Au-delà du débat entre méthode intergouvernementale et méthode communautaire, le positionnement des Etats-nations par rapport à la construction européenne demeure une variable essentielle pour comprendre comment s’opère cette construction et à quels compromis elle parvient. Traditionnellement abordé sous l’angle de la puissance et de la géopolitique, le rapport entre les Etats de l’Union européenne, désormais réglé par la coopération institutionnelle, doit faire appel à d’autres grilles d’analyse issues de l’histoire et des différences culturelles, sociologiques, économiques, politiques entre les nations. Cette thèse, fondée à la fois sur une expérience diplomatique et sur des travaux de recherche et de réflexion, met en exergue le rôle central et systémique de la relation franco-allemande, à la lumière notamment de la rédaction du projet de Constitution européenne en 2002-2003, des positions actuelles de l’Union sur la politique d’élargissement et la relation avec la Russie, ou de la résolution des problèmes de l’union monétaire depuis 2010. La négociation du cadre financier pluriannuel de l’Union européenne montre comment les Etats-nations s’orientent à partir de la question des « soldes nets » qui oppose pays bénéficiaires et pays contributeurs. Une plus grande équité dans les dépenses et la répartition de la charge contributive pourrait être un moyen de dépasser ces négociations d’apothicaires. La politique étrangère européenne est encore plus l’exemple d’une politique contrainte par les différents intérêts nationaux, ce qui n’a pas empêché le développement de l’Europe de la défense dès lors que celle-ci restait adossée aux Etats-Unis et à l’OTAN. Revisitant la construction européenne en fonction des préférences nationales, cette thèse se conclut en posant l’articulation géopolitique entre Union européenne, « Europe espace » et « Europe puissance ». / Beyond the debate on intergovernmentalism and the “communautarian method”, the positioning of the “Nation States” in Europe is a key factor determining the European construction and its compromises. Traditionnally analysed through geopolitics and power politics, the relationship between the States of the European Union is nowadays ruled by institutional cooperation and must be addressed by new analytical schemes such as cultural, sociological, economical and political differences between the nations. This thesis, based on diplomatic experience and academic works, emphasizes the role of the franco-german relationship regarding in particular the negociation of the European constitution in 2002-2003, the EU positions on enlargement and the relationship to Russia, or the solution to the Eurozone crisis since 2010. In the negociation of the financial perspectives, the positions of Member States is determined by the question of budgetary balances in which contributors and beneficiaries of the EU budget face eachother. More equity in the sharing of expenditures and resources could be a mean to get out of these tough negociations. EU foreign policy is another example of a policy determined by national interests, which didn’t prevent the EU to develop a common defence policy as far as it remains compatible with NATO and the US Strategy. Having revisited the European integration through these national preferences, this thesis questions in conclusion the links between the EU, the European space and the European power.

Biomasseplantagen und Aufforstung zur terrestrischen Kohlenstoffdioxid-Entfernung werden derzeit als Möglichkeit diskutiert um dem anthropogenen Treibhauseffekt entgegenzuwirken. Für die Bewertung solcher Maßnahmen ist ein umfassendes Verständnis ihrer Nachhaltigkeit und möglichen Konsequenzen erforderlich. In dieser Arbeit werden biogeochemische und hydrologische Auswirkungen von Biomasseplantagen und Aufforstung quantitativ und im Kontext der Planetarischen Grenzen (PG) analysiert. Simulationen mit einem globalen Vegetationsmodell zeigen, dass die Auswirkungen von Biomasseplantagen auf die Biosphäre nicht zu vernachlässigen sind und die der historischen landwirtschaftlichen Bodennutzung noch überschreiten können. Außerdem werden Szenarien zur räumlichen Verteilung von Biomasseplantagen unter Berücksichtigung von regionalen und globalen PG für biogeochemische Flüsse, Intaktheit der Biosphäre, Landnutzungswandel und Süßwassernutzung evaluiert. Unter Einhaltung regionaler PG können nur marginale Potentiale erzielt werden. Unter kompletter Ausnutzung des Risikobereichs könnten 1.4-6.9 GtC/a entzogen werden, abhängig von Biomasseverwertungs- und Kohlenstoffspeicherungseffizienzen. Die Relevanz von koevolutionärer Dynamik zwischen dem Kohlenstoffkreislauf und gesellschaftlichem Eingreifen wird mit einem konzeptionellen Modellierungsansatz im Kontext der PG aufgezeigt. Eine Fokussierung auf das Klimaproblem ohne die ganzheitliche Berücksichtigung von erdsystemischen Interaktionen kann ungewollte Überschreitung anderer PG zur Folge haben. Die Kombination von Bevölkerungswachstum und Nahrungsmittelbedarf mit der Minimierung von Kohlenstoff- und Biodiversitätsverlusten zeigt Möglichkeiten und Grenzen für terrestrische Kohlenstoffspeicherung auf. Räumliche Umverteilung in hochproduktive Regionen sowie substantielle landwirtschaftliche Produktivitätssteigerungen ermöglichen die Ernährung von 9 Milliarden Menschen sowie ein Kohlenstoffspeicherungspotential von bis zu 98 GtC. / Terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) via