Fractals is a relatively new mathematical topic which received thorough treatment only starting with 1960's. Fractals can be observed everywhere in nature and in day-to-day life. To give a few examples, common fractals are the spiral cactus, the romanesco broccoli, human brain and the outline of the Swedish map. Fractal dimension is a dimension which need not take integer values. In fractal geometry, a fractal dimension is a ratio providing an index of the complexity of fractal pattern with regard to how the local geometry changes with the scale at which it is measured. In recent years, fractal analysis is used increasingly in many areas of engineering and technology. Among others, fractal analysis is used in signal and image compression, computer and video design, neuroscience and fractal based cancer modelling and diagnosing.   This study consists of two main parts. The first part of the study aims to understand the appearance of an irregular Cantor set generated by the chaotic dynamical system generated by the logistic function on the unit interval [0,1]. In order to understand this irregular Cantor set, we studied the topological properties of the Cantor Middle-thirds set and the generalised Cantor sets, all of which have zero length. The necessity to compare these sets with regard to their size led us to the second part of this paper, namely the dimension studies of fractals. More complex fractals were presented in the second part, three definitions of dimension were introduced. The fractal dimension of the irregular Cantor set generated by the logistic mapping was estimated and we found that the Hausdorff dimension has the widest scope and greatest flexibility in the fractal studies. / Fraktaler är ett relativt nytt ämne inom matematik som fick sitt stora genomslag först efter 60-talet.  En fraktal är ett självliknande mönster med struktur i alla skalor. Några vardagliga exempel på fraktaler är spiralkaktus, romanescobroccoli, mänskliga hjärnan, blodkärlen och Sveriges fastlandskust. Bråktalsdimension är en typ av dimension där dimensionsindexet tillåts att anta alla icke-negativa reella tal. Inom fraktalgeometri kan dimensionsindexet betraktas som ett komplexitetsindex av mönstret med avseende på hur den lokala geometrin förändras beroende på vilken skala mönstret betraktas i. Under det senaste decenniet har fraktalanalysen använts alltmer flitigt inom tekniska och vetenskapliga tillämpningar. Bland annat har fraktalanalysen använts i signal- och bildkompression, dator- och videoformgivning, neurovetenskap och fraktalbaserad cancerdiagnos.   Denna studie består av två huvuddelar. Den första delen fokuserar på att förstår hur en fraktal kan uppstå i ett kaotiskt dynamiskt system. För att vara mer specifik studerades den logistiska funktionen och hur denna ickelinjära avbildning genererar en oregelbunden Cantormängd på intervalet [0,1]. Vidare, för att förstå den oregelbundna Cantormängden studerades Cantormängden (eng. the Cantor Middle-Thirds set) och de generaliserade Cantormängderna, vilka alla har noll längd. För att kunna jämföra de olika Cantormängderna med avseende på storlek, leds denna studie vidare till dimensionsanalys av fraktaler som är huvudämnet i den andra delen av denna studie. Olika topologiska fraktaler presenterades, tre olika definitioner av dimension introducerades, bland annat lådräkningsdimensionen och Hausdorffdimensionen. Slutligen approximerades dimensionen av den oregelbundna Cantormängden med hjälp av Hausdorffdimensionen. Denna studie demonstrerar att Hausdorffdimensionen har större omfattning och mer flexibilitet för fraktalstudier.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:12:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucila Romano Tragtenberg.pdf: 11718760 bytes, checksum: cfdf14666b1eb4595b5c622d9daf19a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-03 / The creation processes of interpretation performed by singers-performers within the Western classical music constitute the subject of this work. We investigated the hypothesis that their work has the dimension of creation as transcreation being constituted by it in instances of relational communication as well, we address the problem of its theoretical and methodological description and interpretation. We aimed to highlight aspects of those significant theoretical and critical processes, their connections to create relational networks. The process of creating the vocal interpretation are incommunicable, restricted to only those who develops, associated to the idea of musical performance that does not include the aspect of creation. This thesis aims to contribute in reversing this situation increasing the methodological bias that in musicology, has privileged hearing recordings and also increase