The rationale of this research is to present a scientifically founded comparative study regarding parole. The comparisons are summarised on a theoretical and fundamental basis regarding: Release on parole:: A Penological Comparative Study, in order to highlight the diverse approaches to parole by certain countries. In this study the statutary and policy making management methodology of parole by correctional systems and parole boards is couched in an overview of literature, using the historical development of parole as the general point of departure. Countries included in the research are, the United States of America, Australia and Britain with specific reference to Alabama, New York, Georgia, New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australië respectively The overview of literature and concommittant empirical investigation, defines and discusses specific and relevant legislation that culminates in the operationalisation and management of the granting of parole. The contemporary operationalisation applicable to the re-integration and treatment of the offender in the community is discussed and the reality in the practical exercise of supervision and control over the offender on parole, is also incorporated into this study. It is clearly discernable in the study that the South African parole system is based on international trends in which important influences emmanate from Australia and the United States of America During considerations regarding parole natural justice as a fundamental right of an offender is considered in light of the audi alteram partem rule. / Penology / D. Litt et Phil. (Penology)

BACKGROUND: Ethiopia adopted a new strategy called integrated community case management to address common childhood illness (ICCM). This strategy has been introduced in some rural districts of Bale zone. It has multiple functions, involving assessment of sick children at community health post levels. Despite this, the efficacy of this strategy has not been investigated. Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of ICCM service utilisation and factors influencing this at health posts in Agarfa district. METHODS: Cross sectional and phenomenological methodologies were employed in this study. Data were collected from 401 mothers using questionnaires and 29 participants using in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical approaches. Thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. RESULT: The utilsation of ICCM services is limited among caregivers in rural communities. There is a range of factors responsible for the limited utilisation. Examples of these include absence of health extension workers at health posts, caregivers’ negative perception of ICCM service, socio-cultural factors, level of education and household finance. The most common childhood illnesses noted were diarrhoea, followed by fever and cough. Caregivers seek help from HEWs at health posts two or more days after idenfying signs and symptoms of these illnesses. CONCLUSION: Behavioural messages to address prevailing negative attitudes and socio-economic barriers to accessing health care would help improve uptake of ICCM services / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

摘要 在知識經濟時代，專利侵權訴訟的重要性與日俱增。面對專利紛爭全球化的趨勢，台灣的專利侵權訴訟機制也需有所變革。其中，最重要也最亟需改善的部分，即是專利侵權訴訟的審前階段。此舉不僅得以落實憲法所保障的程序權，更是營造優良知識經濟環境的必經途徑。 專利侵權訴訟與一般傳統訴訟不同，係為法律面、科技面、管理面三者的結合，具有其特殊性，諸如：訴訟標的之權利範圍非屬明確、具有高度的商業利益色彩、訴訟成本高昂、專業性及科技知識含量高、準備與取證程序繁複、公法與私法交錯的領域等。吾人首應正視上開特性，在無體財產權的法理上，建構異於傳統訴訟的智慧財產訴訟觀。其次，現階段台灣專利侵權訴訟的運作模式，存有若干亟待改善之缺失，包括：法官專業化程度不足、不當使用或依賴鑑定制度、訴訟時程冗長、法院缺乏良善的案件管理、當事人與律師尚未能落實其協力義務、事證蒐集程序未臻精緻等。 欲改善台灣現今專利侵權訴訟的運作缺失，可以從參考美國制度著手。美國現為專利侵權訴訟案件量最多的國家，司法判決所累積的關於如何完善專利訴訟的各種實務見解以及學術文獻討論也最為豐富，周邊制度如律師、專利代理人及專家證人等也最為發達完備。美國專利侵權訴訟亦為民事訴訟之一種，由美國聯邦訴訟規則所規範，受聯邦法院所管轄。第一審為事實審，由聯邦地區法院負責審理，由陪審團或法官作最終的決定。美國專利侵權訴訟的審前程序，最特出的部分是專利權利範圍的界定與事證蒐集程序，並由法官之案件管理貫穿其中。因為審前訴訟的精緻化，加上訴訟成本高昂，美國的專利侵權訴訟案件進入最後審訊程序者不到百分之五，當事人在審前階段即以和解等方式解決紛爭。另外，律師在美國專利訴訟的審前階段也扮演了重要角色。在事證蒐集程序中，律師需協助當事人開示己方的事證，以及解讀、過濾對造所開示的事證；訴訟法規與執業倫理對於違反訴訟義務的律師並賦予相當的制裁。 欲改善台灣專利侵權訴訟的審前程序，首應注重專利權利範圍的界定，並由當事人及律師就專利的有效性與否作論辯攻防。其次，法院應加強案件管理，讓訴訟時程及早確定，並藉由中間裁判的方式將紛爭於審前階段解決。最重要的是，在事證蒐集程序上，可採行美國的事證開示程序，將兩造各自擁有的事證及早揭露，並同時注意當事人秘匿特權的保護。 在日、韓之後，台灣也即將設立智財專業法院，本研究認為，應在訴訟程序上作根本的變革，以符合全球化專利訴訟的需求。在訴訟法理方面，以一元化的審判程序解決專利侵權紛爭、職權調查主義的限縮與排除、客觀舉證責任的緩和等，均是未來立法時值得採納的方向。