afforestation or biomass plantations are discussed as options to counteract anthropogenic global warming. Therefore, it is important to understand sustainability limits and implications of tCDR in the context of Earth system dynamics. This thesis provides a model based assessment of biogeochemical and hydrological side-effects of biomass plantations and afforestation in the context of planetary boundaries (PBs), delimiting a safe operating space for humanity. Simulations with a global vegetation model indicate considerable biogeochemical and hydrological consequences of biomass plantations which are even larger than those of historical agricultural land use. Further, land use scenarios of biomass plantations are developed with a multi-objective optimisation model considering the PBs for biogeochemical flows, biosphere integrity, land system change and freshwater use. Respecting PBs yields almost zero tCDR potential. The transgression of PBs into a zone of increasing risk of feedbacks at the planetary scale can provide considerable tCDR potentials of 1.4-6.9 GtC/a, depending on efficiency of biomass conversion and carbon capture and storage. The importance of co-evolutionary dynamics of the Earth''s carbon cycle and societal interventions through tCDR is demonstrated with a conceptual modelling approach in the context of carbon-related PBs. A focus on climate change without an integrated trade-off assessment may lead to navigating the Earth system out of the safe operating space due to collateral transgression of other PBs. Integrating population growth and food demand while minimising carbon and biodiversity loss demonstrates opportunities and limitations for tCDR. Substantial improvements of crop and livestock productivities and the displacement of agricultural production into regions of high productivity yield sustainable terrestrial carbon sequestration potentials of up to 98 GtC while feeding 9 billion people.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Pelegrini.pdf: 1004190 bytes, checksum: 26daaa45de58a2c587839433123a8662 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-31 / The present paper s objective is to analyse sanction competence given by constituent legislator to Court of Accounts as its function as controller. The legal dispositive analyses consubstantiated with VIII point, article 71 of Federal Constitution, resulted on observation that the mentioned punitive competence finds boundaries consubstantiated on the bills irregularities aspects and expenses illegalities, such points must orient the infraconstitutional legislator on illicit conducts determination and controlling organ on sanction application, in a way which some infractions prior in Federal Law 8.443/ 92 are in disagreement with the constitutional orientation. It is also approached on the aspect related to sanction legal nature applied by Court of Accounts, although it is of administrative nature, comes from his control function. The sanctioned norms named by the doctrine as open and elastic can be allowed, when the censored conduct discretion and respective sanction can make feasible the advance science of the individual, because such norms, themselves, cannot remove the incidence of typicity s principle. Besides that, the existence of the sanction norms linked by generic clauses leads to comprehension of regulament must be taken as relevant instruments to accomplish the mission of, without innovation, describe in a detailed way on conducts generically foresight in the law as illicit, even though in a exhaustive way, but through the exemplar roll to orient the individuals and limit the action of the norm applicant, as well as similar situations. The sanction appliance will only be validated if realised through legal procedures that assures the opportunity of defence in its plenitude, through clause observance of the due process of law and its resulting principles, situation in which some of Penal Law s own principles will be incided. At last, the cited procedure must be subjected to a reasonable deadline, analogically inciding, faced with Court of Accounts Organic s Law silence, the punitive pretension prescription deadline established by Federal Law 9.873/ 99 / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a competência sancionatória conferida pelo legislador constituinte ao Tribunal de Contas da União, no exercício da função de controle. A análise do inciso VIII do artigo 71 da Constituição Federal resultou na constatação de que a referida competência punitiva encontra limites consubstanciados nos aspectos da irregularidade de contas e ilegalidade de despesas, vetores estes que devem orientar o legislador infraconstitucional na determinação das condutas ilícitas, e o órgão controlador na aplicação das sanções, de forma que algumas infrações previstas na Lei Federal nº 8.443/92 estão em desacordo com a orientação constitucional. Aborda-se também o aspecto relacionado à natureza jurídica da sanção aplicada pela Corte de Contas, que embora seja de natureza administrativa, decorre do exercício da função de controle. Assim, conquanto o legislador deva adotar cautelas para não criar situações de conflito na aplicação das mesmas sanções cujas competências estejam conferidas a autoridades integrantes dos órgãos controlados, os influxos decorrentes da função fiscalizatória afastam a caracterização do bis in idem não tolerado pelo direito pátrio, diante das diferentes áreas de atuação. As