Technological developments such as social media have created challenges for DMOs (destination marketing organisations or destination management organisations). DMOs are trying to keep up with development of new social media platforms including Instagram. Academic literature shows that there is very little known about the usage of Instagram by DMOs. Research on this topic is still in its infancy. This thesis aims to find out how Leeuwarden and Amsterdam, two cities in the Netherlands, are utilising Instagram by using affordances approaches of Kietzmann et al. and Spector. A qualitative case study, as well as a content analysis and interviews provide insight in DMOs usage of Instagram affordances, which is the purpose of this thesis. Findings show that both Leeuwarden and Amsterdam mostly use similar ways in utilising the affordances by Kietzmann et al. and Spector. The honeycomb model by Kietzmann et al. shows that the affordances of Instagram mainly focus on sharing, identity and relationships. Instagram does in a very limited way focus on groups. Spector’s affordances show that collaboration, interaction and creativity are most important. Reflection, dialogue, organisation and inquiry are not important.

Teacher retention is a global challenge, and many developed and developing countries are struggling to staff and retain teachers in schools, particularly in low-performing, remote, and less desirable areas. In most of these countries, Tanzania in particular, the efficacy of fiscally inclined teachers’ retention strategies continues to be dubious. The aim of this study is to explore teachers’ perceived school level challenges and the support of retaining teachers in remote secondary schools in Tanzania. The study is inspired by a supportive management theoretical framework, particularly Organizational Support, Leader-Member Exchange and Coworkers’ Exchange. It is motivated by a pragmatic knowledge claim. Data were sequentially collected in three phases using interviews and survey questionnaires. A sample included 258 secondary schools teachers from 28 remote schools in the Dodoma region in central Tanzania. Mixed methods data analysis techniques were used. The current study identifies younger males of a well-educated and experienced teaching workforce as being the chief staffing in remote Tanzanian secondary schools. Such a teaching workforce is challenging to retain in remote areas, as it is rarely satisfied with the teaching career and highly susceptible to frequently changing employers and working contexts. Moreover, findings show that teachers perceive problems related to housing, social services, conflicts in schools, the inability to influence changes in schools, the teaching and learning situation and limited opportunities as the chief reasons for not remaining in remote schools. Furthermore, findings show that teachers perceive meaningful retention support as being contextually definitive. The catalyst is high quality exchanges amongst teachers which spearhead the development of intra- and extra-role practices, school citizenship behaviours, intraschool social capital (an investment), all of which could bind teachers together, enhancing performing and supporting each other beyond formal contracts. Such a situation triggers teachers’ beliefs that changes, improvement, adaptability and survival within difficult remote environments is possible, and this consequently influences the intention to voice and/or conversely, to exit. Teachers’ empowerment, justice practices and working voicing arenas are important practices for enhancing retention support, especially in remote areas.

The aim of this study was to explore some social workers’ and psychologists’ perspectives ontheir collaboration concerning unaccompanied refugee children. More specifically; in which situations do the social workers and psychologists collaborate with each other in their work with unaccompanied refugee children and what challenges and possibilities do they describe in their collaborative work? This qualitative study was carried out in one municipality in Sweden with a high quantity of unaccompanied refugee children. Three social workers and two psychologists were interviewed. The interviewees described existing collaboration between the two professions when working with unaccompanied refugee children as regarding the young person ́s health. Most often the collaboration was described as taking place in so called sip-meetings that is an obligatory meeting between the two professions regarding the young person's health. However, also challenges regarding their collaboration as lack of resources and communication between these two professions emerged and are discussed.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att bidra med kunskap om de deltagande förskollärares tan-kar och uppfattningar om flerspråkighet i förskolan samt hur dessa förskollärare arbetar för att främja flerspråkiga förmågor. Till grund för denna kvalitativa studie ligger semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra förskollärare från två olika förskolor. Resultatet visar att de deltagande förskollärarna har ett tvetydigt förhållningssätt till flerspråkighet som innehåller utmaningar och möjligheter. Det visar också att de dominerande språkaktiviteterna i verksamheten be-handlar det svenska språket och att flerspråkiga barn får närma sig sitt modersmål i mindre grad. / The aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge about the participant preschool te-achers’ thoughts and conceptions regarding multilingualism in preschool and how preschool teachers work to further children’s multilingual abilities. In this qualitative study four pre-school teachers from two different preschools were interviewed using semi-structured intervi-ews. The result shows that preschool teachers have a ambiguously approach thoughts regar-ding multilingualism containing both challenges and possibilities. The result also shows that most language activities in the preschool only concern the Swedish language while the mul-tilingual children have less contact with their native language.

