An increased focus on the development of autonomous safety-critical systems requiresmore attention at ensuring safety of humans and the environment. The mainobjective of this thesis is to explore the state of the art and to identify the safetyrelatedchallenges being addressed for using autonomy in safety-critical systems. Inparticular, the thesis explores the nature of these challenges, the different autonomylevels they address and the type of safety measures as proposed solutions. Above all,we focus on the safety measures by a degree of adaptiveness, time of being activeand their ability of decision making. Collection of this information is performedby conducting a Systematic Literature Review of publications from the past 9 years.The results showed an increase in publications addressing challenges related to theuse of autonomy in safety-critical systems. We managed to identify four high-levelclasses of safety challenges. The results also indicate that the focus of research wason finding solutions for challenges related to full autonomous systems as well assolutions that are independent of the level of autonomy. Furthermore, consideringthe amount of publications, results show that non-learning solutions addressing theidentified safety challenges prevail over learning ones, active over passive solutionsand decisive over supportive solutions.

Haulage contractors are companies that are responsible for delivery of goods with use of trucks and vans. Previous research focus more on the haulage contractor industry in general. This study focuses on what challenges the haulage contractor industry is facing from the view of managers working in local area distribution in Sweden. We also examine what key tools and solutions are used to meet the challenges the industry is facing and what are the reasoning behind these actions.   We propose two research questions. The first question is what challenges the Swedish haulage contractor industry is facing. The second examines what strategies and tools are used by management to adapt to changes in the industry. The study is based on 5 interviews with management in haulage contractor firms and 2 interviews with representatives from industry organizations, for a total of 7 interviews. The interviews were qualitative and performed over phone and face-to-face. By analyzing interviews using thematic analysis we find that the ownership, age and size of a firm impact how it adapts to changes. The adaptation is among others in terms of investments in technologies and collaboration. Another finding is that the industry representatives perceive that customers and legislators do not understand the crucial role the haulage contractor industry plays in the economy which has its negative impacts on the industry.

Background:          The growing number of electric vehicles gives rise to a whole new reverse supply chain. Once the electric vehicle batteries reach their end-of-life, societal and governmental pressure forces automotive manufacturers to set up a network for disposing the hazardous batteries. Although, the volumes of returned batteries remain low, volumes will increase in upcoming years. Current networks and processes related to the return flow of electric vehicle batteries are not well established, nor well defined. Thus, creating an urgency to develop efficient collection networks.   Purpose:                  The purpose of this study is to investigate how reverse logistics networks are currently set up and to provide an overview of how the different actors and processes are connected. In addition, this thesis aims to identify challenges encountered by logistics providers and recyclers. By doing so, we hope to contribute to the research gap of which factors that constitutes a bottleneck for further development of the reverse logistics chain of electric vehicle batteries.   Method:                  The thesis conducts an interview study and is qualitative in nature. Semi-structured interviews generated empirical data, which was analysed through cross-case analysis incorporating a thematic analysis. Through this analysis we were able to achieve new theoretical understandings in connection to institutional theory.   Conclusion:             Through empirical findings a detailed framework of the reverse logistics chain of EVBs is portrayed. Furthermore, different challenges span over the processes illustrated in the framework. This presents an overview which is not found in current literature and extends current research on this topic.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of how to successfully collaborate on digital platforms in the manufacturing industry by developing a contingency framework. To fulfill this purpose, the following research questions were derived: RQ1: Which challenges arise when collaborating on digital platforms in the manufacturing industry? and RQ2: How can collaboration challenges on digital platforms in the manufacturing industry be managed? Method – The study was conducted as an explorative, inductive single case study of a digital platform. More specifically, the study examined the development process of a digital twin platform created by a large high-technological company and its collaborative actors. In total, 21 interviews were conducted at eight different companies. The respondents all had experience of digital twin platforms, where some were working with digital twins sporadically and others on a daily basis. The data were analyzed through a thematic analysis. Findings – The analysis reveals that actors on digital platforms can face five types of challenges that hinder a successful collaboration: disadvantages of dependency, uncertainty regarding data management, varying customer needs, insufficient work methods, and unsuitable payment models. The analysis also reveals four strategies that can be used to address the challenges: transparency strategy, incentive model strategy, servitization strategy, and control strategy. Moreover, these findings are summarized in a contingency framework that explains which types of challenges that can be addressed with which strategies based on the specific prerequisites of each collaboration. Theoretical and practical implications – The study extends the digital platform literature by providing empirical evidence for several collaboration challenges among the actors on a digital platform, which has previously bee not been studied. Additionally, the study provides evidence of how these challenges can be addressed. Our framework helps manufacturing companies to successfully adopt digital platforms by providing managers with the tools to handle the required collaboration. Limitations and further research – The study is limited by a single case study of a specific digital platform. Thus, to extend the findings, further research that examines other contexts are recommended. Moreover, the establishment of the studied platform is currently in an early phase which limits the study to hypothetical challenges and management methods. To validate the findings, further research that examines a fully developed and implemented platform is recommended.