normas sancionadoras denominadas pela doutrina de abertas ou elásticas podem ser admitidas, quando a descrição das condutas censuradas e das respectivas sanções possa viabilizar a antecipada ciência dos indivíduos, porque tais normas, por si sós, não afastam a incidência do princípio da tipicidade. Além disso, a existência de normas sancionatórias veiculadas por cláusulas genéricas leva ao entendimento de que os regulamentos devem ser tidos como instrumentos relevantes para cumprimento da missão de, sem inovar, descrever de forma mais detalhada as condutas genericamente previstas na lei como ilícitas, ainda que não o façam de forma exaustiva, mas exemplificativa a orientar os indivíduos e limitar o âmbito de atuação do aplicador da norma, inclusive acerca de situações assemelhadas. A aplicação da sanção só será válida se realizada por meio de procedimento legal que assegure a oportunidade de defesa em sua plenitude, mediante a observância da clausula do devido processo legal e dos princípios dela decorrentes, situação em que incidirão alguns princípios próprios do direito penal. Por fim, referido procedimento deve se sujeitar a um prazo razoável de duração, incidindo analogicamente, diante do silêncio da Lei Orgânica do Tribunal de Contas da União, o prazo prescricional da pretensão punitiva estabelecido na Lei Federal nº 9.873/99

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:48:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Terra Friedrich Budini.pdf: 511107 bytes, checksum: bc2739b6f7e5328af7d6139fba7e85f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-21 / This research shows the diversification of the debate on global civil society and the non-state political action beyond borders in the recent International Relations literature. The interest of an increasing variety of theoretical perspectives on these issues reflects wider debates on the concepts that as the idea of global civil society have emerged in the discipline since the beginning of the 1990s. The insufficiencies of liberal-oriented literature to explain the maintenance of inequalities and power hierarchies in the world system is the background to this diversification. Part of the positive image associated to a global civil society lies on the idea that the lost of autonomy in domestic realm engendered by the globalization processes could be counterbalanced with the transnational/global activism, that is to say in the idea of reformulating the mediation between universality/particularity formalized by the constitution of modern political boundaries. The objective is establishing dialogues between these variety of perspectives and mapping these discussions, not only in relation to the actors and process directly involved in the transnational political action, but also shedding light in their intersection with the wider and more theoretical debate on the problem of borders, of mediation between domestic and international realms, and the idea of constitution of a global political field / O trabalho retrata a diversificação do debate sobre sociedade civil global e sobre a ação política não-estatal além das fronteiras na literatura recente no campo das Relações Internacionais. O interesse no tema por parte de uma crescente gama de perspectivas teóricas reflete debates mais amplos em torno de conceitos que, ao lado da idéia de sociedade civil global , surgiram na disciplina a partir do início dos anos 1990. Apresenta-se como cenário desta pluralização a insuficiência da literatura de inspiração liberal para explicar a permanência das desigualdades e hierarquias de poder no sistema mundial. Parte do imaginário positivo associado à sociedade civil global reside na idéia de que a perda de autonomia em âmbito doméstico - causada pelos processos de globalização - poderia ser compensada com o ativismo transnacional e/ou global, ou seja, na idéia de reformular a mediação entre universalidade/particularidade, formalizada na constituição das fronteiras modernas. Desse modo, o objetivo é estabelecer diálogos entre as várias perspectivas e mapear estas discussões tanto no que se refere aos atores e processos diretamente envolvidos na ação política não-estatal transnacional, quanto apontar sua inserção no debate teórico sobre as transposições de fronteiras, rearticulações das relações entre o doméstico e o internacional e a idéia de constituição de um campo político global"

Cette recherche doctorale est consacrée à l’analyse des représentations et des pratiques mises en oeuvrepar les professionnels hospitaliers d’établissements franciliens à l’égard de patients qu’ils identifientcomme roms. S’appuyant sur une ethnographie de la relation de guichet, elle propose une étude desfrontières morales qui fondent le processus de catégorisation raciale mis en oeuvre lors de la prise encharge de ces patients. Cette analyse révèle la superposition de frontières professionnelles auxfrontières raciales et morales tracées par les enquêtés, exposant ainsi différents usages professionnelsdu processus de racialisation des usagers. L’observation des usages quotidiens de la racialisation lorsde la relation de soin, de la prise en charge par les services et de l’accueil dans les établissements desanté démontre, non seulement l’existence d’une corrélation entre représentations racialisantes ettraitements différentiels des usagers, mais également le renforcement de cette tendance parl’imposition, via des réformes hospitalières inspirées