática de política externa e de construção de fronteiras. Nessa perspectiva, a representação da identidade estatal não se refere a um relato objetivo sobre como o Estado realmente é – leitura esta dominante nos estudos de Política Externa no Brasil, mas sim como uma representação de uma subjetividade instável, provisória e continuamente reformulada. Assim, a dissertação contribui para pensar como as práticas de representação do eu e do outro, do dentro e do fora, do nacional e do internacional articuladas na Operação Acolhida, especialmente por seus atores militares, não apenas (re) produzem o que é o problema dos refugiados venezuelanos no Brasil –e como ele deve ser gerenciado– quanto funcionam estabilizando, provisoriamente, uma imagem – precária e contestada - de um Brasil benevolente, acolhedor e amigo. / [en] Since the increase in the Venezuelan migratory flow to Brazil in early 2017, Venezuelan mobility has been portrayed in the media and reproduced in the discourses of Brazilian government authorities both as a problem and a risk to be controlled and as an imperative for the reception and protection of this vulnerable population. Such representations and discourses were reinforced in March 2018 with the creation of the so-called Operation Acolhida, a government logistics operation constituted to manage the flow of the hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans entering the national borders. In order to question how the discourses of danger and border control coexist with a logic of reception and defense of human rights, the dissertation analyzes the discursive practices that participate in the construction of humanitarian governance of the Venezuelan migratory flow in Brazil, especially through Operation Acolhida. Starting from a post-structuralist discourse analysis, it is argued that Operation Acolhida, by articulating a specific logic of engagement with the Venezuelan other, functions (re) producing a specific representation of the Brazilian state and nation. As a practice of border and identity construction, Operation Acolhida presents itself, as David Campbell (1992) proposes, as a practice of foreign policy and border construction. From this perspective, the representation of state identity does not refer to an objective account of how the state really is - a dominant reading in Foreign Policy studies in Brazil, but rather as a representation of an unstable, provisional and continuously reformulated subjectivity. Thus, the dissertation contributes to think how the practices of representation of self and other, of inside and outside, of national and international articulated in Operation Acolhida, especially by its military actors, not only (re) produce what is the problem of Venezuelan refugees in Brazil - and how it should be managed - but also function by temporarily stabilizing an image - precarious and contested - of a benevolent, welcoming and friendly Brazil.

People have been migrating across the Mediterranean Sea between Africa and Europe for thousands of years. Since the 1990s, the Mediterranean has often been the only route for people to reach the EU due to the tightening of the EU border regime. As a result of more restrictive EU migration policies and conflicts in African regions and parts of the Middle East, dangerous crossings of the Mediterranean have increased. The violence occurring every day at Europe's external borders against migrants stands in stark contrast to the self-image of democracy, human rights, and liberty that the EU presents to the rest of the world. To unpack this paradox, this thesis seeks to analyse the concept of the humanitarian border by examining the humanitarian entanglements in discourse and practise with the violent border government of the European Union in the Mediterranean Sea. To do so, the socio-political and material dimensions of the humanitarian border are examined with the help of conceptual analysis based on secondary scholarly sources in addition to key EU policy documents. Across the socio-political dimension, the EU and related actors, such as Frontex, use the humanitarian narrative of saving lives to pave the way for military-security operations in the Mediterranean. On the material level, the humanitarian border manifests itself in practices related to Search and Rescue Operations, cooperation between NGOs and police forces in AVRR, and the humanitarian border of NGOs in reception centres. This thesis documents the ambivalent humanitarian engagement with the border regime, which is characterised by forms of resistance at the micro- and meso-levels, but without structural change. Subsequently, this thesis then discusses the inequality of mobility perpetuated by the EU border regime and seeks to show pathways to change the humanitarian border.

A collection of poetry.

No description available.

This paper sought to analyse which underlying motives impacted the stances and policies taken by Greece and Türkiye regarding their disputed maritime border. The maritime border consists of two distinct areas, the Aegean Sea, and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The analysis chose to study the two areas separately since there are differences between them. The study was conducted through the lens of Morgan and Palmer’s general theory of foreign policy, in which a state either acts reactively to preserve the current situation, or proactively to try and change it. The result of the study shows that both states acted because of security related, economic, and hegemonic motivations as well as to protect their sovereignty and national rights. Security concerns played a significant role in the dispute, as both states deemed the other to be a threat. Because of this, both Greece and Türkiyeacted reactively against each other. At the same time, Türkiye was also found to be more likely to act proactively compared to Greece who often either acted in response to Türkiye or indirectly through its allies such as the EU or Egypt.