Ethiopia adopted a new strategy called integrated community case management to address common childhood illness (ICCM). This strategy has been introduced in some rural districts of Bale zone. It has multiple functions, involving assessment of sick children at community health post levels. Despite this, the efficacy of this strategy has not been investigated. Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of ICCM service utilisation and factors influencing this at health posts in Agarfa district. METHODS: Cross sectional and phenomenological methodologies were employed in this study. Data were collected from 401 mothers using questionnaires and 29 participants using in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical approaches. Thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. RESULT: The utilsation of ICCM services is limited among caregivers in rural communities. There is a range of factors responsible for the limited utilisation. Examples of these include absence of health extension workers at health posts, caregivers’ negative perception of ICCM service, socio-cultural factors, level of education and household finance. The most common childhood illnesses noted were diarrhoea, followed by fever and cough. Caregivers seek help from HEWs at health posts two or more days after idenfying signs and symptoms of these illnesses. CONCLUSION: Behavioural messages to address prevailing negative attitudes and socio-economic barriers to accessing health care would help improve uptake of ICCM services / Health Studies / M. A. (Public Health)

O acelerado processo de envelhecimento populacional é desafiador para a elaboração de estratégias de atenção à saúde nos diferentes níveis de complexidade. Em concordância com a integralidade do cuidado em assistência domiciliar, o interRAI-Home Care é um exemplo de avaliação multidimensional utilizado em vários países na gerência de casos, gestão em saúde pública e cooperação internacional na busca de melhores soluções para gestão de saúde. As características culturais e do funcionamento dos serviços de assistência domiciliar podem influenciar o processo de adaptação transcultural e uso desses instrumentos. Os objetivos desse estudo foram realizar a adaptação transcultural do interRAI-Home Care para a população brasileira e verificar a validade de conteúdo e face da versão em português brasileiro em um serviço de assistência domiciliar. Foram seguidas as etapas do processo de adaptação transcultural com tradução do instrumento, retro tradução para a língua de origem, avaliação de equivalência das versões do instrumento por uma comissão de especialistas e pré-teste com aplicação da versão pré-final em uma amostra selecionada por conveniência de 30 indivíduos (n=30), matriculados e atendidos no Núcleo de Assistência Domiciliar Interdisciplinar do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Os resultados mostram que os procedimentos para a adaptação transcultural foram realizados com ajustes necessários para garantir a equivalência de conteúdo das versões original, traduzida e retro traduzida após revisão e consenso da comissão de especialistas. Na fase pré-teste, verificou-se compreensão de todos os itens da versão pré-final por parte dos entrevistados e concordância entre os avaliadores >= 85% para cada item do instrumento, obtendo-se a versão final do interRAI-Home Care, traduzido e adaptado para o português, interRAI-Assistência Domiciliar. Conclui-se que a adaptação transcultural de um instrumento de avaliação multidimensional em assistência domiciliar foi realizada com verificação da validade de conteúdo e face dos itens do instrumento e elaboração da versão brasileira do interRAI-Home Care, em português brasileiro, interRAI-Assistência Domiciliar. Em etapas futuras, sugere-se a avaliação das propriedades psicométricas do interRAI-Assistência Domiciliar para viabilizar o seu uso e aplicabilidade prática em nosso meio / The accelerated population aging process is challenging for health care strategies development at different levels of complexity. In agreement with the integrality of care in home care, the interRAI-Home Care is an example of multidimensional assessment used in different countries in case and public health management and international cooperation for better solutions to health management. The culture and functioning of home care services can influence the process of cross-cultural adaptation and use of these instruments. This study aims to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of interRAI-Home Care for the Brazilian population and verify the content and face validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version in a home care service. Cross-cultural adaptation process stages were followed with translation, back translation, assessment of equivalence by an expert committee and pretesting with the pre-final version in a sample selected by convenience of 30 subjects (n = 30) registered and attended by the Núcleo de Assistência Domiciliar Interdisciplinar do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. The results shows that the procedures for cross-cultural adaptation were carried out with adjustments to ensure the equivalence of content of the original, translated and back translated versions after the committee experts review and consensus. Pretesting resulted in understanding of all items in the pre-final version by the interviewees and agreement between observers >= 85% for each item of the instrument thus obtaining the final version of interRAI-Home Care, translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, interRAI-Assistência Domiciliar. In conclusion, the cross-cultural adaptation of a home care multidimensional assessment instrument was performed with statement of content and face validity of the instrument items and development of brazilian interRAI-Home Care version, in Brazilian Portuguese, interRAI-Assistência Domiciliar. In future steps, we suggest the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the interRAI-Assistência Domiciliar to enable its use and practical applicability in home care in Brazil

O objetivo principal desta dissertação é apresentar a Oralidade e a Escrita no Processo Civil sob a ótica do Gerenciamento de Processos. Deste modo, é negada que a oralidade constitua um princípio formador do Direito Processual Civil, destacando-se que se trata de uma escolha técnica dada ao órgão jurisdicional visando maior eficiência. É questionada a funcionalidade das audiências e da prova oral. É enfatizado que o papel da conciliação é promover o acesso à justiça, e não reduzir gastos públicos. De outro lado, é sustentado que a garantia de um processo justo é compatível com um procedimento escrito. À guisa de conclusão, é afirmado que a oralidade não pode ser tratada exclusivamente no plano dos princípios. Com o consenso das partes, pode o juiz customizar as audiências e a colheita das provas visando dar maior eficiência ao processo. / This essay overriding objective is to present Orality and Writing in Civil Procedure in a Case Management view. By doing so, it is denied that orality constitutes a formative principle of Civil Procedure, rather than a technical choice given to the court in order to bring more efficiency to the procedure. The oral hearing and proof gathering functionality is also questioned. It is emphasized that the role of conciliation is to improve access to justice and it is not its aim to reduce public expenses. In another hand, its sustained that the guarantee of a fair public hearing is compatible with a writing procedure. As a conclusion, it is said that orality and writing cannot be treated exclusively as a matter of principle. With the consent of the parties, the judge can customize the hearings and proof taking, giving more efficiency to the civil procedure.

by Ng Tin-fu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-85). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ABSTRACT (CHINESE VERSION) --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Background of the study --- p.1 / Purpose of the study --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Introduction --- p.4 / The concept of case management --- p.5 / The definition of case management --- p.5 / Outcome evaluation of case management --- p.7 / Case management models --- p.11 / The application of case management in CPNS --- p.14 / Who should be the case managers --- p.16 / Qualifications of case managers --- p.17 / "The roles, functions and work practices of case managers" --- p.18 / Difficulties encountered by case managers --- p.20 / Perceptions of case managers towards case management --- p.22 / Summary --- p.25 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY / Introduction --- p.27 / Objectives of the study --- p.27 / Context of the study --- p.28 / Operational definitions --- p.28 / Methodology --- p.29 / Sampling --- p.31 / Data collection --- p.32 / Gaining assess to the field --- p.36 / Ethical consideration --- p.37 / Pre-pilot preparation --- p.38 / Pilot study --- p.38 / Data analysis --- p.39 / Issues of validity and reliability --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULT AND DISCUSSION / Introduction --- p.45 / Description of the community psychiatric nursing service under this study --- p.46 / Demographic characteristics of case managers --- p.47 / "The roles, functions and work practices of case managers" --- p.49 / Difficulties perceived by case managers --- p.62 / Perception of case managers towards case management --- p.66 / Summary --- p.69 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- Conclusions / Limitation of the study --- p.71 / Implication for nursing practice --- p.72 / Recommendation for further research --- p.76 / Conclusions --- p.77 / REFERENCES --- p.79

The rationale of this research is to present a scientifically founded comparative study regarding parole. The comparisons are summarised on a theoretical and fundamental basis regarding: Release on parole:: A Penological Comparative Study, in order to highlight the diverse approaches to parole by certain countries. In this study the statutary and policy making management methodology of parole by correctional systems and parole boards is couched in an overview of literature, using the historical development of parole as the general point of departure. Countries included in the research are, the United States of America, Australia and Britain with specific reference to Alabama, New York, Georgia, New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australië respectively The overview of literature and concommittant empirical investigation, defines and discusses specific and relevant legislation that culminates in the operationalisation and management of the granting of parole. The contemporary operationalisation applicable to the re-integration and treatment of the offender in the community is discussed and the reality in the practical exercise of supervision and control over the offender on parole, is also incorporated into this study. It is clearly discernable in the study that the South African parole system is based on international trends in which important influences emmanate from Australia and the United States of America During considerations regarding parole natural justice as a fundamental right of an offender is considered in light of the audi alteram partem rule. / Penology / D. Litt et Phil. (Penology)

El objetivo principal de esta tesis es evaluar la efectividad de un programa de gestión de casos frente a un programa de atención estándar en personas con esquizofrenia. El objetivo principal se operacionalizó en tres objetivos consecutivos. Del objetivo preliminar surge el Estudio 1 que revisa la literatura sobre la gestión de casos. La gestión de casos ha experimentado importantes cambios y los modelos tradicionales están en desuso. Los resultados de las revisiones metanalíticas sobre la eficacia de la gestión de casos son heterogéneos. Las características de los pacientes y la fidelidad al programa podrían estar asociadas a los efectos de la gestión de casos. Se sugiere el desarrollo de estrategias de gestión de casos que ofrezcan diferentes grados de intensidad según las necesidades del paciente. Del objetivo intermedio surgen los estudios 2, 3 y 4. Estos estudios se han centrado en la validación, en población con esquizofrenia, de la World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version, la Disability Assessment Schedule Short Form y la DUKE-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Las tres escalas muestran puntuaciones fiables y válidas, y son instrumentos útiles para la valoración psicosocial de esta población. Del objetivo específico se derivan los estudios 5 y 6. El estudio 5 incide en el conocimiento de las necesidades de los pacientes con esquizofrenia asignados a un programa de gestión de casos. Se hace una propuesta de criterios y de variables a considerar cuando se incluya a un paciente en dicho programa así como de reconfiguración del mismo. El estudio 6 analiza la efectividad de un programa de gestión de casos frente a un programa de atención estándar. El grupo de pacientes en gestión de casos muestra peor funcionamiento y mayor uso de servicios que el grupo en programa estándar en la evaluación inicial. Al seguimiento, ambos grupos mejoran y el grupo en gestión de casos alcanza niveles similares a los del grupo en atención estándar en la mayoría de variables. Esta tesis profundiza en el conocimiento de dos modalidades de tratamiento comunitario del Servicio Catalán de Salud. Ambas son efectivas y podrían ofrecerse consecutivamente según necesidades del paciente. / The psychiatric deinstitutionalization leaded to an increase of community resources for persons with Severe Mental Illness (SMI). These resources include the so-called case management programs that aim to organize, coordinate and integrate the resources available for patient care through continuous contact with one or more key workers. The Mental Health Strategy of the Spanish National Health System (2007) recommends case management programs for the coordination, access and use of mental health resources. However, these programs are not implemented throughout and there are differences between Autonomous Communities. In Catalonia, these programs are available at Adult Mental Health Mental Health Care Centres of the State Mental Health Network of the Catalan Health Service. Specifically, the Severe Mental Illness Specific Care Program, known as PAE-TMS, covers the health care for most patients with SMI so it is particularly important to assess its effectiveness. This PhD thesis addresses this issue and its main objective is to assess the effectiveness of the PAE-TMS versus a standard treatment program (STP) in persons with schizophrenia. This objective was operationalized in three consecutive objectives: 1) preliminary objective: literature review of case management; 2) intermediate objective: validation of assessment instruments in persons with schizophrenia, and 3) specific objective: to improve knowledge of the needs of patients with schizophrenia included in the PAE-TMS and analyze its effectiveness. Each goal is associated with one or more studies. The preliminary objective leads to study 1. It reviews the literature regarding the origins, principles, tasks, models and effects of case management programs. This study shows that case management has undergone major changes over time and that the traditional models seem not to be in use, as evidenced by the most recent models. The results of meta-analytic reviews of the effectiveness of case management programs are diverse. Recent studies suggest that some variables, such as patient characteristics and fidelity to the program, may be associated with the effectiveness of case management. It is suggested, therefore, the development of case management strategies that may offer different degrees of intensity depending on patients’ needs. The intermediate goal leads to studies 2, 3 and 4. These studies are psychometric and have focused on the validation in persons with schizophrenia of the following instruments: the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version, the Disability Assessment Schedule Short Form and the DUKE-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. The three instruments showed good psychometric properties. Their scores are reliable and valid and, therefore, are useful and appropriate for the assessment of quality of life, disability and social support in persons with schizophrenia. The specific goal leads to studies 5 and 6. The study 5 provides a better understanding of the needs of patients with schizophrenia assigned to the PAE-TMS or the STP. We suggest criteria and variables that may be considered when assigning a patient to the PAE-TMS. Considering these variables, we suggest a reconfiguration of the program by means of the addition of evidence-based elements. The study 6 assesses the effectiveness of the PAE-TMS versus the STP. At baseline, the group of patients in the PAE-TMS showed a profile characterized by worse clinical and psychosocial functioning and greater use of services than patients in the STP. At one year follow-up, both groups improved and the group in the PAE-TMS achieved a similar level to that in the STP group in most outcomes. This PhD thesis provides a deeper insight into two modalities of care that target the care of most of persons with SMI in the Catalan Health Service. The PAE-TMS and the STP are effective and could be offered consecutively according to patients’ needs.

勞動市場彈性化導致企業開始採非典型僱用，公部門亦跟進彈性化趨勢，藉此舒解人事預算有限之壓力，我國公立就業服務機構許多核心業務亦為如此，而本研究重點於個案管理員勞動處境之探究。 個案管理員的服務對象為複雜性較高的弱勢族群，藉由案主所需，擬定長期性之服務計畫，協助其順利進入勞動市場。而個案管理從開辦此業務以來已有十多年之久，顯然並非公立就業服務機構的暫時性業務，但卻以非典型僱用方式，以政府的暫僱人力(自聘人力)與勞動派遣方式解套核心業務的人力需求。個案管理工作本為服務就業弱勢者，卻將提供服務者(個案管理員)同樣推入弱勢勞動處境，尤其身為勞動派遣身分，在工作場所之中面對政府的自聘人力或是正式公務員，更凸顯其勞動弱勢之狀態。 透過本研究的個案管理工作探討與勞動處境之檢視，本文提出以下之建議： 一、個案管理模式：(一)需改善程序模式的缺點(二)簡化個案管理員之工作(三)追求績效的同時，亦重視服務品質(四)擴充可利用之資源(五)個案管理仍有成為獨立業務之必要 二、個案管理員之勞動處境而言：(一)政府全面直接僱用個案管理員(二)杜絕勞動派遣人力(三)自僱人力全面簽訂不定期契約，人事預算編列上由單位內部所聘僱 (四)擁有合理的薪資調幅以及升遷制度，至少縮小與公務人員之間的差距。如此個案管理工作能夠被視為長久且有具發展性之工作，自然願意長時間駐守此一工作崗位並且全力以赴地協助弱勢者，對於我國公立就業服務機構而言定能有積極正面之助益。 / Labor market flexibility leads the private companies to adopt atypical employment. However, the government institutions also follow this rule to solve the problem of limited personnel budget so that public employment agencies start to adopt atypical employment. Case management was adopted by public employment agencies in 2002 to enhance the performance of public employment service. However, case managers are hired either on fixed-term basis or as dispatched workers. As a result, their working conditions, labor rights and service quality become a great concern. This study would like to discuss the concerned issue and attempt to offer policy recommendations. Case managers help the disadvantaged groups to enter the labor market and they usually need to face the highly complex problem. They should understand the needs of vulnerable clients and make long-term plans to assist them to successfully enter the labor market. The work of case managers has been existed at least for ten years, suggesting that it is not a temporary work. But public employment agencies do not treat them as regular employees to meet their manpower needs. Case managers are supposed to serve those disadvantaged groups, but now their plight is the same as that of their vulnerable clients, which makes their service in jeopardy. Based on the investigation of the working conditions of case managers, policy recommendations are as follows: 1.For the model of case management: (1) Improving assessment model (2) Simplifying the work of the case manager (3) Pursuing quantitative goals while not neglecting qualitative ends as its performance indicators (4) Expanding available resources (5) The job of case management is necessary and needs to be treated as an independent task. 2.For the working condition of case manager: (1) Case managers are to be employed on a permanent basis (2) Eliminating the dispatched employment (3) working conditions should be reasonable. Thus, case management should be considered as a long-term work that has a career prospect in order to provide better service for the disadvantaged groups and help enhance the performance of public employment agencies.