Orientador: Timóteo Ramos Queiroz / Coorientador: Rodolfo Cláudio Spers / Coorientador: Sérgio Silva Braga Júnior / Resumo: A piscicultura apresenta-se como uma atividade emergente de extrema importância no contexto mundial para produção de alimentos. Assim, para obter bons resultados na produção de peixes, deve-se considerar a importância da formulação da dieta, que está relacionada a qualidade dos ingredientes que irão compor a ração. Entretanto, devido aos custos das matérias primas, a formulação de dietas para peixes apresenta-se como um desafio. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho possui o objetivo de apresentar as oportunidades e os desafios para a indústria de ração para piscicultura no Brasil. Esta apresentação é feita a partir de dois capítulos complementares em que, cada um, aborda um objetivo específico. O objetivo do primeiro capítulo é apresentar um panorama da produção de rações para peixes no Brasil e analisar as oportunidades para o setor de produção de rações para peixes. O objetivo do segundo capítulo é identificar os desafios na nutrição de peixes para o setor de produção de rações no Brasil. O estudo foi realizado a partir de revisões bibliográficas, aplicação de questionários e análise estatística nas quais constatou-se que setor de rações para peixes tem apresentado um dinamismo nos últimos dez anos, intensificando sua demanda. Entretanto observa-se que a produção de rações para peixes no Brasil ainda representa uma pequena parcela da produção mundial. Também se verificou a existência de dificuldades no processo de escolha de ingredientes relacionadas a sua composição química e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fish farming is an emerging activity of extreme importance in the global context for food production. Thus, in order to obtain good results in fish production, the importance of the formulation of the diet, which is related to the quality of the ingredients that make up the feed, should be considered. However, due to the costs of raw materials, the formulation of fish diets presents itself as a challenge. Thus, the present work has the objective of presenting the opportunities and the challenges for the fish industry in Brazil. This presentation is made from two complementary chapters in which, each one, addresses a specific objective. The objective of the first chapter is to present an overview of fish feed production in Brazil and to analyze the opportunities for the fish feed production sector. The objective of the second chapter is to identify the challenges in fish nutrition for the food production sector in Brazil. The study was carried out based on bibliographic reviews, application of questionnaires and statistical analysis in which it was found that the fish feed sector has shown a dynamism in the last ten years, intensifying its demand. However, it is observed that the production of fish feed in Brazil still represents a small share of world production. There were also difficulties in the process of choosing ingredients related to their chemical composition and coefficient of digestibility, species-specific nutrition, vertical integration of the sector, as well as p... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, por meio de microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT), o volume de remanescente de diferentes materiais obturadores (AH Plus e BC Sealer), após o uso do instrumento R50 e de técnicas complementares (inserto ultrassônico e instrumento XP-endo Finisher R) em canais radiculares ovais. Vinte e oito raízes distais de molares inferiores, com canal único e oval, foram selecionadas por micro-CT, preparados com instrumento R40 (40.06), e obturados com os seguintes cimentos: AH Plus (n = 14) e BC Sealer (n = 14), e submetidos à ciclagem térmica. Em seguida foi realizada a remoção inicial com R50 e os dentes foram escaneados no micro-CT para determinação do volume remanescente inicial de material obturador, e posterior complementação com inserto ultrassônico (n = 7) ou XP-endo Finisher R (n = 7). Os espécimes foram novamente escaneados, e a partir do volume inicial de material obturador (volinicial) e volume de material obturador remanescente (volrem) em mm3, obteve-se a % de volume de material remanescente após as técnicas de complementação (%volrem=volrem×100/volinicial). Para a análise qualitativa, as imagens de MEV e os modelos tridimensionais obtidos por micro-CT, foram avaliados em relação à presença/ausência e localização do remanescente de material obturador nos canais radiculares. Os dados de %volrem e volume remanescente de material obturador após o uso do instrumento R50 (%volR50) foram comparados pelo teste T, e os dados de %volrem foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA, seguido de teste de Tukey (nível de probabilidade de 95%). Considerando o canal como um todo, as técnicas de complementação promoveram redução significativa do volume remanescente de material obturador, sendo que menores valores foram observados quando utilizado o inserto ultrassônico (8,93 ± 6,12) em relação ao XP-endo Finisher R (16,26 ± 14,71) (P = 0,043). Quanto aos cimentos, pode-se observar que o BC Sealer apresentou maiores quantidades de remanescente (18,87 ± 13,42) quando comparado ao cimento AH Plus (6,33 ± 4,25) (P < 0,001). Em relação à avaliação por terços radiculares, observou-se que quando utilizado o instrumento XP-endo Finisher R, não houve diferença do volume de material remanescente entre os terços, independente do cimento obturador utilizado (P > 0,05). Entretanto, ao se utilizar inserto ultrassônico e cimento AH Plus, maiores valores de volume de material remanescente foram observados no terço apical (23,08 ± 18,1) (P < 0,001), e quando utilizado o BC Sealer, no terço médio (15,53 ± 6,0) (P = 0,022). Conclui-se que as técnicas de complementação aumentaram a remoção de material obturador, entretanto, nenhuma das técnicas removeu por completo o material obturador do canal radicular, principalmente quando o dente foi obturado com o cimento BC Sealer / The aim of the present study was to evaluate, by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), the remaining volume of different filling materials (AH Plus and BC Sealer) after using the R50 instrument and supplementary techniques (ultrasonic insert and XP-endo Finisher R instrument) in oval-shaped root canals. Twenty-eight distal roots of mandibular molars with single and oval-shaped canals, verified by micro-CT, were prepared with R40 instrument (40.06), and filled with the following sealers: AH Plus (n = 14) and BC Sealer (n = 14), and subjected to thermocycling. Then, the initial removal was performed with R50 and the samples were scanned in micro-CT to determine the initial remaining filling material volume, and subjected to the supplementary techniques with ultrasonic tip (n = 7) or XP-endo Finisher R (n = 7). The specimens were again scanned, and the initial volume of filling material (volinitial) and the final volume of filling material after the supplementary techniques (volfinal), obtained in mm3, were used to calculate the volume % of remaining filling material (%volrem=volrem×100/volinitial). For the qualitative analysis, the SEM images and the three-dimensional models obtained by micro-CT were evaluated regarding the presence/absence and location of the remaining filling material in the root canals after retreatment. The data of %volrem and volume of the remaining filling material after R50 (%volR50) were compared by the T test, and the %volrem data were submitted to the ANOVA and Tukey tests (95% probability level). Considering the entire root canal, the supplementary techniques promoted significant reduction of the volume of the remaining filling material, and lower values were observed for the ultrasonic tip (8.93 ± 6.12) when compared to XP-endo Finisher R (16.26 ± 14.71) (P = 0.043). Regarding the different sealers, BC Sealer presented higher amounts of remaining material (18.87 ± 13.42) when compared to AH Plus (6.33 ± 4.25) (P <0.001). The evaluation by root thirds showed that when the XP-endo Finisher R instrument was used, there was no difference in the volume of remaining material between the thirds, regardless the sealer used (P > 0.05). However, when using ultrasonic