knowledge about these processes, configuring the vocal Interpretation in their processuality creative networks. The methodology and theoretical framework taken as support in the Critical Process Networks and Creation in the work of Cecilia Salles, were called to the dialogue with aspects of Peirce's theory of perception, the concept of the biosemiotics Umwelt developed by J. Von Uexküll and Vincent Colapietro on semiotic self. Urged still on reciprocity as relational instance, were still connected the concepts of miscegenation or mestizaje in the work of Amalio Pinheiro, Laplantine & Nouss and aspects of the theory of ecological perception of James Gibson. Creation and transcreation yet been discussed in connection to the work of Haroldo de Campos. The material obtained in interviews with the sopranos Adelia Issa, Rosana Lamosa, Ruth Staerke, the tenor Fernando Portari and the bass-baritone Licio Bruno, performers-singers active in Brazil and international musical circle, were developed to describe and analyze theoretical and critical job creation procedural performers-singers, systematizing instances of their creative processes. The perceptual dimension of sensation was evident recurrently correlated to the instance chamber music referenced in vocal and scenic subtleties / Os processos de criação da interpretação, realizados pelos intérpretes-cantores no âmbito da música erudita ocidental, constituem-se no tema desta pesquisa. Investiga-se a hipótese de que seu trabalho possui a dimensão da criação como transcriação sendo por ela constituído em instâncias de comunicação relacionais, bem como, abordamos o problema de sua descrição e interpretação teórico-metodológica. Objetiva-se evidenciar aspectos teórico-críticos significativos daqueles processos, suas conexões em redes de criação relacionais. Os processos de criação da interpretação vocal se encontram em situação de incomunicabilidade, restritos apenas a quem os desenvolve, associados à ideia de execução musical que não contempla o aspecto da criação. Esta tese busca contribuir na reversão de tal situação, ampliando o viés metodológico que, na musicologia, tem privilegiado audição de gravações e ainda, ampliar o conhecimento acerca desses processos, configurando a Interpretação vocal em sua processualidade em redes criativas. À metodologia e referencial teórico tomados como sustentação na Crítica de Processos e Redes da Criação na obra de Cecilia Salles, foram chamados ao diálogo aspectos da teoria da percepção peirceana, o conceito de Umwelt da biosemiótica desenvolvido por J. Von Uexküll e self semiótico em Vincent Colapietro. Instados ainda na reciprocidade como instância relacional, foram conectados os conceitos de mestiçagem na obra de Amálio Pinheiro, Laplantine & Nouss e aspectos da teoria da percepção ecológica de James Gibson. Criação e transcriação foram discutidos ainda, em conexão com a obra de Haroldo de Campos. Do material obtido nas entrevistas realizadas com as sopranos Adelia Issa, Rosana Lamosa, Ruth Staerke, o tenor Fernando Portari e o baixo-barítono Licio Bruno, intérpretes-cantores atuantes no meio musical brasileiro e internacional, foram desenvolvidos tópicos de descrição e análise teórico-crítica do trabalho processual de criação dos intérpretescantores, sistematizando instâncias de seus processos criativos. A dimensão perceptiva da sensação se evidenciou de modo recorrente, correlacionada à instância da música de câmara referenciada em sutilezas vocais e cênicas

Les structures menues apparaissent dans les années 1960 de paire avec la conjecture de Vaught, dont elles sont les seuls contre-exemples possibles. Les structures minces sont introduites par Belegradek, et englobent à la fois les structures minimales et menues. Il est bien connu que les ensembles définissables d'une structure mince sont rangés par le rang de Cantor-Bendixson, lorsque l'on fixe un ensemble fini de paramètres. L'étude de ces structures est rendue difficile par le fait que si l'on augmente cet ensemble de paramètres, le rang croît, et on ne sait maîtriser sa croissance. Nous présentons des propriétés de calcul de ce rang, une condition de chaîne descendante locale sur les groupes définissables (par des formules faisant intervenir des paramètres de la clôture algébrique d'un ensemble fini), ainsi qu'une notion de presque stabilisateur local. Nous en déduisons des propriétés algébriques des structures minces : un corps mince de caractéristique positive est localement de dimension finie sur son centre (une réponse au problème 6.1.5 de Wagner, Simple Theories), et un groupe mince infini a un sous groupe abélien infini (cela répond en particulier à la question 2.8 de Wagner, "Groups in simple theories"). Nous nous intéressons ensuite aux structures menues infiniment