Land Ownership and Development: Evidence from Postwar Japan This paper analyzes the effect of land ownership on technology adoption and structural transformation. A large-scale land reform in postwar Japan enforced a large number of tenant farmers who were cultivating land to become owners of this land. I find that the municipalities which had many owner farmers after the land reform tended to experience a quick entry of new agricultural machines which became available after the reform. The adoption of the machines reduced the dependence on family labor, and led to a reallocation of labor from agriculture to industries and service sectors in urban centers when these sectors were growing. I also analyze the aggregate impact of labor reallocation on economic growth by using a simple growth model and micro data. I find that it increased GDP by about 12 percent of the GDP in 1974 during 1955-74. I also find a large and positive effect on agricultural productivity. Loyalty and Treason: Theory and Evidence from Japan's Land Reform A historically large-scale land reform in Japan after World War II enforced by the occupation forces redistributed a large area of farmlands to tenant farmers. The reform demolished hierarchical structures by weakening landlords' power in villages and towns. This paper investigates how the change in the social and economic structure of small communities affects electoral outcomes in the presence of clientelism. I find that there was a considerable decrease in the vote share of conservative parties in highly affected areas after the reform. I find the supporting evidence that the effect was driven by the fact that the tenant farmers who had obtained land exited from the long-term tenancy contract and became independent landowners. The effect was relatively persistent. Finally, I also find the surprising result that there was a decrease, rather than an increase, in turnout in these areas after the reform.  Geography and State Fragmentation We examine how geography affects the location of borders between sovereign states in Europe and surrounding areas from 1500 until today at the grid-cell level. This is motivated by an observation that the richest places in this region also have the highest historical border presence, suggesting a hitherto unexplored link between geography and modern development, working through state fragmentation. The raw correlations show that borders tend to be located on mountains, by rivers, closer to coasts, and in areas suitable for rainfed, but not irrigated, agriculture. Many of these patterns also hold with rigorous spatial controls. For example, cells with more rivers and more rugged terrain than their neighboring cells have higher border densities. However, the fragmenting effects of suitability for rainfed agriculture are reversed with such neighbor controls. Moreover, we find that borders are less likely to survive over time when they separate large states from small, but this size-difference effect is mitigated by, e.g., rugged terrain.

Why does the European Union focus on controlling irregular immigration at the external border? The emphasis presents a paradox as most irregular migrants in the EU arrive through legal channels and subsequently overstay or violate the conditions of their visa. In order to explore this paradox, the thesis examines two case studies, Malta and Cyprus. As small island states on the Union’s southern periphery, the two are ostensibly unable to resist the transfer of migration controls and asylum responsibility to the EU’s external borders. Yet, employing nonmaterial power, namely by highlighting the perceived migration pressures they are under, the two states have successfully attracted significant financial and practical support from other member states. In doing so, they have influenced policymaking within EU migration governance, but have ultimately reinforced the emphasis on controlling irregular immigration at the external border by portraying the phenomenon as a crisis. This thesis not only sheds light on the interaction between the EU and the two states under investigation, but combines three levels of analysis – the regional, national, and local. The crisis narrative detrimentally affects the migrant and refugee populations as it encourages the adoption of restrictive and deterrent measures rather than ensuring access to rights and long-term integration. Nevertheless, this population is not without agency. It is their individual decisions to move across national borders without state authorisation that in the aggregate both compels states into dialogue about the issue and provides the basis for the dynamic between the EU and these two member states.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur le concept d’identité organisationnelle, appliqué au milieu des organisations humanitaires. Le contexte mondial actuel dans lequel évoluent ces organisations leur impose de revoir certaines de leurs valeurs et façons de faire. En effet, les équipes des ONG sur le terrain sont confrontées à des conflits de plus en plus nombreux et complexes, qui remettent en question l’identité de leur organisation. Cette recherche vise à dresser un portrait du travail des employés de l’organisation Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) lors de missions humanitaires, alors que ceux-ci doivent justifier et négocier la présence de l’organisation auprès de la population et des autorités locales. En nous basant sur le concept de sensemaking développé par Karl E. Weick, nous présentons une analyse narrative des récits de mission de cinq employés de MSF. Cette analyse permet d’étudier comment, au quotidien, les employés d’une ONG le terrain sont impliqués dans des négociations où l’identité organisationnelle est continuellement menacée et remise en question. / This thesis focuses on the concept of organizational identity, applied to humanitarian organizations. The actual international context is forcing these organizations to review some of their core values and procedures. Consequently, their teams on the field are confronted with more and more conflicts and complex situations where the organisation’s identity is at stake. The aim of this research is to produce a better understanding of the work that employees of Doctors Without Borders (MSF) do on the field during a mission, especially when they have to justify and negotiate the presence of their organisation with the local populations and authorities. Based on Karl E. Weick’s concept of sensemaking, we present a narrative analysis of fieldwork stories we collected by conducting interviews with five MSF employees. Not only does this analysis help us understand the roles employees have to play on the field, but it also provides insight into the different situations when organizational identity is being negotiated.