du nouveau management public, d’objectifs derentabilité financière aux institutions de santé. / This doctoral research analyses the representations and practices of Ile-de-France’s hospitalprofessionals towards patients they identify as Roma. Based on an ethnography of administrativeencounters, it examines the moral boundaries of the racial categorisation process implemented duringpatient-provider relationships beginning with patient admission. The analysis reveals the superpositionof professional boundaries upon moral and racial boundaries drawn by healthcare professionals, andthe different professional uses they make of the racialisation process. The observation of daily uses ofracialisation during patient-provider relationships, interactions at the health service level and at theinstitutional level not only proves the link between agents’ racial representations and racialdiscrimination towards users, but also demonstrates how this pattern is reinforced by the objective ofprofitability imposed on healthcare institutions by new public management reforms.

Title: Numerical analysis of approximation of nonpolygonal domains for discon- tinuous Galerkin method Author: Filip Klouda Department: Department of Numerical Mathematics Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Vít Dolejší, Ph.D., DSc., KNM MFF UK Abstract: In this work we use the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for the semidiscretization of a nonlinear nonstationary convection-diffusion pro- blem defined on a nonpolygonal two-dimensional domain. Using so called appro- ximating curved elements we define a piecewise polynomial approximation of the boundary of the domain and a space on which we search for a solution. We study the convergence of the method considering a symmetric as well as nonsymmetric discretization of diffusion terms and with the interior and boundary penalty. The obtained results allow us to derive an error estimate for the Discontinuous Galer- kin method employing the approximating curved elements. This estimate depends on the order of the approximation of the solution and also on the order of the approximation of the boundary. We describe one possibility of the construction of the approximating curved elements with the aid of a polynomial mapping given by an interpolation of points on the boundary. We present numerical experiments. Keywords: nonlinear convection-diffusion equation, discontinuous...

The purpose of this study is to examine how white-collar workers are affected by working borderless, that is, work that is flexible in relation to time, space, and organizational borders. The research questions address the workers experience of the boundless work, how it affects their relationship between working life and private life, and how it affects their organizational and social work environment. The study is qualitative. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with eight individuals working in white collar work with the possibility to work in other spatial forms than at their specific workplace. The theoretical framework chosen as a tool for analyzing the results is; Sennetts (2000) theory about flexibility, Karasek and Theorells (1990) Demand-Control-Support-model and parts of Goffmans (2014[1959]) dramaturgical perspective. The results show that the borderless work has both pros and cons for the employee, the benefits being that it can contribute to a better balance between working life and private life for the employee. The disadvantages mainly concern the prolongation of working hours and the fact that, with the new information and communication technology development, it may be difficult for the employee to distance himself from work. The results also show that within the borderless work there may be lack of clear requirements as well as control of the employee. When combined with a borderless working time, that can lead to a pressured situation for the employee. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur individer inom tjänstemannasektorn påverkas av att arbeta gränslöst, det vill säga arbete som är flexibelt i förhållande till tidsmässiga, rumsliga och organisatoriska gränser. Frågeställningarna behandlar individernas upplevelse av det gränslösa arbetet, hur det påverkar deras relation mellan arbetsliv och privatliv samt hur det påverkar deras organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljö. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med åtta individer som arbetar inom tjänstemannasektor och har möjlighet att arbeta i andra rumsliga former än på sin specifika arbetsplats. Det teoretiska ramverk som valts ut som verktyg för att analysera resultatet är; Sennetts (2000) teori om flexibilitet, Karasek och Theorells (1990) krav/kontroll/stöd-modell samt delar av Goffmans (2014[1959]) dramaturgiska analysmodell. Resultaten visar att det gränslösa arbetet har både för- och nackdelar för arbetstagaren. En fördel är att det kan bidra till en bättre balans mellan arbetsliv och privatliv för arbetstagaren. Nackdelarna rör främst att arbetstiden ofta förlängs samt att det i och med den nya informations- och kommunikationsteknologiska utvecklingen kan vara svårt för arbetstagaren att distansera sig från arbetet. Resultaten visar även att det inom det gränslösa arbetet kan råda brist på tydliga krav samt kontroll på arbetstagaren, när detta kombineras med en gränslös arbetstid kan det leda till en pressad situation för arbetstagaren.

Constituant une synthèse documentaire manquant jusqu’ici pour l’Auvergne, cette étude propose de s’intéresser à la matérialité des routes antiques et à leur niveau d’équipement au sein de deux territoires de Gaule centrale, les cités arverne et vellave, situées dans la partie montagneuse du Massif central. En prenant en compte l’ensemble de la documentation historique, épigraphique et archéologique disponible, cette recherche vise à établir la diversité structurelle des infrastructures routières, leurs caractéristiques techniques et géométriques ainsi que leur équipement (bornes routières, ouvrages de franchissement de cours d’eau, établissements d’accueil). L’aménagement du réseau routier est appréhendé à travers trois approches : technique, chronologique et hiérarchique. L’analyse des contraintes et des ressources environnementales, qu’elles soient topographiques, hydrographiques ou géologiques, met en évidence de nombreuses solutions techniques. La dimension chronologique et hiérarchique permet quant à elle de caractériser la variabilité et les constantes d’aménagement du réseau en fonction de l’échelle territoriale des axes (long, moyen et petit parcours), de leur période de construction et de leurs maîtres d’œuvre. / Establishing a documentary synthesis missing until now for Auvergne, this study focus in themateriality of the antique roads and in their level of equipment within two territories ofcentral Gaul, arverne and vellave cities, situated in the mountainous part of Massif Central.By taking into account the whole available historic, epigraphic and archaeologicaldocumentation, this research aims at establishing the structural diversity of the roadinfrastructures, their technical and geometrical characteristics as well as their equipment(boundary stones, works of crossing of streams, accommodations). The planning of the roadnetwork is study through three approaches : technical, chronological and hierarchical. The analysis of the constraints and the environmental resources, whether they are topographic,hydrographic or geological, highlights numerous technical solutions. The chronological andhierarchical dimension allows comprehending of the variability and the constants ofplanning of the network according to the territorial scale of axes (long, average and smallroute), their period of construction and their project managers.

Includes bibliographical references. / xvii, 144, [89] leaves, [18] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1995?

In the transportation industry, weight reduction is essential in order to reduce fuel consumption. A solution towards lighter structures is to improve the mechanical properties while keeping a sufficient ductility for the forming operations. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the enhancement of the mechanical properties of metallic alloys by the refinement of the grain size while playing with other microstructural features in order to maintain the strain hardening, and thus the ductility, as high as possible. Various fine grained dual phase steels were produced by severe plastic deformation followed by thermal treatment. Nano-indentation and tensile tests have been performed to measure the change of flow properties associated to the grain refinement. A new methodology, based on performing nano-indentation tests at different depth inside each phases of the steels, has been proposed in order to separate the different hardening contributions affecting the behaviour of the material. In order to gain a better understanding of the link between the fine grained microstructure and the flow properties, three models were developed introducing successively a richer and richer description of the microstructure. The first model allows interpreting the nano-indentation data at different depths. The second model predicts the flow curve of dual phase steels by considering the accumulation of dislocations on the grain boundaries with the associated back stress and the saturation of this accumulation of excess dislocations, while introducing the second phase particles through a homogenization scheme. Finally, the third model promotes a new explanation of the Hall-Petch law and the interaction of the grain size and the texture for pure copper using a multigrain crystal plasticity model incorporating grain boundary effects. Guidelines are given to optimize the microstructures towards an improvement of the structural properties and formability.