définissables, et montrons que les groupes d'arité finie infiniment définissables (par des formules n'utilisant que les paramètres d'un ensemble fini) sont l'intersection de groupes définissables (réponse au problème 6.1.14 du livre de Wagner). Nous étendons le résultat aux demi-groupes, anneaux, corps, catégories et groupoïdes infiniment définissables (toujours avec un nombre fini de paramètres), et donnons des résultats de définissabilité locale pour les groupes et corps simples et menus, infiniment définissables sur un ensemble quelconque de paramètres. Enfin, nous réintroduisons le rang de Cantor dans son contexte topologique et montrons que la dérivée de Cantor peut être vue comme un opérateur de dérivation dans un semi-anneau d'espaces topologiques. Dans l'idée de trouver un rang de Cantor global pour les théories stables, nous essayons de nous débarrasser du mot dénombrable omniprésent lorsque l'on fait de la topologie, en le remplaçant par un cardinal régulier k. Nous développons une notion d'espace k-métrique, de k-topologie, de k-compacité etc. et montrons un k-analogue du lemme de métrisabilité d'Urysohn, et du théorème de Cantor-Bendixson.

Nous étudions les fonctions sommatoires des suites digitales. Ces suites sont obtenues en "promenant une fenêtre" sur le développement des entiers en base q, et sont une sous- classe des suites q-régulières. Le comportement asymptotique des fonctions sommatoires est précisé, avec la mise en évidence d'une oscillation "fractale", qui fait intervenir une fonction continue nulle part dérivable. Dans la dernière partie nous nous intéressons à des suites d'entiers à la Cantor, qui s'écrivent dans une base donnée en évitant certains chiffres.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-26T14:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1060992 bytes, checksum: 69f9bccb074f43cce04d083271639cd5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-27T11:21:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1060992 bytes, checksum: 69f9bccb074f43cce04d083271639cd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-27T11:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1060992 bytes, checksum: 69f9bccb074f43cce04d083271639cd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we show basic results about the so-called trans nite numbers and their cardinal arithmetic. For these purpose, we also show some results involving the set theory, as well as equinumerosity, nite sets, in nite sets, countable sets and uncountable sets. / Neste trabalho, mostramos um pouco a teoria sobre os chamados números trans finitos e sua aritmética cardinal. Para tanto, trabalhamos também alguns resultados envolvendo conjuntos, bem como equipotência, conjuntos fi nitos, infi nitos, conjuntos enumeráveis e não-enumeráveis.

Abstract This dissertation consists of four articles on irrationality measures. In the first paper we derive explicit irrationality measures by using the simple continued fraction expansions in a completely new way. In the second and third articles we use Padé approximations to construct irrationality measures. In the second paper we obtain an explicit irrationality measure for the values of q-exponential series, for which the earlier corresponding results are not as explicit. Furthermore, we construct a restricted irrationality measure for the values of q-exponential series, which is an improvement on the earlier results in the restricted case. In the third article we derive the best possible asymptotic restricted irrationality exponent for the values of Jacobi's triple product. In the last paper we consider Cantor series. We generalize the earlier results by deriving Sondow's irrationality measure for some Cantor series. / Tiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja koostuu neljästä artikkelista, jotka kaikki käsittelevät irrationaalisuusmittoja. Ensimmäisessä artikkelissa irrationaalisuusmittoja johdetaan uudella tavalla irrationaalilukujen yksinkertaisista ketjumurtolukuesityksistä. Toisessa ja kolmannessa artikkelissa irrationaalisuusmitat konstruoidaan Padé-approksimaatioiden avulla. Toisessa artikkelissa saadaan eksplisiittinen irrationaalisuusmitta q-eksponenttisarjan arvoille, joiden vastaavat aikaisemmat irrationaalisuusmitat eivät ole näin eksplisiittisiä. Lisäksi samassa artikkelissa konstruoidaan q-eksponenttisarjan arvoille rajoitettu eksplisiittinen irrationaalisuusmitta, mikä parantaa aikaisempia tuloksia rajoitetussa tapauksessa. Kolmannessa artikkelissa johdetaan paras mahdollinen asymptoottinen irrationaalisuuseksponentti Jacobin kolmitulon arvoille. Viimeisessä artikkelissa käsitellään Cantorin sarjoja. Siinä yleistetään aikaisempia tuloksia johtamalla Sondowin irrationaalisuusmitta tietylle joukolle Cantorin sarjoja.

