<p>In this report the situation for cyclists on 2+1-roads is analysed and studied. These</p><p>roads are often the old 13-meter roads that have been changed into 2+1 to increase</p><p>the security. Two road sections outside Motala in Sweden has been deep studied</p><p>and analysed. The different parts in the planning process show how the progress</p><p>goes. To begin with the change should be within the old 13 meters but after the</p><p>pilot study was circulated for comments the result became a broadening to 13,75</p><p>and 14,00 meters. These new broadth gave a wider roadside and a safer situation</p><p>for cyclists.</p><p>The reconstruction outside Motala is an unusual solution since broadthening of</p><p>the road area rarely is done. The biggest reason to this broadthening is probably</p><p>the cycle races Vätternrundan and Tjejvättern and all the practice that takes place</p><p>before these events. The township of Motala wants to promote cycling in their</p><p>municipality. This whish where probably an important factor during the</p><p>commenting period.</p><p>The rapport also analyses different control documents used in the planning</p><p>process. These are VGU (Vägar och Gator Utformning) and Inriktningsdokument</p><p>för 13-metersvägar inom Vägverket Region Sydöst.</p>

<p>This study was done regarding whether sealing or ventilation is the best solution to prevent moisture on cold attics. The authors of this report addressed the problem with moisture in attics when they started their cooperation with Peab.</p><p>The methods included interviews with people, database research, and calculations of a project in Akersberga north of Stockholm. The conclusion is based on interviews and other information as they are analyzed in relation to the house of reference. The focus of this report is on problems with moisture in the attics known as cold attics.</p><p>The background of the problem with moisture is that today’s slabs are usually insulated to save energy and that the attics nearly gives the climate as the outdoor climate. The contribution of moisture increases this problem when the relative humidity reaches 75 %, which in most cases promotes mould. Moisture comes with natural ventilation through the eaves due to outside humidity and precipitation finding its way in, and at the same time comes from the inside through openings or cracks on concrete slabs, ventilation ducts, and attic doors. </p><p>Moisture also comes into the attic from building materials, especially from the concrete slabs that evaporate which gives off a lot of moisture throughout the years. These things are possible to prevent with four different methods ventilation, sealing, heating or insulating the outer roof. </p><p>Moisture effects are calculated from the examples given by Roxull FuktFakta in comparison with the authors own calculations from other databases. The object of reference, Bergahojden 6, is a residential building that has served as a model for all the calculations. The conclusion shows that air circulation has to increase to get out the moisture through the ventilation. The winters here in Sweden are so humid that the ventilation should be suitable enough so that the humidity does not rise above 75 % in the attic. </p><p>To heat up the attic with devices, or by using roof insulation, would bring the same climate as the outdated slab insulations. There will be a big loss of energy with heat going out if the roof is not insulated. To apply both systems would be a double investment which would be hard to convince builders of. </p><p>The conclusion is that the best method would be to combine sealing with ventilation, or a possible mechanical system which allows the attic to be ventilated during the summer and sealed during the winter.</p>

<p>This thesis is the result of a final project work carried out by Anna Friestedt and Kristin Sjövall during the spring semester of 2006. The purpose of this work is to investigate in what ways the Indian city Pune is working towards ecological sustainability within the fields of housing and transporting. The work contains a case study of an area in Pune called Magarpatta City.</p><p>The report is split into four parts. First, laws and regulations both in Sweden and in India that concern ecologically sustainable development are presented. Second, an explanation on existing solutions within housing and transporting in Pune follows, later specified details concerning the case study in Magarpatta City is presented and finally this is analysed.</p><p>Pune is in many ways working to improve their ways of ecologically sustainable development. In India, and Pune, there are several laws and regulations to regulate sustainable development. Unfortunately it has been a long time since these laws and regulations were updated and by doing so one might achieve sustainability.</p><p>Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) has many projects on the go to improve the city environmentally. PMC has brought out an Eco-housing concept which promotes a more ecological way of building. The concept makes it easier for private builders to get a bank loan if the construction is considering several eco-friendly aspects. To achieve more houses constructed in an eco-friendly way Pune and India are in the need of more pilot projects showing eco-friendly materials and construction techniques. PMC is also taking decisions in how to transform the public transportation system to a more environmentally sustainable one. Several different transportations systems are under evaluation. After our time in Pune our meaning is that the Bus Rapid Transit system is the most cost efficient one to implement in Pune.