The transport sector is facing great challenges for achieving development within the Earth’s boundaries. Currently, LCA studies on heavy- and medium-duty vehicles have mainly assessed the ‘well-to-wheel’ stage and the impact category climate change. To understand the full range of environmental impacts from a truck, a holistic view needs to be adopted, to acknowledge several sustainability dimensions. The development of new vehicle technologies, such as battery electrical vehicles (BEV), the impact will mainly occur in the production and end-of-life stage, thereby it is crucial to adapt a cradle-to-grave approach in LCA. This thesis have interpret Scania’s current LCA results through normalization and weighting. The normalization and weighting methods used have been based on the planetary boundaries (PBs) and other scientific thresholds of earth’s carrying capacity. The normalised results display that considering a heavy-duty truck with diesel (B5) climate change is the major impact, but for BEV with EU electricity mix it is freshwater ecotoxicity, stratospheric ozone formation and climate change that are the main impacts to consider. For the BEV with wind electricity, it is freshwater ecotoxicity and climate change which are the major impacts. According to the weighed results, the impact on ́climate change ́ and ́fossil resource scarcity ́ are most important for diesel (B5) and considering BEV with EU mix it is the impact categories of ́climate change ́ and ́fossil resource depletion ́ followed by ́mineral resource scarcity ́. Considering BEV with wind electricity it is ́mineral resource scarcity ́ followed by ́climate change ́ and ́fossil resource scarcity ́. The weighted results also display that the impact categories, ‘human toxicity cancer’, ‘freshwater ecotoxicity’, ‘particulate matter’ and ‘water resource scarcity’ are important to consider in an LCA of a BEV. Concludingly, it is a need for future research in the area of connecting the PBs with the LCA framework. Moreover, it is a need to develop normalisation reference (NR) and weighting factors (WF) based on a company and sectorial allowances of the carrying capacity to understand a product or company’s environmental impact in absolute terms. / Transportsektorn står inför stora utmaningar för att nå en utveckling inom planetens gränser. I nuläget har LCA studier för tunga och medeltunga transporter fokuserat på ‘well-to-wheel’ vilket är stegen bränsleproduktionen (från källan till tanken) och konsekvenserna av fordonets användning (från tank till hjul) och påverkanskategorin klimat. För att förstå fordonets totala miljöpåverkan, behövs ett holistiskt synsätt för att förstå flera hållbarhetsdimensioner av fordonets miljöpåverkan. Utvecklingen av nya fordonstekniker, så som batterifordon, kommer leda till att miljöpåverkan möjligen främst uppstår i produktions och avfallsfasen av livscykeln, det är därav viktigt att analysera ett fordon från ́vaggan till graven ́. Denna uppsats har analyserat Scanias LCA resultat genom normalisering och viktning. Normaliserings- och viktningsmetoderna som används är baserade på dom planetära gränserna och andra tröskelvärden för planetens bärkapacitet. Det normaliserade resultatet visar att för en diesel lastbil är klimat en betydande påverkanskategori, dock för en BEV (”Battery Electric Vehicle”) med EU elektricitet är det sötvattentoxicitet, stratosfärisk ozonbildning och klimat som är dom mest betydande påverkanskategorierna. Det normaliserade resultatet för BEV med vindenergi visar att det är sötvattentoxicitet och klimat som dom mest betydande påverkanskategorierna. Enligt den valda viktningsmetoden framgår det att klimat och fossil resursutarmning är dom viktigaste påverkanskategorierna för en diesel lastbil. För en BEV med EU mix är den viktigaste klimat och fossil resursutarmning följt av mineralresursbrist. För BEV laddad med energi från vindkraft, är dom viktigaste påverkanskategorierna mineralresursbrist, klimat och fossil resursutarmning. Det viktade resultatet visade även att påverkanskategorierna, humantoxicitet cancer, sötvatten ekotoxicitet, partiklar och vattenresursbrist bör tas i beaktning i en LCA av en BEV. Slutligen behövs det mer forskning kring sammankoppling av planetära gränser och LCA ramverket, även utveckling av normaliseringsreferenser och viktningsfaktorer som är baserat på företags- och sektorsnivåer för utsläppsrätter behövs för att ett företag ska förstå produkters absoluta miljöpåverkan.