tip and AH Plus, higher values were observed in the apical third (23.08 ± 18.1) (P <0.001), and when the BC Sealer was used, in the middle third 15.53 ± 6.0) (P = 0.022). It was concluded that supplementary techniques increased the removal, however, none of the techniques completely removed the root canal filling material, especially when the tooth was filled with BC Sealer. with R40 instrument (40.06), and filled with the following sealers: AH Plus (n = 14) and BC Sealer (n = 14), and subjected to thermocycling. Then, the initial removal was performed with R50 and the samples were scanned in micro-CT to determine the initial remaining filling material volume, and subjected to the supplementary techniques with ultrasonic tip (n = 7) or XP-endo Finisher R (n = 7). The specimens were again scanned, and the initial volume of filling material (volinitial) and the final volume of filling material after the supplementary techniques (volfinal), obtained in mm3, were used to calculate the volume % of remaining filling material (%volrem=volrem×100/volinitial). For the qualitative analysis, the SEM images and the three-dimensional models obtained by micro-CT were evaluated regarding the presence/absence and location of the remaining filling material in the root canals after retreatment. The data of %volrem and volume of the remaining filling material after R50 (%volR50) were compared by the T test, and the %volrem data were submitted to the ANOVA and Tukey tests (95% probability level). Considering the entire root canal, the supplementary techniques promoted significant reduction of the volume of the remaining filling material, and lower values were observed for the ultrasonic tip (8.93 ± 6.12) when compared to XP-endo Finisher R (16.26 ± 14.71) (P = 0.043). Regarding the different sealers, BC Sealer presented higher amounts of remaining material (18.87 ± 13.42) when compared to AH Plus (6.33 ± 4.25) (P <0.001). The evaluation by root thirds showed that when the XP-endo Finisher R instrument was used, there was no difference in the volume of remaining material between the thirds, regardless the sealer used (P > 0.05). However, when using ultrasonic tip and AH Plus, higher values were observed in the apical third (23.08 ± 18.1) (P <0.001), and when the BC Sealer was used, in the middle third 15.53 ± 6.0) (P = 0.022). It was concluded that supplementary techniques increased the removal, however, none of the techniques completely removed the root canal filling material, especially when the tooth was filled with BC Sealer

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze how social workers within social services experience and handle the communication as well as problems in interpreted meetings. Furthermore to examine the need for education for interpreter users. The aim was to get an increased understanding of interpreted meetings from social workers perspective and thereby inspire to improve the work to the benefit the client. The study was conducted in one municipality with six social workers, using qualitative semi-structured interviews. This method was chosen with the purpose to enable follow-up questions and in-depth answers. The analysis was based on the mathematical theory of communication and the theory about street-level bureaucracy. The results of this study showed that using only verbal communication becomes an uncertain element in the meeting. Our conclusion is that noise occurs in different ways in the interpreted conversation. Since the communication forms the basis for the personal treatment, the clients can consequently receive inferior treatment and support. Moreover, we found that problems in interpreted meetings are being handled differently by the social workers. One possible way is to place counterclaims towards the interpreter and take control over the meeting. Furthermore we found that social workers has a need for education in interpreted meetings but not in a extensive way. Our conclusion is that the lack of education and guidelines in interpreted meetings becomes an important part of social workers discretion and that there can be both positive and negative effects.

Focusing on the case study of the so-called ‘European refugee crisis’ in Greece since 2015, the research highlights new insights into the motivations, experiences, and challenges of international volunteers in humanitarian relief operations. Unlike previous analyses on volunteer motivations, this study’s analytical framework is built on a combination of the functional (psychological) and symbolic (sociological) approach to the theory of motivation. With the help of Clary and Snyder’s Volunteer Functions Inventory, seven motivations of volunteers are outlined. Further, volunteers’ challenges, including psychological stressors are identified with the help of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Building on a mixed methods research design, 66 responses to an online survey were enriched with data from six in-depth interviews. The study displays volunteers’ typical socio-demographic characteristics to be young, female European students, who come to Greece on their own, who finance their stay through personal income, and who tend to stay between one to three months. The analysis reveals volunteers’ motivations to be first and foremost altruistic; however, internationals are also influenced by other, more self-centered motivations, including their desire to learn through hands-on skills, and to advance their career. Motivations to prolong their volunteer commitment or to return to Greece particularly include social bonds built during previous engagements, the incentive to reduce feelings of guilt over being more fortunate than others, and the desire to relive experiences of increased self-fulfillment and personal growth. Dividing the sample by gender and age illustrates somewhat differing motivations among the sub-samples, leading to the conclusion that volunteers’ motivations are diverse, multifaceted, fluid, and placed somewhere along a spectrum between altruistic and egoistic aspirations. The study of people’s experiences overall suggests high satisfactions among the volunteers; however, sentiments of feeling at times overwhelmed and stressed are very present among most volunteers, regardless the length of their stay Greece or their performed activities. The workload, a too heavy burden of responsibility, lack of sufficient time to reenergize, lack of managerial support, and conflicts among volunteers particularly have the potential to lead to emotional exhaustion, depersonalized behavior, and challenges when returning home.

In view of the unprecedented escalation in unplanned teenage pregnancies in South Africa, this research study sought to explore contributing factors, consequences, challenges, needs and coping strategies surrounding teenage pregnancy. The study was based on a qualitative research paradigm. The research used purposive sampling as a strategy to target three particular categories of individuals for investigations (i.e. parents/caregivers, teenagers and teachers). Semi-structured interview schedules were the instruments used to gather data during face-to-face interviews with the participants. The sample consisted of eight teenage mothers and one expectant teenage mother in Grade 9 to Grade 12; six parents who had children who had experienced teenage pregnancy and six teachers who were or are teaching teenagers. In order to analyze the qualitative data, a typical form of thematic content analysis was utilised. The main conclusion based on the research findings was that the challenges, needs and coping strategies perceived by the three groups of participants were similar and associated with one another. Although most of the most of the findings coming to the fore have also been apparent in previous research studies, it enhanced the knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy from a triangulation perspective, namely teenagers and primary role players in their lives. It is hoped that the recommendations made, based on the research findings, will lead to improved social work intervention strategies, and services offered by other people responsible for addressing this social problem in the South African context..

Context. With the rapid development of mobile devices, mobile applications have occupied an increasingly large market. Software testing is an important factor in ensuring software quality [59]. In order to develop high-quality mobile applications, software companies are increasingly paying attention to mobile application testing. We found that there are relatively few studies on mobile application testing methods and tools in the real industry, and this direction of research has been very helpful for some software companies' mobile application testing, so we chose this direction for exploratory research. Objectives. The purpose of our research is to investigate the software company's field of mobile application testing. We mainly study the methods and tools of mobile application testing that are now popular in enterprises, the challenges faced by mobile application testing in software companies and how they solve challenges. Method. We used two methods to answer our research questions. We chose literature review and survey as research methods. The literature review method gives us an insight into the areas of expertise and mobile testing. Survey is used to answer our research questions. Our data collection method is the questionnaire survey method. When we completed the data collection, we performed statistics and analysis on the data and answered our research questions. Result. Through the literature review method, we summarize the methods and tools for mobile application testing in the literature. By sending 46 surveys to different software companies, we analyzed and analyzed the methods and tools for mobile application testing that are popular in the enterprise and the reasons for choosing these methods. We also listed the company's mobile application testing. Challenges and solutions encountered. Conclusions. We answered all the research questions. We analyzed the feedback from 46 questionnaires and got information about mobile application testing. We read a lot of literature and summarized the relevant conclusions in the literature. Our findings can help people in related fields, and we can provide them with 46 data and analysis results. We can also provide mobile application methods and tools that are popular among readers in the enterprise.