</p><p>Magarpatta City is an area in Pune that is developed considering the concept ‘walk-to-work and walk-to-school’. The area has made many efforts towards ecological sustainability and is probably the best area in Pune, as well as in all of India, to do a case study at, in the aspect of ecological sustainable housing and transporting.</p> / <p>Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete utfört av Anna Friestedt och Kristin Sjövall under vårterminen 2006. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka på vilka sätt den indiska staden Pune arbetar med ekologisk hållbar utveckling i områdena husbyggnation och trafikplanering samt utföra en fallstudie på ett område kallat Magarpatta City beläget i Pune.</p><p>Arbetet har utmynnat i fyra huvuddelar. Inledande tas upp vilka lagar och förordningar som finns i det svenska respektive indiska systemet. Sedan presenteras på vilka sätt Pune eftersträvar ekologiskt hållbar utveckling inom områdena husbyggnation och transportplanering. Därefter följer en fallstudie av området Magarpatta City där deras lösningar och system tas upp. Avslutande diskuteras det nuvarande systemen och förslag på förbättringsmöjligheter presenteras.</p><p>Under vår tid i Indien har vi sett att Pune på många sätt arbetar för ekologisk hållbar utveckling. I Indien och Pune finns ett antal lagar och förordningar som styr åt vilket håll utvecklingen bör gå. Tyvärr var det länge sedan många av dessa lagar uppdaterades, så för att bli mer ekologiskt hållbara bör de revideras.</p><p>Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC, motsvarar kommunen) har tagit fram ett eco-housing koncept där de främjar ett mer ekologisk byggande genom att göra det enklare för privatpersoner att få banklån om de tar hänsyn till ett antal parametrar som bidrar till ett mer hållbart samhälle. För att främja ekologiskt byggande behöver Pune och Indien pilotprojekt som visar ekologiskt hållbara material och konstruktionslösningar. PMC arbetar även med att besluta hur de ska förändra det kommunala transportsystemet till att bli ett mer ekologiskt hållbart sådant. Flera olika system utvärderas för närvarande. Efter våra veckor i Pune har vi kommit fram till att Bus Rapid Transit troligtvis är det mest kostnadseffektiva systemet att arbeta vidare med. Visserligen krävs speciella filer för bussarna och plats på de existerande gatorna är något som Pune inte har gott om, men det behövs förutom det minimalt med investering, ingen räls eller tunnelbana.</p><p>Området Magarpatta City i Pune är uppbyggt kring konceptet ’gå-till-jobbet’ och ’gå-till-skolan’. Det har i området på många sätt arbetats med ekologisk hållbarhet och är troligtvis det bästa området i Pune, såväl som i hela Indien, att utföra en fallstudie på rörande ekologiskt hållbar husbyggnation och transportplanering.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>The Energy Declaration is a law that will come into effect October 1: Th 2006. This report has Värnamo municipality as principal and shall clarify what the estate owner in general and Värnamo municipality in particular need to know about this law. Another part that is going to be dealt with is how large the future need for energy experts in this field will be, and which competence that will be demanded for them.</p><p>The work will in general deal with simplified energy declarations for apartment houses and public buildings, since these buildings are the first to be involved with energy declarations.</p><p>The energy declaration will consist of a number of important components.</p><p>• Energy power i.e. how much energy the building consume</p><p>• If the ventilation control is done</p><p>• If the radon measurement is carried out</p><p>• Recommendations of measures to improve the energy power</p><p>• Reference value to compare the buildings energy power against</p><p>According to the law the declaration shall been made by an independent expert, which will need certain information for this. The estate owner will need to collect some of this information. To simplify the collection of information a model was developed that can be used by the estate owner.</p><p>The model was tested on Trälleborgskolan in Värnamo. It worked well because energy statistics were available from Värnamo municipality estate department. Regarding the energy consumption monthly statistics were also available which was desirable. Some improvement can been made by correlate the heat consumption for a normal year.</p><p>There will be an estimated need for about 500-1000 energy experts to work with energy declarations in the future. The requirements on these experts are apart from the right education, also a couple of years of experience from the energy business. This can be hard to fulfil for a newly examined engineer.</p><p>This report focuses on the simplified energy declaration. In a couple of years when building will need to be inspected more thoroughly, there might be a need for more information to be collected. How this can be done in the different estate management computer software that are available, could be a base for future work in this area.</p>