Les modèles de dimères quantiques (QDM's) ont une série de comportements intéressants, comme de l'ordre topologique et des phases de liquides de spin. Dans cette thèse, nous explorons ces modèles pour un réseaux hexagonal, ainsi que leur équivalence aux problèmes de partitions, un sujet qui fait partie du domaine de la combinatoire. Premièrement, nous étudions le modèle RK, pour lequel la question sur la présence d'une phase avec un gap non-nul restait encore ouverte. Nous décrivons un algorithme Monte-Carlo qui nous permet, entre autres résultats, d'accéder directement au gap du système. Deuxièmement, nous proposons une généralisation de ce modèle. Nous trouvons un diagramme de phase beaucoup plus complexe, avec des transitions de phase entre différents secteurs topologiques, et compatible avec le déconfinement de Cantor. Troisièmement, nous étudions l'application du modèle RK à des réseaux hexagonales associés à des problèmes de partitions planaires. Cela impose des nouvelles conditions de bord, et nous trouvons un nouveau comportement du modèle. Nous proposons aussi une méthode que utilise les propriétés de l'espace de configurations des problèmes de partitions pour réduire la complexité du QDM.Finalement, nous modélisons les problèmes de croissance et effondrement de coin de cristaux classiques dans le cadre des problèmes de partition, trouvant une transition souple entre des interfaces limites du type "amibe" et le cercle arctique. / The quantum dimer models (QDM's) have a series of interesting behaviors, such as topological order and spin liquid phases. In this thesis, we study these models for an honeycomb lattice, and also their equivalence with the partition problems, a subject of the domain of combinatorics. Firstly, we study the RK model, for which the question on whenever one of its phases is gapped or not was still open. We describe an Monte-Carlo algorithm that allows to, among other results, access this gap directly. Secondly, we propose a generalization of this model. We find a more complex phase diagram, with phase transitions between the different topological sectors, and compatible with the Cantor deconfinement. Thirdly, we study the application of the RK model to honeycomb lattices associated to the planar partition problems. This imposes new boundary conditions, and we find a new model behavior. We also propose a méthod that uses the properties of the partition problem's configuration space to reduce the complexity of the QDM. Finally, we modelize the problems of classical crystal corner growth and melting with the formalism of the partition problems, finding a smooth transition between the limit interfaces of type "amoebae" and the arctic circle.

Cette thèse traite de la théorie descriptive des ensembles et de la géométrie des espaces de Banach. La première partie consiste en l’étude de la complexité descriptive de la famille des espaces de Banach avec la propriété d’approximation bornée, respectivement la propriété π, dans l’ensemble des sous-espaces fermés de C(Δ), où Δ est l’ensemble de Cantor. Ces familles sont boréliennes. En outre, nous montrons que si alpha<omega_{1}, l’ensemble des espaces d’indice de Szlenk au plus \alpha qui ont une FDD contractante est borélien. Nous montrons dans la seconde partie que le nombre de classes d’isomorphisme de sous-espaces complémentés des espaces d’Orlicz de fonctions réflexive L^{\Phi} [0.1] est non dénombrable, où L^{\Phi} [0.1] n’est pas isomorphe à L^2 [0,1]. / This thesis deals with the descriptive set theory and the geometry of Banach spaces.The first chapter consists of the study of the descriptive complexity of the set of Banachspaces with the Bounded Approximation Property, respectively π-property, in the set ofall closed subspaces of C(∆), where ∆ is the Cantor set. We show that these sets areBorel. In addition, we show that if α<ω_1, the set of spaces with Szlenk index at most α which have a shrinking FDD is Borel. We show in the second chapter that the numberof isomorphism classes of complemented subspaces of the reflexive Orlicz function space L^Φ [0,1] is uncountable, where L^Φ [0,1]is not isomorphic to L^2 [0,1].