This study compared the Global Warming Potential (GWP) impact of two single-family dwellings situated in Halmstad and Norrköping. The aim of this thesis work is to investigate how building materials types, material quantities, and geographical boundaries affect the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results. This study focuses on climate declaration (A1-A5) LCA stages and was conducted in collaboration with Fiskarhedenvillan. The study uses a comparative LCA of various building components and materials. One Click LCA student license was used to calculate the CO2e emissions from the GWP impact category. The study found that the building in Halmstad generated 6,3% lower CO2e emissions compared to the building in Norrköping. The reason mainly was affected by the use of roofing materials. The building in Halmstad used reinforced bitumen while the building in Norrköping used concrete tile roofing. The study investigates that reinforced bitumen generates lower emissions in A1-A4 stages compared to concrete. The geographical boundaries affect the A4 stage. The building in Halmstad generated higher CO2e emissions compared to the building in Norrköping as it has long distances to the building materials suppliers. The research verifies that the A1-A3 stages considerably generate most of the emissions (70-80%) compared to A4 and A5. The A5 stage results remain the same per meter square of both dwellings considering the use of generic data from One Click LCA.

Arbetsmarknadspolitiken har historiskt sett varit både ett kommunalt och statligt ansvar som från mitten av 1900-talet koncentrerats till en statlig nivå och till myndigheten Arbetsförmedlingen. Både forskning och statliga utredningar har konstaterat att kommuner mer och mer tagit sig an arbetet med arbetsmarknadspolitik och idag har merparten av Sveriges kommuner en arbetsmarknadsavdelning med fokus på insatser för arbetssökande. Vår forskningsöversikt och de utredningar som presenterats som vår empiri visar att det råder en oklar ansvarsfördelning mellan stat och kommun inom arbetsmarknadspolitiken. Vi har presenterat tidigare forskning på området arbetsmarknadspolitik som både avhandlat ansvarsfrågan gällande Arbetsförmedlingen och kommunerna, men även mellan organisation och individ. Denna uppsats har, genom en teorikonsumerande ansats, undersökt denna oklara ansvarsfördelning med fokus på kommuner och Arbetsförmedlingen. Genom det teoretiska ramverket institutionella logiker har vi studerat offentliga utredningar gällande organiseringen av arbetsmarknadspolitiken samt remissvar från berörda aktörer. Resultatet av studien har visat att dessa aktörer formulerar ansvar utifrån olika institutionella logiker som i många fall är motstridiga. Uppsatsen bidrar vidare till att ge en bild av vad dessa logiker ger för ingång till ansvarsbegreppet och förklarar olika möjliga orsaker till att ansvaret kan ses som oklart. / Labour market policy has historically been both a municipal and state responsibility, which since the mid-20th century has been concentrated at the state level and managed by the Public Employment Service. Both research and government inquiries have found that municipalities have increasingly taken on the work of labour market policy, and today the majority of Sweden's municipalities have a labour market department focused on measures for job seekers. Our research overview and the inquiries presented as our empirical data show that there is an unclear division of responsibilities between the state and municipalities in labour market policy. We have presented previous research in the area of labour market policy, which has addressed the issue of responsibility concerning the Public Employment Service and municipalities, as well as between organization and individual. This thesis, through a theory-consuming approach, has examined this unclear division of responsibilities with a focus on municipalities and the Public Employment Service. Through the theoretical framework of institutional logics, we have studied Swedish Government Official Reports regarding the organization of labour market policy and responses from relevant stakeholders. The study's results have shown that these stakeholders formulate responsibilities based on different institutional logics, which are often conflicting. The thesis further contributes by providing an understanding of what these logics imply for the concept of responsibility and explains various possible reasons why responsibility can be perceived as unclear.

This report summarizes the work conducted during a six-month internship at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The main objective was to implement the interactions between particles and surfaces in the particle-in-cell code WarpX. This work specifically addressed the scenario where particles collide with embedded surfaces, which can potentially result in the emission of secondary particles. The implementation represents a significant advancement in the development of WarpX, enabling users to include interactions such as secondary particle emission and reflection in their simulations. Furthermore, this work also offered initial insights into the spacecraft charging problem and other scenarios involving particle-surface interactions. / Denna rapport sammanfattar det arbete som utförts under en sex månader lång praktikperiod vid Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Huvudsyftet var att implementera interaktionen mellan partiklar och ytor i partikel-i-cell-koden WarpX. Detta arbete behandlade specifikt scenariot där partiklar kolliderar med inbäddade ytor, vilket potentiellt kan leda till utsläpp av sekundära partiklar. Implementeringen utgör ett betydande framsteg i utvecklingen av WarpX, vilket gör det möjligt för användare att inkludera interaktioner som emission och reflektion av sekundära partiklar i sina simuleringar. Dessutom gav detta arbete också inledande insikter i rymdfarkostens laddningsproblem och andra scenarier som involverar interaktioner mellan partiklar och ytor.

The problem statement of this research is, "What is the· basis of the intergroup relations that potentially lead to ineffective work behaviour, and how does it manifest in groups within a specific consulting organisation, in terms of the premises of the Tavistock model of group relations?" The psychodynamic approach, psychoanalytic technique, open systems theory and object relations theory were used. The unstructured interview and hermeneutic approach were used for collection of data, and analysis and interpretation. The results of the research indicate that groups, in interaction with other groups, may install defences against anxieties which could undermine the success of their work efforts .. Issues of ' . ' nonclarity of task, group boundary and identity issues, authority issues and reactions of projection seemed prevalent. Various hypotheses were developed which could be used as a basis for further research. / Industrial and Organisation Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Die Landwirtschaft ist heute der wichtigste Treiber der globalen Degradation von Ökosystemen. Es existiert jedoch wenig konkretes Wissen, wie Ökosysteme zu schützen sind und gleichzeitig die Nahrungsproduktion für die wachsende Weltbevölkerung gesichert werden kann. In dieser Dissertation untersuche ich Optimierungsmöglichkeiten im landwirtschaftlichen Wassermanagement. Ich quantifiziere praxisorientierte Verbesserungen der Regenwassernutzung und Optimierungen von Bewässerungssystemen, unter Einhaltung der „environmental flow requirements“ (EFRs). Um diese komplexen Interaktionen zu untersuchen, entwickle ich ein agro-hydrologisches Modell auf Basis detaillierter, mechanistischer Prozessabbildung weiter. Erstens, 39% der derzeitigen Wasserentnahmen für Bewässerung sind nicht nachhaltig und somit auf Kosten der Ökosysteme. Zweitens, solche lokalen Wasserentnahmegrenzen legen nahe, dass die globale Grenze für den menschlichen Wasserverbrauch deutlich niedriger liegt, als bisher angenommen (2800 vs 4000 km3yr-1). Drittens, die Implementierung von EFRs würde die landwirtschaftliche Produktion erheblich beeinträchtigen, mit >20% in stark bewässerten Gebieten. Verbesserte Nutzung des Niederschlagswassers und die Optimierung von Bewässerungssystemen, können die weltweite Nahrungsmittelproduktion allerdings um rund 40% nachhaltig steigern - ausreichend, um die Nahrungsmittellücke der wachsenden Weltbevölkerung bis 2050 zu halbieren. Zusammenfassend stellt diese Arbeit die erste umfassende und systematische Einschätzung globaler Potentiale der nachhaltigen Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft aus der Wasserperspektive dar. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgebrachten innovativen und quantitativen Erkenntnisse legen nahe, dass das Potential der diskutierten Interventionen höhere politische Aufmerksamkeit erfahren sollte. Meine Ergebnisse können eine konkretere Diskussion zur Umsetzung der Sustainable Development Goals untermauern. / Agriculture is today''s most important driver of ecosystem degradation across scales. However, there is little evidence on how to attain the historic twin-challenge of maintaining environmental integrity while producing enough food for a growing world population. In this thesis, I assess opportunities in agricultural water management to reconcile future food needs with environmental limits to water use. I explore solution-oriented ways to improve rainfed and irrigation systems alike, while safeguarding environmental flows (EFRs). To study complex interactions quantitatively, I advanced a state-of-the-art global modeling framework based on detailed, mechanistic process representation. First, a systematic upscaling of EFRs to global coverage indicates that 39% of current freshwater withdrawals for irrigation are unsustainable and occur at the cost of ecosystems. Second, accounting for EFRs indicates that the planetary boundary for freshwater use might be notably lower (2800 vs. 4000 km3yr-1) than expected. Third, maintaining EFRs would significantly affect food production, cutting >20% of total kcal production across intensely irrigated areas. Fourth, improving irrigation systems in combination with optimizing the use of precipitation water, provides effective and accessible measures to compensate for adverse impacts from protecting EFRs and climate change. Such integrated interventions could sustainably intensify global food production (+40% kcal) to the degree sufficient to halve the global food gap by 2050. In conclusion, this thesis provides the first comprehensive and systematic assessment of hitherto largely unquantified water opportunities in sustainable intensification of agriculture. While requiring corroboration by finer-scale research, the innovative quantitative foundation provided in this thesis suggests that farm water management merits a rise in political attention, and it can inform a more comprehensive discussion of related SDG target interactions.