<p>This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in Jönköping.</p><p>In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on external constructors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to winter road upkeep.</p><p>The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make sure to get what has been paid for.</p><p>In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed.</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the constructor.</p><p>It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how it affects the possibilities of the constructor to come as a newcomer to a new area of administration.</p><p>Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of changes that the constructors feel affect their work in any sense.</p><p>Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where the same constructor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of changing rules and the other one was area where the constructor was a newcomer.</p><p>The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the constructors and the road users.</p><p>The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and constructor.</p>

<p>Detta examensarbete beskriver arbetsprocessen med att ta fram ett webbverktyg som ska hjälpa arkitekter som är i skisskedet av ett passivhusprojekt att förverkliga sitt projekt på bästa sätt.</p><p>Det politiska klimat som råder i världen och framförallt Sverige idag manar tillen kraftig sänkning av energiförbrukningen och därigenom koldioxidutsläppen. Detta gäller inte minst för den svenska bostadssektorn som normalt sägs stå för 40 % av Sveriges totala energiförbrukning. Ett av medlen för att sänka denna energiförbrukning är att bygga fler passivhus samt att omvandla befintliga hus till passivhus. Problemet är att många arkitekter och byggherrar inte har någon erfarenhet av passivhus och vågar därför inte starta upp denna typ av projekt. Detta examensarbete syftar till att ta fram ett verktyg som hjälper arkitekter m.m. att utforma denna typ av byggnad, tyngdpunkten ligger på skisskedet.</p><p>För att få fram lämplig utformning på verktyget så gjordes litteraturstudier,studier av genomförda passivhusprojekt i Sverige samt intervjuer med folk ibyggbranschen som alla har olika erfarenheter av passivhus.</p><p>Resultatet av detta arbete mynnade ut i en checklista med frågor som arkitekten bör ställa sig i skisskedet av ett passivhus, ett guidedokument som ger tips, råd och till viss del svar på de frågor som ställs i checklistan samt enenergiberäkning. Detta omformades sedan till ett webbaserat verktyg, Passivhusguiden.</p><p>Det verkliga resultatet av detta arbete är för tidigt för att sia om eftersom detinte går att utvärdera än i vilken omfattning arkitekter kommer att använda sig av det samt vilken påverkan det får för antalet byggda passivhus samtkvaliteten på dessa. I övrigt så uppfyller resultatet till stor del det förväntade.</p> / <p>This final thesis describes the work process to develop a Web Tool that willhelp architects who are in the sketch stage of a passivehouse-project to realisetheir project in the best possible way.</p><p>The political climate that is prevailing in the world today, especially in Swedencalls for a sharp reduction of energy consumption and thus carbon dioxideemissions. This applies not least for the Swedish housing sector, whichnormally is said to account for 40% of Sweden's total energy consumption. One of the means to reduce this energy consumption is to build more passive houses and to convert existing house to it. The problem is that many architects and developers have no experience of passive houses and dare not therefore to start up this type of project. This final project aims to develop a tool to help architects, etc. to design this type of buildings, the emphasis is on the sketch stage.</p><p>In order to get the appropriate design of the tool was, literature studies, studies of already accomplished passivehouseprojects in Sweden and interviews with people in the construction industry done, which all have different experiences of passive house.</p><p>The result of this work resulted in a checklist of questions that the architectshould ask themselves in the sketch stage of a passive house, a guidedocument that provides tips, advice and answers to some of the addressed questions raised in the checklist, and an energy calculation. This was reshaped then into a webbased tool, Passivhusguiden.</p><p>The real result of this work is too early to predict because it is not possible toevaluate to which extent the architects will make use of it, and the impact it has on the number built passivehouse´s, and the quality of these.</p>

<p>This degree project is an inquiry in how plan layouts and functions should be designed to suit families with children. The project aim to, if possible, find good solutions and designed houses that satisfy the requirements a family have.</p><p>Last spring we contacted Willa Nordic AB, a company that produce houses, and they had a suggestion to investigate living for families with children. Their motif were that they lacked in information and knowledge in how to design houses that correspond to a family's needs. We thought the idea was exiting and motivating.</p><p>The autumn 2008 studies were made on earlier published reports, in the subject "living environment", to get a solid background. The earlier inquiries shows a clear development through the whole 1900's, from being without standards to have well defined norms. Though, there are still today no defined guidelines for how to design a house for a family.</p><p>As a complement to the earlier published reports we have implemented one questionnaire and two interviews. Both the questionnaire and the interviews have shown us qualities that are important to provide houses made for families. We have also decided to clarify aspects as children's health and secure, and general, functional and open plan layouts.