<p>  </p> <p>This work explored the dynamic behavior and failure mechanisms of an additively manufactured high-entropy alloy (HEA) when subjected to high-strain rate shock impacts. A laser-induced projectile impact testing (LIPIT) setup was used to study the dynamic behavior of the Cantor alloy CoCrFeMnNi samples manufactured using a directed-energy deposition technique. HEA flyers were accelerated by a pulse laser to velocities up to 1 km/s prior to impact with lithium fluoride glass windows. A photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) system recorded the velocity of the flyer during the acceleration and subsequent impact. From this velocity profile, the Hugoniot coefficient and sound speed of the HEA samples were determined.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Upon determination of key shock parameters, spallation occurring due to shock was analyzed. Using the same LIPIT and PDV systems as the earlier testing, aluminum flyers of various thicknesses were accelerated into HEA samples. The back-surface velocity profiles of the HEA samples showed a characteristic “pullback” caused by the interaction of the tensile stress waves indicative of spall occurrence in the material. The magnitude of this pullback and the material properties determined in the first experiments allow for the measurement of spall strength at various strain-rates. This data is compared to previous data looking at similar HEAs manufactured using traditional methods. A comparison of this data showed that the spall strength of the HEA samples was equivalent to that of similar alloys but at significantly higher strain rates. As an increased strain-rate tends to result in increased spall strengths, further examination was needed to determine the reasons for this decreased spall strength in the AM samples.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Post-shock specimen recovery allowed for the failure mechanisms behind the spallation to be observed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the cross-section of the samples showed ductile fracture and void growth outside of the predicted spall region. Further imaging using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed the presence of potentially chromium-oxide deposits in regions outside of the predicted spall plane. It is hypothesized that these regions created nucleation points about which spallation occurred. Thus, to achieve spall strength in AM HEAs equivalent to strengths in traditionally-casted alloys, the AM sample must be refined to reduce the occurrence of these deposits and voids.  </p>

En el campo de la fotónica, los elementos ópticos difractivos han encontrado un gran número de nuevas aplicaciones en muchas áreas diferentes, que cubren todo el espectro electromagnético desde la microscopía de rayos X, hasta la formación de imágenes con THz. Lentes difractivas convencionales, como las placas zonales de Fresnel, son esenciales en muchos de estos sistemas de focalización y formación de imágenes, pero tienen limitaciones inherentes principalmente bajo iluminación policromática. Para superar algunas de estas limitaciones, se ha propuesto un nuevo tipo de lentes difractivas multifocales basadas en estructuras aperiódicas, las placas zonales fractales. En esta tesis se presentan las propiedades de focalización de nuevas lentes difractivas diseñadas a partir de otras secuencias aperiódicas que mejoran el rendimiento de las placas zonales fractales ya conocidas. Las propiedades de focalización se han analizado teórica y experimentalmente. Para este último fin, se ha desarrollado expresamente un dispositivo experimental basado en un modulador espacial de luz de cristal líquido (SLM). Además, se discuten nuevas aplicaciones para estas lentes difractivas aperiódicas en el campo de la oftalmología como las lentes intraoculares y en el campo de la manipulación de objetos a escala nanométrica como las pinzas ópticas / Calatayud Calatayud, A. (2013). Diseño y Caracterización experimental de nuevas lentes difractivas basadas en geometrias aperiódicas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/32829 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales