Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-06T20:07:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL DANIELA FLORÊNCIO DA SILVA GEOGRAFIA.compressed (1).pdf: 12397908 bytes, checksum: 6b3055fa006076837fe9ef09302e6b56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T20:07:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL DANIELA FLORÊNCIO DA SILVA GEOGRAFIA.compressed (1).pdf: 12397908 bytes, checksum: 6b3055fa006076837fe9ef09302e6b56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Capes / A seguinte pesquisa tem como objetivo a compreensão dos fatores estruturantes da dinâmica territorial do campo de refugiados de Dadaab no Quênia. Formado em 1991 pela migração forçada do povo somali, em virtude da eclosão da guerra civil em seu país, esse campo de refugiados, hoje, abriga 348 mil pessoas de diferentes nacionalidades e contextos de deslocamento forçado. A dimensão desse fenômeno, não é só percebida por ser o maior campo de refugiados no mundo, mas pela complexidade de fatores envolvidos em sua formação. A sua origem é aqui relacionada, desde o processo de migração forçada. A suspensão da vida dessas pessoas, que ao ultrapassarem a fronteira política de seus países, tornam-se refugiadas, não se refere apenas à perda de seus direitos políticos ou de sua cidadania, mas a uma suspensão de “sentidos” e de continuidade ocasionada pela sua contenção territorial nesse campo de refugiados. A sua jornada ou movimento em busca de um refúgio temporário é paralisada e transformada em espera e contenção. O campo de refugiados de Dadaab, formado em um contexto de “emergência”, transformou-se em um território de exceção, através de uma prática de contenção territorial informal adotada pelo governo queniano. A persistência de suas vidas no campo, em meio a muitas proibições, desenvolveu um processo de reterritorialização precário, mas confrontado por resistências, contornos e permeado por transterritorialidades e encontros. / The following research aims to understand the structural factors of territorial dynamics of the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya. Formed in 1991 by the forced migration of the Somali people, because of the outbreak of civil war in their country, this refugee camp, today, houses 348,000 people of different nationalities and forced displacement contexts. The scale of this phenomenon is not only perceived to be the largest refugee camp in the world, but by complexity of factors involved in their formation. Its origin is related here, from the forced migration process. The suspension of their lives, that to overcome the political borders of their countries, they become refugees, refers not only to the loss of political rights, or their citizenship, but a suspension of "senses" and continuity occasioned by their territorial containment in this refugee camp. Your journey or movement, seeking temporary refuge, is paralyzed and transformed in waiting and containment. The Dadaab refugee camp, formed in a context of "emergency", turned into a territory of exception, through an informal practice of territorial containment adopted by the Kenyan government. The persistence of their lives in this camp, among many bans, developed a process of precarious reterritorialization, but confronted by resistance, contours and permeated by transterritorialities and encounters.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Educational camps are companies that offer leisure services for teenagers during school vacations. They have the particularity of promoting a service where teenagers are deeply involved in the activities, in a place focused on the social interaction of individuals from the same age group, through the mediation of the camp's facilities and counselor's supervision and without the presence of their parents. I have the goal to understand, based on the dialogue with the teenagers' perception that go to this place, how they experience and build their notions regarding the body and the implications that those notions have for them. I sought to understand the negotiations and power struggles between campers and their counselors by analyzing which reasons led to questioning and confrontation. Therefore demonstrating how they produce and compare the adult meanings and the camp's control over the body and what it means for the relations of power. / Os acampamentos educativos são empresas que oferecem serviços de lazer para adolescentes durante as férias escolares. Eles têm a particularidade de promover um serviço em que os adolescentes estão envolvidos intensamente em atividades, em um espaço destinado exclusivamente ao convívio entre indivíduos da mesma faixa etária, com a mediação da infraestrutura do acampamento e do acompanhamento dos monitores, sem a presença do seus pais. Tenho como objetivo compreender a partir do diálogo com as percepções dos adolescentes frequentadores deste espaço, como eles experimentam e constroem suas noções sobre corpo e as implicações que tais noções têm para eles. Procurei entender as negociações e disputas de poder entre os adolescentes e seus monitores analisando quais são os motivos que os levavam ao questionamento e embate. Assim, demonstrando como eles reproduzem e contrapõe os sentidos adultos e o controle do acampamento sobre o corpo e o que ele significa nas relações de poder. / São Cristóvão, SE

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-21T11:03:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Waldivino Gomes Firmino - 2013.pdf: 6599684 bytes, checksum: 37f3b279da630c13280cad2d05c8fca5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-21T13:04:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Waldivino Gomes Firmino - 2013.pdf: 6599684 bytes, checksum: 37f3b279da630c13280cad2d05c8fca5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-21T13:04:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Waldivino Gomes Firmino - 2013.pdf: 6599684 bytes, checksum: 37f3b279da630c13280cad2d05c8fca5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The research program developed in Pós-Graduação Stricto sensu in Geography, Federal University of Goiás Campus Catalão. It has as the central element to understand the itinerary workers peasants of camp Olga Benário in Ipameri (GO). The research point the period to be moving of the settlers while they were living in camps organized by the Movement of Landless Rural Workers (MST), in search of land to work and live with the family. The principal methodologies used are based on bibliographic review and oral sources and in fieldwork. The camp Olga Benário is located in municipality of Ipameri (GO). It‟s compound for eighty-four families living in plots measuring thirty-two hectares each. Most of the settlers coming from the state of Goiás and they were “of there for here and from here for there” as far as the camp Olga Benário. Years living in camps. Those peasants fought for land, even though those faraway land where they lived with their families and where they were expelled someday. Those workers are set in motion as far as the camp Olga Benário. It‟s in this sense what look for deal with the trajectory research subjects the mode of traveling peasants Olga Benário lived during the long period they were in the fight. The camps are spaces living together and at the same time, instead of fighting of the seeking to redeem possible conditions the peasant with access and possession the land. The struggle of the settlers Olga Benário now it‟s to stay on land, in view of the hardness of work compounded by lack of public policies for camps. / A pesquisa desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Geografia pela Universidade Federal de Goiás – Campus Catalão tem como elemento central compreender o itinerário dos trabalhadores camponeses do Assentamento Olga Benário em Ipameri (GO). Procura evidenciar o período de mobilidade dos assentados enquanto estiveram vivendo em acampamentos organizados pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), em busca da terra para trabalhar e viver dignamente com a família. As principais metodologias empregadas baseiam-se em revisão bibliográfica e fontes orais alcançadas em trabalho de campo. O Assentamento Olga Benário está localizado no município de Ipameri (GO), é composto por oitenta e quatro famílias que vivem em parcelas com área média de trinta e dois hectares cada. A maioria dos assentados é oriunda do estado de Goiás e estiveram de lá para cá e daqui pra li até chegarem ao Assentamento Olga Benário. Foram anos vivendo em acampamentos. Aqueles camponeses lutaram pela terra, mesmo sendo terra distante daquelas onde viviam com seus familiares e de onde foram expulsos um dia. Aqueles trabalhadores se puseram em marcha até chegar ao Assentamento Olga Benário. É nesta direção que se procura abordar e conhecer a trajetória dos sujeitos desta pesquisa. O modo itinerante que os camponeses do Olga Benário viveram durante o longo período em que estiveram na luta. Os acampamentos se constituem em espaços de vivência e, ao mesmo tempo, lugar de luta dos que buscam resgatar a condição camponesa, possível com o acesso e posse da terra. A luta dos assentados do Olga Benário agora é para permanecer na terra, tendo em vista a dureza do labor, agravada pela falta de políticas públicas adequadas para os assentamentos.

O óxido nítrico (NO) é um mensageiro químico gerado pela atividade da enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) a qual foi detectada em vários órgãos incluídos os do sistema reprodutor e parece estar envolvido na maturação oocitária. No entanto, há poucos estudos sobre o papel desse sistema em oócitos da espécie bovina. Sabe-se que o NO atua pela via da guanilato ciclase (GC) estimulando a produção do nucleotídeo GMPc, que por sua vez é capaz de influenciar nos níveis de outro nucleotídeo (AMPc) via fosfodiesterases (PDE). O AMPc é um importante elemento da via de sinalização do FSH nos complexos cumulus-oócitos e no controle da maturação oocitária. O objetivo do presente projeto foi investigar a influência do FSH na via do NOS/NO e seus componentes em oócitos bovinos maturados in vitro e o envolvimento das células do cumulus (CC) na via de sinalização. Para tanto, complexos cumulus-oócito (CCO) e oócitos desnudos (OD - maturados sem células do cumulus) foram maturados in vitro por 24h na presença ou ausência de FSH. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto a: 1) taxa da maturação nuclear; 2) níveis de produção de NO; 3) níveis de AMPc e GMPc; 4) abundância relativa de RNAm de NOS2, PDE5A, PDE6C, PKG1, PKG2, ADCY6, ADCY9, PDE3A e PKA1. O FSH, na concentração de 0,05UI/mL, estimulou positivamente a maturação nuclear em CCO e OD, com 80,6 e 89% de oócitos maturados, respectivamente. Quando comparados diretamente os grupos CCO e OD, o FSH não influenciou as taxas de maturação (71 e 71,3%, p>0,05), nem os níveis de produção de NO (12,8 e 7,4 µM/mL, p>0,05). Os níveis de GMPc em CCO aumentaram após 1 e 3 h de MIV na presença de FSH (266,3 e 187,2 pmol/pool com FSH e 240,5 e 168,5 pmol/pool sem FSH, respectivamente, p<0,05). Após 6 h os níveis de GMPc declinaram de forma mais acentuada no grupo sem FSH (46,3 e 106,9 pmol/pool, com e sem FSH, respectivamente, p<0,05). Os níveis de AMPc em CCO também foram mais elevados na presença de FSH à 1 e 3 h de MIV (7,60 e 7,81 pmol/pool, respectivamente) em comparação com CCO maturados sem FSH (0.30 e 0,76 pmol/pool, respectivamente, p<0,05). Após 6h, os níveis declinaram e foram similares para ambos os grupos (0,43 pmol/pool, p>0,05). Em relação à expressão dos genes selecionados, todos foram detectados nos oócitos (CCO e OD), porém, em células do cumulus, foram detectados apenas PDE5A, ADCY6, ADCY9 e PKA1. Quando observados os resultados do grupo CCO, apenas os genes PKG1, ADCY6 e PDE3A sofreram influência do FSH (p<0,05), apresentando um aumento destes transcritos. No grupo OD, apenas o gene PKG1 sofreu influência do FSH, também apresentando um aumento destes transcritos (p<0,05). Em células do cumulus, os genes ADCY6 e ADCY9 sofreram influência do FSH, sendo que para a ADCY6 provocou um aumentos destes transcritos, e para a ADCY9 provocou uma queda dos mesmos (p<0,05). Em conclusão, o FSH pode exercer influência positiva na maturação nuclear de oócitos bovinos, agindo sobre os níveis de GMPc e AMPc, mas não sobre o NO. O FSH pode influenciar a expressão gênica em oócitos e em células do cumulus de bovinos. / Nitric oxide (NO) is a chemical messenger generated by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme, which was detected in several organs including the reproductive system and appears too involved in oocyte maturation. However, there are few studies on the role of this system in bovine oocytes. NO is known to act via guanylate cyclase (GC) stimulating the production of the nucleotide cGMP, which in turn is capable of influencing the levels of another nucleotide, cAMP via phosphodiesterases (PDE). cAMP is an important factor in FSH signaling in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) for the control of maturation. The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of FSH on the NOS/NO pathway and its components in bovine oocytes matured in vitro and the involvement of cumulus cells (CC) in the signaling pathway. COC and denuded oocytes (DO - matured without cumulus cells) were matured in vitro for 24 h with or without FSH. Samples were assessed for: 1) maturation rate; 2) levels of NO production; 3) levels of cGMP and cAMP; 4) relative abundance for mRNA of NOS2, PDE5A, PDE6C, PKG1, PKG2, ADCY6, ADCY9, PDE3A and PKA1. FSH positively stimulated oocyte maturation at 0.05UI/mL concentration for both COC and OD (80.6 and 89% maturation rates, respectively). When COC and OD were compared directly, FSH did not affect maturation rates (71 and 71.3%, p>0.05) nor NO production levels (12,8 and 7,4 µM/mL), p>0.05). cGMP levels increased after 1 and 3 h in vitro maturation (IVM) with FSH (266.3 and 187.2 pmol/pool with FSH and 240.5 and 168.5 pmol/pool without FSH, respectively, p<0.05). After 6 h IVM, cGMP levels in COC declined more in the group cultured with FSH (46.3 and 106.9 pmol/pool, with and without FSH, respectively, p<0.05). cAMP levels in COC were also increased in the presence of FSH at 1 and 3 h IVM (7.60 and 7.81 pmol/pool, respectively) in comparison to COC cultured without the hormone (0.30 and 0.76 pmol/pool, respectively, p<0.05). After 6 h, the levels declined and were similar for both groups (0.43 and 0.02 pmol/pool, p>0.05). Regarding mRNA expression for the selected genes, all of them were detected in oocytes, but only four of them were detected in cumulus cells: PDE5A, ADCY6, ADCY9 and PKA1. For COC only PKG1, ADCY6 and PDE3A were influenced by FSH (p<0.05), with an increase in transcript relative abundance, For DO, only PKG1 was influenced by FSH and also showed an increase in these transcripts (p<0.05). In cumulus cells, ADCY6 and ADCY9 were affected by FSH, with an increase for ADCY6 and a decrease in ADCY9 transcripts (p<0.05). In conclusion, FSH may positively influence nuclear maturation, acting on cGMP and cAMP levels, but not on NO. FSH may also influence gene expression in bovine oocytes and cumulus cells.

Estudos anteriores de nosso laboratório demonstraram que a estimulação aguda dos receptores 2-adrenérgicos (2-AR) atenua a perda de massa muscular induzida pela desnervação motora (DEN) por meio de uma via dependente de AMPc/PKA. No entanto os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na ativação crônica destes receptores ainda são pouco conhecidos. Por outro lado, a ativação desta via de sinalização também está envolvida no controle da estabilidade dos receptores nicotínicos (AChR) na junção neuromuscular (JNM), sugerindo que a densidade dos AChR possa estar sob controle neuro-humoral. Desta forma, aventou-se a possibilidade de que além dos efeitos protetores na massa muscular, a ativação dos receptores 2-AR pudesse mediar a estabilização dos AChR na placa motora. Para testar essa hipótese, camundongos foram submetidos à DEN através da secção do nervo ciático, um protocolo clássico de indução de atrofia muscular e desestabilização dos AChR, e tratados com salina ou clembuterol (CB), um 2-agonista seletivo, por até 14 dias. Após 3 dias de DEN, observou-se redução da massa muscular e aumento do conteúdo proteico e expressão do RNAm de genes relacionados à ativação do sistema Ubiquitina-Proteassoma (atrogina-1 e MuRF1) e do sistema autofágico/lisossomal (catepsina L e LC3). A DEN também promoveu aumento no turnover dos AChR, no número de vesículas endocíticas e na expressão do RNAm para a subunidade 1 dos AChR. Após 7 dias, a DEN reduziu a expressão dos genes relacionados à atrofia e aumentou a atividade da via do AMPc/PKA independentemente do tratamento com CB. Na tentativa de elucidar os sinais extracelulares que produziam esta resposta adaptativa, foi demonstrado que neurônios catecolaminérgicos trafegam ao longo do nervo ciático e sua ablação pela DEN reduziu o conteúdo de noradrenalina muscular. Baseados nestes resultados, foi postulado a existência de uma hipersenbilidade às catecolaminas em músculos desnervados cronicamente. O tratamento com CB por 3 dias aboliu o aumento da expressão dos atrogenes induzido pela DEN e este efeito foi associado ao maior conteúdo de AMPc e de substratos fosforilados pela PKA. Além disso, o CB diminuiu a hiperexpressão do RNAm para catepsina L e LC3 induzida pela DEN de 7 dias. Embora o CB não tenha alterado a meia-vida dos AChR em músculos inervados e desnervados, houve um total bloqueio do aumento do número de vesículas endocíticas contendo o AChR em músculos desnervados e tratados com CB. Corroborando estes dados, o CB aumentou a incorporação de AChR novos nas JNM e este efeito foi também associado à maior expressão do RNAm para a subunidade 1-AChR em músculos desnervados. Esta ação do CB no turnover dos AChR parece ser direta uma vez que neuroniôs catecolaminérgicos presentes no nervo ciático ativam receptores 2-ARe a produção de AMPc especificamente na JNM. Em estudos in vitro, foi demonstrado que a estimulação colinérgica produzida pelo carbacol (10-4M) diminuiu a velocidade de síntese de proteínas, aumentou a proteólise total e a atividade do sistema proteolítico Ca2+-dependente em músculos soleus de ratos por meio da ativação dos receptores nicotínicos. Este efeito catabólico do carbacol foi completamente bloqueado pela adição de CB (10-4M) ao meio de incubação. Os dados obtidos no presente estudo permitem sugerir que a estimulação crônica dos 2-AR no músculo esquelético induz um efeito anti-catabólico pela supressão dos sistemas proteolíticos proteassomal e lisossomal, provavelmente através da via de sinalização do AMPc/PKA. A inibição destes sistemas pode estar relacionada ao aumento do turnover dos AChR, uma vez que a velocidade de incorporação destes receptores na JNM foi aumentada pelo CB. Além disso, os achados que mostram a associação entre neurônios noradrenérgicos e colinérgicos no nervo ciático, que conjuntamente inervam as JNM, e a co-localização de receptores 2-AR e AChR na sinapse permitem sugerir a existência