</p><p>To get to a result we discuss a few different headlines; storage, spaces for children and youths, one or two storey, general layouts, bedrooms, open plan layout and a second entry. The discussion is made from a children and family life perspective.</p><p>The result shows that it's impossible to design one solution that fits all families. Every family constellation and their habits looks different and there are no plan layout that satisfies all. Although we believe that there are some common points that should be considered when planning a house for families with children. It's important that the family answer questions to fulfill their needs. In the result we have illuminate some qualities that we assume positive for families with children.</p>

<p>Miljöförstöringen håller på att få allt för stora proportioner, vilket genom bland annat växthuseffekten leder till att vår planet snart är obeboelig för människan.</p><p>Byggbranschens andel i miljöförstöringen är onödigt stor genom transporter, energianvändning, maskinanvändning och miljömässigt dåliga material.</p><p>Vår frågeställning är: går det att ersätta de konventionella byggmaterialen med ekologiska sådana? JM vill även få beprövat om de är så bra, miljömässigt, som de tror. Detta ska besvaras genom en analys av tre ekologiska material som sedan jämförs med konventionella material för samma funktion.</p><p>Newbeam är ett material som planeras gå i produktion till hösten 2007. Det består av autoklaverad aspflis och ligninbaserat lim som pressas till profilerade balkar i önskad form. Denna produkt har i media benämnts ”stålbalk av trä” på grund av sin höga hållfasthet. Dess egenskaper liknar i många avseenden snarare stålbalkar än de traditionella träbalkarna. Priset på denna produkt beräknas bli cirka 20% lägre än motsvarande priskonkurrenter. Den är ämnad att användas som lastbärande strukturer för golvbjälklag, inner- och ytterväggar och takstolar.</p><p>BioBased är ett sojabaserat isoleringsmaterial som liknar fogskum. Det tillverkas i USA och finns ej tillgängligt i Sverige ännu. Det sprutas på plats och är helt lufttätt. Därmed monteras BioBased i ett steg och man slipper montera ångspärr samt vindskydd. Isoleringsförmågan är likvärdig med Isovers glasullsisolering.</p><p>Foamglas är ett beprövat isolermaterial med hög tryckhållfasthet och vid användande av Koljerntekniken kan det nyttjas som platta på mark. Dock kan det bara användas för laster upp till motsvarande ett femvånings trähus.</p><p>I jämförelsen betygsattes materialen enligt den mall vi gjort upp.</p><p>Vi fann att Newbeam är ett mycket bra alternativ till trä och stål, såväl ekologiskt som ekonomiskt. Vissa begränsningar finns dock. Det kan ej ersätta stål som material i långa pelare och balkar.</p><p>BioBased är även det ett godtagbart alternativ, men det produceras i USA. Det är detta faktum som gör att Isover vinner betygsjämförelsen.</p><p>Foamglaset vann jämförelsen mot betong. Dess fördelar gentemot betong är dels att man slipper torktider, Foamglasets lätta vikt och att det är återvinnings- och återbrukbart. Foamglasplattan är, i vår jämförelse, mer än dubbelt så dyr som en konventionell betongplatta.</p><p>JM, som valt att tackla miljöproblemen genom att bygga energisnåla hus, ligger bra till i sitt miljöarbete. Dock kan de göra mer genom att till exempel använda mer ekologiska byggmaterial.</p><p>Vi har, i rapporten, kommit fram till att det går att ersätta vissa material med ekologiskt sett bättre sådana.</p> / <p>The pollution of our planet is getting to big proportions, global warming leads to devastating effects on the planet. The building and construction industries part in the pollution is unnecessary big through transports, energy usage, machines and environmentally bad building materials.</p><p>The question at issue for the report is: Is it possible to replace the traditionally used materials today with new ecological ones?</p><p>JM gave us the commission to investigate if they are as good in environmental aspects as they believe. This will be answered through an analysis of three ecological materials which later will be compared to traditional materials with corresponding functions.</p><p>Newbeam is a material planned to go in production in fall 2007. This is a material based on aspen wood chips, bound together under high steamed pressure with lignin based glue to profiled beams in a requested shape.</p><p>This product has been named in media as “steel beam of wood” because of its similar superior strength. Its qualities resemble more to a steel beam than the traditional wood beams. The price of this product estimates to be around 20 % lower than corresponding competitors. Newbeam intends to be used as weight carrying structures for floor slabs, inner and outer walls and even for rafters.</p><p>BioBased is a soya-based insulation material similar to seam foam insulation. It is manufactured in the USA and not yet available in Sweden. It is sprayed to its location and completely airtight. With that, BioBased is assembled in only one step and no steam- or wind barrier is necessary. The insulation performance is similar to Isovers glass wool insulation.</p><p>Foamglas is a well tried insulation material with high pressure strength abilities and with usage of the Koljern technique it might be used as a ground plate. Even though it can only be used up to five floor wooden houses.