曹玉騫. / "2009年8月". / "2009 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-133). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Cao Yuqian. / 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 河西地區出土簡牘硏究回顧 --- p.3 / 附：河西四郡建置過程及兩關位置考述 --- p.17 / Chapter 第一節 --- 四郡的建置年代 --- p.18 / Chapter 第二節 --- 兩關位置考述 --- p.25 / Chapter 第二章 --- 居延都尉下轄殄北候官、甲渠候官之烽隧及分布狀況 --- p.30 / Chapter 第一節 --- 殄北候官烽隧建置 --- p.31 / Chapter 第二節 --- 甲渠候官烽隧建置及方位分布 --- p.37 / Chapter 第三章 --- 居延都尉下轄卅井候官之烽隧及分布狀況 --- p.51 / Chapter 第四章 --- 肩水都尉下轄各候官之烽隧及邊塞分布狀況 --- p.66 / Chapter 第一節 --- 廣地候官烽隧建置 --- p.66 / Chapter 第二節 --- 橐他候官烽隧建置 --- p.68 / Chapter 第三節 --- 肩水候官烽隧建置 --- p.70 / Chapter 第四節 --- 肩水都尉轄區其它候官 --- p.83 / Chapter 第五章 --- 居延、肩水地區郵路走向考述 --- p.85 / Chapter 第一節 --- 居延都尉轄區郵驛里程考析 --- p.85 / Chapter 第二節 --- 肩水都尉轄區郵驛里程考析 --- p.98 / Chapter 第六章 --- 居延、肩水地區的烽隧及郵路建設與漢代邊防的關係 --- p.106 / 總結 --- p.119 / 附圖一今日甘肅省與漢代涼州剌史部所轄區域之比較 --- p.123 / 附圖二漢代河西地區塹壕、塞墙分布與郵路走向 --- p.123 / 附圖三張掖郡居延都尉轄區烽隧分布圖 --- p.124 / 附圖四張掖郡肩水都尉轄區烽隧分布圖 --- p.125 / 附圖五張掖郡居延、肩水兩都尉轄區烽隧分布全圖 --- p.126 / 附圖六張掖郡居延一一肩水地區郵路走向圖 --- p.127 / 參考書目 --- p.128

The problem statement of this research is, "What is the· basis of the intergroup relations that potentially lead to ineffective work behaviour, and how does it manifest in groups within a specific consulting organisation, in terms of the premises of the Tavistock model of group relations?" The psychodynamic approach, psychoanalytic technique, open systems theory and object relations theory were used. The unstructured interview and hermeneutic approach were used for collection of data, and analysis and interpretation. The results of the research indicate that groups, in interaction with other groups, may install defences against anxieties which could undermine the success of their work efforts .. Issues of ' . ' nonclarity of task, group boundary and identity issues, authority issues and reactions of projection seemed prevalent. Various hypotheses were developed which could be used as a basis for further research. / Industrial and Organisation Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Towards the end of the 19th century, Wilde produced the three comedies that I will focus on in this essay. These plays, Lady Windermere’s Fan, A woman of No Importance and An Ideal Husband, are all comedies of manners: intelligent dramatic comedies satirising contemporary fashionable circles of society and its manners, as well as social expectations. This type of comedy is often represented by stereotypical characters, such as the fallen woman, the good woman and the young innocent maiden, all three of which I will investigate in this essay.

The dissertation studies the influence of the viewer’s gender normativity on the perception and interpretation of artworks. Based on the sociological research, the author analyses perception channels and evaluation criteria used by Ekaterinburg expert community, while elucidating the experts’ attitudes towards normative boundaries and gender aspects reflected in the works of contemporary professional art. / Диссертация посвящена исследованию влияния гендерной нормативности зрителя на восприятие и оценку им произведений искусства. На материале социсследования анализируются каналы восприятия и критерии оценивания произведений искусства экспертным сообществом г. Екатеринбурга, раскрывается отношение экспертов к нормативным границам и гендерным аспектам в произведениях современного профессионального искусства.