de uma interação funcional entre o sistema colinérgico e adrenérgico na manutenção da massa muscular e da placa motora. / Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the acute stimulation of 2-adrenergic receptor (2-AR) attenuates the muscle loss induced by motor denervation (DEN) through a cAMP/PKA dependent pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the chronic activation of these receptors are poorly understood. Furthermore, the activation of this signaling pathway is also involved in controlling the stability of nicotinic receptors (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), suggesting that the density of AChR may be under neurohumoral control. Thus, we postulated that besides the protective effects on muscle mass the activation of 2-AR receptors could mediate the stabilization of AChR in the motor plate. To test this hypothesis, mice were submitted to DEN through of the sciatic nerve section, a classical protocol of induction muscle atrophy and destabilization of AChR, and were treated with saline or clenbuterol (CB), a selective 2-agonist for 14 days. DEN decreased the muscle mass and increased the protein content and mRNA expression of genes related to the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (atrogin-1 and MuRF1) and autophagic/lysosomal system (cathepsin L and LC3). DEN also promoted an increase in the turnover of AChR, number of endocytic vesicles and the expression of mRNA for the 1 subunit of AChR. Interestingly, chronic DEN induced down-regulation of atrophy related-genes, and increased the activity of cAMP/PKA pathway independently of CB treatment. In an attempt to elucidate the extracellular signals that produced this adaptive response, it was demonstrated that catecholaminergic neurons travels along the sciatic nerve and its ablation by DEN reduces muscle norepinephrine content. Based on these results, it was postulated the existence of a muscle adrenergic hypersensitivity to circulating catecholamines induced by chronic DEN. CB treatment for 3 days completely abolished the higher expression of atrogenes and this effect was associated with increased Camp content and PKA phosphorylated substrates. Furthermore, CB decreased the DEN-induced hyperexpression of cathepsin L and LC3 mRNA at 7 days. Although CB has not altered the half-life of AChR in innervated and denervated muscles, it produced a total blockage of the increased number of endocytic vesicles containing the AChR in denervated muscles. Consistently, CB increased the incorporation of new AChR and this effect was associated with an increased expression of the 1-subunit AChR mRNA in denervated muscles. This action of CB on AChR turnover appears to be direct, since catecholaminergic neurons are present in the sciatic nerve stimulating 2-AR and cAMP production specifically in the NMJ. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated that cholinergic stimulation produced by carbachol (10-4M) decreased the rate of protein synthesis and increased the proteolytic activity of Ca2+-dependent system in rat soleus muscle through activation of nicotinic receptors. This catabolic effect of carbachol was completely blocked by the addition of CB (10-4M) to the incubation medium. These data suggest that chronic stimulation of 2-AR in skeletal muscle induces an anti-catabolic effect by suppressing proteasomal and lysosomal proteolytic systems, probably through the cAMP/PKA signaling. The inhibition of these systems seems to be related to the increased AChR incorporation into NMJ induced by CB treatment. Moreover, the association between noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons in the sciatic nerve, both of which innervate the motor endplates, and the co-localization of AChR and 2-ARat the synapse suggest the existence of a functional interaction between cholinergic and adrenergic systems in the maintenance of muscle mass and motor endplate.

Cette étude de science politique s’inscrit dans le prolongement d’une thèse effectuée en littérature comparée, intitulée « Entre littérature et philosophie : l’Homme est-il un animal politique ? Physique de la misanthropie » (dirigée par M. F. Monneyron, soutenue en nov. 2013, publiée chez L’Harmattan). Dans cette analyse, il s’agissait de tenter une ébauche de conceptualisation philosophique de la haine de l’humanité en partant du théâtre de la misanthropie pour voir ensuite si les quelques résultats obtenus pouvaient s’appliquer à la littérature concentrationnaire et aux dystopies, deux autres genres littéraires qui forment le terreau naturel de doctrines et de pratiques misanthropes.Quelles sont les déterminations culturelles (mythologiques, religieuses, artistiques, médiatiques) de la misanthropie et de la misologie ? Comment apprécier leurs impacts dans le champ politique des paroles et des actes ? La misanthropie n’est-elle pas un composé de misogynie et de misandrie ? Peut-elle être érotique et créer des réseaux ? Comment se concrétise-t-elle dans les domaines du travail, de l’économie, de la technique, de la guerre, dans les problématiques afférentes aux minorités ? Et la démocratie peut-elle générer de la misanthropie ? / This sociological study draws on a comparative literature thesis entitled « Entre littérature et philosophie : l’Homme est-il un animal politique ? Physique de la misanthropie » (Between literature and philosophy: is Man a political animal? Physics of misanthropy) (defended in Nov. 2013, published by L’Harmattan). In this analysis, the aim was to try to sketch a philosophical draft of the hatred of humanity based on misanthropic theatre before trying to apply the results thus obtained to concentration camp literature and to dystopias, two other genres which form the breeding-ground of misanthropic doctrines and practices. This first thought process allowed giving form to some powerfully material aspects of misanthropy: its geography, its therianthropic productions, its infantile manifestations, its exanthropic phenomenology and its dietetics.In the present political science thesis, our aim is to identify the cultural determinations of misanthropy and misology (be it mythological, religious, artistic or in the media) before reflecting on the impact they might have on the political field of speech or of deeds. Isn’t misanthropy a compound of misogyny and misandry? Can misanthropy be erotic? How does it appear in the realms of work, economy, technique, war or in the issues relating to minorities? Eventually we will ask ourselves to which extent democracy creates misanthropy.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / This study attests to the fact that disability is an issue in conflict-affected populations, in particular refugees. Refugees with disabilities living in Mayukwayukwa refugee camp also have poor HRQOL similar to other studies. Education was the only variable significantly correlated to the psychological and social domains of the HRQOL. The study highlighted that environmental and personal variables played a role in the determination of health related quality of life among refugees with disabilities. / South Africa

Shoah laisse une empreinte sur l’écriture de Samuel Beckett, elle la façonne, l’affecte, la contamine, alors qu’elle n’est jamais explicitement nommée dans l’œuvre. Dans ses textes d’après-guerre, depuis la trilogie jusqu’à Soubresauts, on remarque une évolution de la forme : textes saturés et phrases interminables, répétitions et enfin textes de plus en plus vides. En observant ces phénomènes, cette thèse interroge un rapport innommé et innommable entre Shoah et l’écriture de Beckett. Elle observe cette forme que Shoah donne à l’écriture en l’épuisant, en cherchant à la saturer, en la saccageant et enfin en lui faisant porter les marques de la disparition. Dans un préambule nécessaire, on contextualisera et expliquera la notion de corps concentrationnaire, concept clé de cette thèse en tentant de la définir afin de justifier le lien entre l’image de ce corps et la figure qui surgit dans l’univers beckettien jusque dans la forme même du texte. Dans une première partie, on analysera tout d’abord le phénomène de l’épuisement du corps dans l’univers beckettien en faisant le parallèle avec l’univers concentrationnaire. On soulèvera à la fois la question de l’inaboutissement de toute action, son inachèvement, son sisyphéen et interminable recommencement. On analysera ce même phénomène d’épuisement dans l’écriture beckettienne, qui comme le corps, signifie à la fois l’exténuation physique, matérielle, un « puisement » qui vide. Dans la deuxième partie, on verra une certaine forme de continuité de cet épuisement dans le phénomène de la défiguration qui est une suite de la réduction du corps à son utilité d’animal ou de machine, à l’anonymat, au dépérissement total de l’individualité alimenté par la répétitivité abrutissante de certaines tâches, de certains gestes et de mouvements. Le corps du personnage beckettien dont le potentiel a été démoli en fin de compte ne peut que se transformer en figure dégradée, irreconnaissable, détruite. De la même façon, l’écriture qui ne cesse d’échouer se brise, se déforme tout en continuant à s’acharner à se donner une forme. C’est cet acharnement qui la ruine. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, on soulèvera la question de la disparition qui fait partie de cette dégradation. La disparition des corps et de la forme, l’image disparue, l’absence et le texte qui s’efface hantent l’écriture becketienne. Mais ces absences laissent malgré tout une empreinte, une manière de refléter ou d’aborder Shoah et « ce qui reste » de Shoah. Ce phénomène de disparition marque incontestablement la forme à travers les éclats, les bribes, les vides, un texte qui se présente en s’effaçant. Reste une trace du manque, du manque d’images et de mots. L’écriture de Beckett ne peut être qu’incomplète, trouée, lacunaire pour dire ou pour laisser entrevoir Shoah, sans jamais la nommer ou la montrer. / The Shoah leaves an imprint on Samuel Beckett's writing, it shapes it, affects it, contaminates it, even though it is never explicitly named in the work. In his post-war texts, from the trilogy to Soubresauts, we see an evolution of form: saturated texts and interminable phrases, repetitions and, finally, texts that become more and more empty. By observing these phenomena, this thesis questions an unnamed and unspeakable relationship between the Shoah and Beckett's writing. This study observes this form that the Shoah gives to writing by exhausting it, saturating it, sacking it and finally make it bear the marks of disappearance. In a necessary preamble, we will contextualize and explain the concept of the concentrationary body, a key concept of this thesis, by trying to define it to justify the connection between the image of this body and the figure that arises in the Beckettian universe even down to the text’s form. In a first part, we will analyze the phenomenon of the body’s exhaustion in the Beckettian universe by drawing a parallel with the world of concentration. At the same time, we will raise the question of the inability of all action, its incompletion, and its Sisyphean, endless renewal. This same phenomenon of exhaustion will be analyzed in Beckettian writing, which, like the body, signifies both physical and material depletion, a using-up that empties. In the second part, we will see a certain form of continuity of this exhaustion in the phenomenon of disfigurement which follows from the body’s reduction to its use-value as animal or machine, to its anonymity, to the total withering away of its individuality fueled by the mind-numbing repetitiveness of certain tasks, gestures and movements. The body of the Beckettian character whose potential has been demolished can ultimately only turn into a degraded, unrecognizable, destroyed figure. In the same way, the writing that continues to fail breaks down, becomes distorted even as it continually strives to give itself a form. It is this relentlessness that ruins it. Finally, in a third moment, we will raise the question of the disappearance that is part of this degradation. The disappearance of body and form, the disappeared image, the absence and the fading text haunt Becketian writing. But these absences still leave an imprint, a way of reflecting or addressing the Shoah and “what remains” of it. This phenomenon of disappearance undeniably marks the form through scraps, fragments, nothingness, a text that presents itself as fading away. Traces of emptinesss, of missing images and words, remain. Beckett's writing can only be incomplete, unwhole, in order to say or suggest the Shoah without ever naming or showing it.

Les deux nucléotides cycliques, AMPc et GMPc, sont des seconds messagers importants qui régulent une grande variété de fonctions cellulaires, en particulier la fonction contractile cardiovasculaire, la croissance des cardiomyocytaires et la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires. Les phosphodiestérases (PDE) dégradent les nucléotides cycliques et exercent un contrôle local de leur concentration intracellulaire. Une altération de la voie de signalisation des nucléotides cycliques est impliquée dans plusieurs situations pathologiques telles que l’hypertension artérielle systémique ou pulmonaire, l’athérosclérose et l'hypertrophie cardiaque. Ainsi, les PDE constituent de puissantes cibles thérapeutiques pour restaurer un contrôle correct des nucléotides cycliques. Onze familles de PDEs sont actuellement décrites, les PDE1-6 étant les plus étudiées et les PDE 7-11 représentant de nouvelles familles.L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier le rôle respectif de 4 familles de PDEs, la PDE1, famille stimulée par le complexe Ca2+/calmoduline, les PDE5 et PDE9 spécifiques du GMPc, et la PDE8 spécifique de l'AMPc, dans le contrôle des concentrations intracellulaires d'AMPc ([AMPc]i) et de GMPc ([GMPc]i) dans les cellules musculaires lisses aortiques de rat (CMLARs) et les myocytes cardiaques de rat en utilisant une approche pharmacologique facilitée par le développement de nouveaux inhibiteurs sélectifs de PDEs. Les activités d'hydrolyse d’AMPc et de GMPc ont été mesurées par dosage enzymatique, tandis que les [AMPc]i et [GMPc]i ont été suivies sur cellules isolées, in situ, en temps réel, grâce à l'utilisation de l'imagerie FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer). Dans les CMLARs en culture, une activité d'hydrolyse des nucléotides cycliques via les PDE1, PDE5 et PDE9 a été observée. Nous avons montré un rôle fonctionnel de la PDE1 non stimulée dans le contrôle de l’augmentation de la [GMPc]i induite par le peptide natriurétique de type C (CNP). Il est intéressant de noter que, lors de l’élévation de la concentration intracellulaire en Ca2+, la PDE1 exerce également un contrôle de la réponse GMPci induite par le monoxyde d’azote (NO) et de la réponse AMPc médiée par la stimulation des récepteurs β-adrénergiques (β-AR). La PDE5 exerce un rôle majeur dans la réponse GMPc provoquée par l'activation de la guanylyl cyclase (GC) soluble par le NO ou des GC membranaires par les peptides natriurétiques, CNP et ANP. En revanche, la PDE9 ne régule que la réponse GMPc induite par le NO dans les RASMC cultivées. Aucune activité ou fonction hydrolytique de l'AMPc n'a été révélée avec l'inhibiteur de la PDE8 dans les CMLARs ou les cardiomyocytes de rat. Dans ces cellules cardiaques, l'activité d'hydrolyse médiée par la PDE1 n'a été détectée que sur la réponse GMPc et uniquement en présence de Ca2 +/Calmoduline. L'inhibiteur de la PDE1 n'a que légèrement affecté la réponse AMPc médiée par les récepteurs β-AR, par augmentation du pic du signal FRET.En conclusion, notre travail démontre que dans les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires, les PDE1, PDE5 et PDE9 exercent une régulation spécifique et locale des [AMPc]i et [GMPc]i, renforçant le rôle clé des PDEs dans la compartimentation subcellulaire de la signalisation des nucléotides cycliques. / The two cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are important second messengers that regulate a large variety of cellular functions, in particular cardiovascular contractile function, cardiomyocyte cell growth and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) degrade cyclic nucleotides, and exert a fine local control of their intracellular concentration. Alteration of cyclic nucleotides signaling pathway is involved in several pathological situations such as systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertensions, atherosclerotic lesions and cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, PDEs constitute potent therapeutic targets to restore a right cyclic nucleotide function. Eleven families of PDEs are now described, PDE1-6 being the most studied and PDE 7-11 representing the new families.The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the respective role of 4 PDE families, the Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated PDE1, the cGMP-specific PDE5 and PDE9, and the cAMP-specific PDE8, in controlling intracellular cAMP ([cAMP]i) and intracellular cGMP ([cGMP]i) concentrations in both rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) and cardiac myocytes by using a pharmacological approach taken advantage of the development of new selective PDE inhibitors. Cyclic AMP- and cGMP-hydrolyzing activities were measured by enzymatic assay on cell lysate, whereas real-time [cAMP]i and [cGMP]i were followed in situ in isolated cells using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) imaging. In cultured RASMCs, PDE1, PDE5 and PDE9 hydrolyzing activities were observed. We showed a functional role of basal PDE1 in controlling [cGMP]i increased by the C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP). Interestingly, upon high intracellular Ca2+ concentration, PDE1 also regulated the Nitric Oxide (NO)-mediated [cGMP]i response and the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR)-mediated [cAMP]i response. PDE5 exerted a major role in degrading [cGMP]i produced by the activation of either the soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC) elicited by NO or the particulate GCs by the natriuretic peptides, CNP and ANP. By contrast, PDE9 only regulated NO-induced [cGMP]i increase in cultured RASMCs. No cAMP-hydrolyzing activity or function was revealed with the PDE8 inhibitor in RASMCs or cardiac myocytes. In rat cardiomyocytes, PDE1-mediated hydrolyzing activity was only detected on cGMP in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin. Unexpectedly, PDE1 inhibition slightly affected the β-AR-mediated [cAMP]i response by increasing the peak of FRET signal.In conclusion, our work underscores the distinct role of PDE1, PDE5, and PDE9 in locally regulating the [cAMP]i and [cGMP]i, in vascular smooth muscle cells, strengthening the concept of PDEs as key actors of cyclic nucleotide subcellular compartmentation.

This thesis focuses on setting the range and efficiency of a water ram pump through experimental measurements in a laboratory. The measurements were carried out on three different constructions of water ram pump, each of the designed and assembled by the author of this thesis himself, to find out whether the weight on the pulsating valve has an influence on the water ram pump efficiency. Further on this thesis aims at the comparison of up to now methods of water transport arrangement used at a summer camp and the usage of the water ram pump and its advantages. The principal of water ram pump originates in hydraulic impact that is being precisely described in a great detail as well. On of the chapters even includes the placement manual for the water ram pump and its overall assembly and connexion. Because the presence of floating debris is inevitable, this thesis also deals with the possibility to solve the incoming water impurities by adding an inflow gating to prevent such problem. This inflow gating has only been designed in a Flow 3D programme to introduce the idea and functions.