</p><p>We valued the materials in a comparison between them according to the template we constructed. We found out that Newbeam is a good alternative to wood and steel, both ecological and economical. There are some limitations though, it can not replace steel as a material in long columns and beams.</p><p>Even BioBased is a good alternative but it is manufactured in the USA. It is this fact that lets Isover coming up ahead in the comparison.</p><p>Foamglas won its comparison against concrete. Its advantages against concrete are that you avoid dry time, it is light weighted and that it is recyclable and reusable. The Foamglas ground plate is, in our comparison, more than twice as expensive as a conventional concrete ground plate. JM, that has chosen to handle the environmental issues with building low energy usage houses, have reached a good level in their work for the environment. Even though, they can do a lot more through e.g. use more ecological building materials.</p><p>We have, in the report, made the conclusion that it is possible to replace some materials with ecological better ones.</p>

<p>The focus of this study is on potential problems resulting from construction on expansive soils in Kibaha region, Tanzania. For the fact that most of the affected structures are founded on expansive soils, a clear understanding of the soil behaviour and their interaction with structures, specifically as they relate to shallow foundations, has been of more interest to the study in order to evaluate properly the source of the problem.</p><p>The geotechnical behaviour of expansive clay soils is investigated by looking into the geomorphologic, geological and climatic conditions and mineralogical composition of the soils in the study area. The geotechnical results are linked with the performance of the foundation as well as structures.</p><p>Two sites, representative of known problem-areas in Kibaha were selected for geotechnical tests. Geotechnical site investigation consisted of open trial pits, profile description and the collection of both disturbed and undisturbed samples.</p><p>The collected samples were submitted to soil laboratories at KTH and DIT for mineralogical composition tests, natural water content, density, Atterberg limits and swell tests (free swell and swelling pressure). The results of this investigation indicate that soil in Kibaha contains clay (31%), have high liquid limit (59%) and plastic limit (37%) which indicate high potential swell.</p><p>Since swell potential and swell pressure are key properties of expansive soils, the swell parameters were measured by free swell tests and one-dimensional oedometer swell tests respectively. The free swell ranged from 100% to 150% and the swell pressure was in the region of 45 kPa.</p><p>The properties of expansive soils were confirmed by the x-ray diffraction test which showed the presence of montmorillonite in the soil. It is from this fact that the source of the problem is in the expansive soils coupled with poor building materials.</p><p>Physical conditions of the surveyed properties in the area confirmed the hypothesis of building damages due to poor building materials triggered by expansive soils. In support of the obtained data, the actual behaviour of the foundations is supplemented with prototypes of strip foundations whose performances are to be monitored over a long period. Finally, suggested are the ways forward to solve the problem of foundation on expansive soil.</p>

<p>Vacuum insulation panels, VIPs, constitute a new insulation material, 6 to 8 times better than traditional insulation materials, which utilizes the positive influence vacuum has on the thermal properties of certain materials. A VIP is a composite with a flat core enclosed by an envelope preventing the core to fill with gas. The vacuum in the core is vital to reach thermal conductivities down to 0,0035 W/(m K), if the vacuum is lost the panel has reached the end of its service life time. Metal sheets would the preferred material to create an impermeable envelope but would creates a large thermal bridge at the edges of a panel when it folds over the edges of the panel.</p><p>A serpentine edge has been proposed in order to deal with this large thermal bridge. This serpentine edge has been evaluated first as a numeric model in software and then by measuring on a prototype edge element in a hot and cold plate instrument. Measured temperatures were used to validate the numerical model. Results show that a serpentine edge can greatly reduce the thermal bridge if designed correctly.</p><p>Another direction taken in the development of the VIP barrier is to use very thin metal layers, metallization layer or coating, incorporated into multi layered polymer composite film. This creates barrier films with very good barrier properties and only small thermal bridges. The modeling of gas flux through films with more than one coating has only just started. Existing models for flux through multi coated films all assume that flux is only taking place through defects in the coating layers, that all defects are of the same size and that all defects are positioned in square lattices. The model discussed herein use the same assumption of flux through pinholes only but it does take defect sizes and positions into account. Barrier film, from a regular vacuum insulation panel, with double coatings has been evaluated in light microscopy to characterize the defects in each of the coatings. The data found have been fed into the model and the results comply well with reported permeabilities of similar barrier films.</p>