Em que medida a participação dos jovens nos coletivos juvenis afeta, e como afeta, os modos de transição para a vida adulta na atualidade? Esta foi a pergunta norteadora desta pesquisa, que se apoiou em uma abordagem qualitativa, por meio da realização de entrevistas compreensivas com 30 indivíduos jovens, sendo 17 homens e 13 mulheres, na faixa etária de 19 a 31 anos, participantes e ex-participantes de diferentes formas associativas juvenis da cidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa constatou que os processos de transição para a vida adulta são marcados por idas e vindas (PAIS, 2001) e identificou que a experiência nos grupos trouxe novos desafios para os jovens no trânsito para a vida adulta, em especial no campo do trabalho e da independência pessoal. A presença nos coletivos afetou as individualidades jovens nas suas diferentes gramáticas: do suporte, da identidade e do respeito (MARTUCCELLI, 2007). Possibilitou, também, forjar uma nova forma de viver a adultez, pautada na criatividade e no engajamento. Participar dos coletivos juvenis não afetou somente a transição, mas possibilitou reconfigurar o início da vida adulta, que ganhou novos contornos. Por fim, a pesquisa inferiu que as fronteiras entre ser jovem e ser adulto não são fixas e nem delimitadas de modo rígido, mas elásticas e porosas, o que permite aos indivíduos circularem entre os dois mundos no mesmo tempo histórico: são jovens que vivem a adultez e adultos que carregam consigo as experiências e o modo de vida de jovens. / In which way the participation of young people in youth collectives affect, and how does it, the modes of transition to adulthood today? This was the guiding question of this research, which was based on a qualitative approach, through the comprehensive interviews with 30 young individuals, 17 men and 13 women, in the age group of 19 to 31 years old, participants and former participants of different youth associations in the city of São Paulo. The survey has shown that the transition process to adult life are marked by comings and goings (PAIS, 2001) and identified that group experiences has brought new challenges for young people on the road to adulthood, especially in professional life and personal independence. The presence in the collective affected the young individuals in their different grammars: from support, identity and respect (MARTUCCELLI, 2007). Also provided to forge a new way of living adulthood, based on creativity and engagement. Participating in the youth groups did not only affect the transition, but allowed to reconfigure the beginning of adult life, which has gained new contours. Finally, the research inferred that the boundaries between being young and being an adult are not fixed or bounded in a rigid mode, but elastic and porous, allowing individuals to move between the two worlds at the same historical time: they are young people living adulthood and adults who carry the experiences and way of life of young people.

I Sverige utgör kommunerna en viktig roll i omställningsarbetet mot en hållbar utveckling. Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera kommunalt miljöarbete med ett särskilt fokus på landsbygdskommuners förutsättningar, genom att studera vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som finns. För att besvara uppsatsens syfte har semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med sju respondenter från sex olika kommuner genomförts. Analysen urskiljer resurser, kunskap, samverkan och politik som utmärkande faktorer gällande de studerade landsbygdskommunernas förutsättningar. De möjligheter som respondenterna upplever som mest betydande är samverkan med andra kommuner samt landsbygdskommunernas obyråkratiska organisationsstruktur, som främjar internt samarbete och färre beslutssteg. Bristen på ekonomiska resurser är en utmaning som har lett till personalbrist, tidsbrist och målkonflikter i miljöarbetet. Analysen visar att det finns behov av förändringar i dagens bidragsystem eftersom landsbygdskommunerna inte alltid har de förutsättningar som krävs för att söka eller nyttja de bidrag som finns. Politiska variationer till följd av mandatperioder har visat sig utgöra en utmaning som påverkar miljöfrågornas agendasättande och prioritering. Till följd av landsbygdskommunernas förutsättningar blir det strategiska miljöarbetet lidande, vilket gör att miljöarbetet i de studerade landsbygdskommunerna får en reaktiv karaktär snarare än en strategisk och förebyggande karaktär. Vidare visar studien att de studerade landsbygdskommunernas förutsättningar utgör större utmaningar än vad de skapar möjligheter i miljöarbetet. / In Sweden, the municipalities play an important role in the transition towards sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to analyze municipal environmental work with a special focus on rural municipalities' prerequisites, by studying the opportunities and challenges that exist. To answer the purpose of the thesis, semi-structured qualitative interviews with seven respondents from six different municipalities have been carried out. The analysis distinguishes resources, knowledge, collaboration and politics as distinctive factors regarding the studied rural municipalities' conditions. The opportunities that the respondents see as most significant are collaborations with other municipalities and the rural municipalities' non-bureaucratic organizational structure, which promotes internal cooperation and fewer decision-making steps. The lack of financial resources is a challenge that has led to staff shortages, lack of time, and goal conflicts in the environmental work. The analysis shows that there is a need for changes in the current grant system because the rural municipalities do not always have the prerequisites required to apply or use the grants available. Political variations due to mandate periods have proved to be a challenge that affects the agenda setting and prioritization of environmental issues. As a result of the rural municipalities' conditions, the strategic environmental work suffers, which means that the environmental work in the studied rural municipalities gets a reactive nature rather than a strategic and preventive nature. Furthermore, the study shows that the conditions of the rural municipalities studied create challenges that outweigh created opportunities in the environmental work.

Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source which has not yet had the same breakthrough as other renewables, e.g. solar PV and wind. There may still be some technical issues to be solved before geothermal can reach its full potential.One of these technical challenges concerns reinjection, i.e. the return of geothermal fluids back into the ground after surface energy extraction. In traditional geothermal energy utilization, hot geothermal fluid is brought up from underground reservoirs to the surface. Depending on the design of the power plant, the fluid can either be kept one-phased or get separated into two phases, i.e. hot steam and water. Hot steam, or vapor of another working fluid, is used to drive electricity generating turbines. Whether the condensate is returned back into to the ground after energy extraction, i.e. reinjected, is nowadays usually a matter of how rather than if. However, the magnitude and strategy varies in countries as well as for specific power plant operators.From a sustainable management perspective, the majority of operators as well as scientist agree that reinjection is the best way practice in order to take care of a resource and leave the smallest possible environmental footprint. However, it is a quite complicated and not always problem free operation. There are numerous examples where reinjection has led to complications such as scaling, induced seismicity and cooling of the reservoir. The purpose of this study was to describe the current status of geothermal reinjection from a neutral third-party perspective, e.g. by describing current obstacles and negative as well as positive outcomes. The aim is to conclude whether current technology is enough to successfully reinject, or if there are still some gaps of knowledge to fill. The method consists partly of a literature study of previously written technical reports but also of interviews with experts in the area. In addition, the study summarizes the legal framework regarding reinjection in some geothermal active countries, e.g. if it is required by law or not. Although currently technology is enough to do a fairly good job at reinjecting geothermal fluids, the result of the study also shows that there are still some technical barriers to overcome in order to fully optimize it. However, it remains the best currently known way to keep geothermal energy sustainable. Better technologies will be needed in order for geothermal to reach its fully green potential.

Vigora no Brasil um arcabouço legislativo, nacional e internacional, muito amplo e protetivo, que assegura o direito fundamental ao trabalho das pessoas com deficiência. Mais do que isso, desde 1991 existe no ordenamento jurídico pátrio uma lei de cotas que estabelece que as empresas privadas com 100 ou mais empregados estão obrigadas a preencher uma porcentagem de suas vagas de emprego com trabalhadores com deficiência, sob pena de serem multadas. Contudo, ainda há um número expressivo de pessoas com deficiência que não estão inseridas no mercado de trabalho. Desse modo, a presente pesquisa buscou identificar e explicar quais são os desafios que dificultam a inclusão das pessoas com deficiência nas empresas privadas brasileiras. Para tanto, além da exposição teórica, realizou-se uma pesquisa empírica com abordagem qualitativa no município de Ribeirão Preto, da qual participaram 28 sujeitos dentre pessoas com deficiências, funcionários do setor de recursos humanos das empresas privadas e membros de entidades de apoio e fiscalização ao trabalho da pessoa com deficiência. Para o exame dos dados empregou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo, resultando na identificação dos seguintes desafios para a inclusão da pessoa com deficiência no mercado de trabalho: falta de acessibilidade, preconceito e discriminação, preferência das pessoas com deficiência por benefícios assistenciais, baixa qualificação desses indivíduos e falta de atuação do poder público. Visando solucionar esses impasses, foram propostas diversas medidas como o uso de tecnologias assistivas, a implementação de escolas inclusivas, a revisão das regras dos benefícios assistenciais, a criação de incentivos fiscais, entre outros. Ao final, conclui-se que, embora a política de cotas deva ser mantida, a simples prescrição de leis para assegurar a inclusão da pessoa com deficiência no mercado de trabalho não irá mudar a sua realidade se os fatores que dificultam a efetivação do direito fundamental ao trabalho desses indivíduos não forem detectados, discutidos e minimizados por meio de uma ação conjunta entre o indivíduo, a família, a sociedade e o governo. / In Brazil there is national and international, broad and protective legislative framework, which guarantees the fundamental right of people with disabilities to also work. More than that, since 1991, there has been a quota\'s law in the country\'s legal system that establishes that private companies with 100 (one hundred) or more employees have to fill a percentage of their job vacancies with disabled workers, otherwise they will be fined. However, there are still a significant number of people with disabilities who are not included in the labor market. Thus, the present research sought to identify and explain the challenges that make it difficult to include people with disabilities in private Brazilian companies. For this, in addition to the theoretical exposition, an empirical research with a qualitative approach was carried out in the city of Ribeirão Preto, in which 28 subjects participated, among them, people with disabilities, employees of the human resources sector of private companies and members of entities that support and oversight the work of the disabled person. For the data review, the content analysis technique was used, resulting in the identification of the following challenges for the inclusion of people with disabilities in the labor market: (a) lack of accessibility; (b) preconception and discrimination; (c) preference of people with disabilities for assistance benefits; (d) low qualification of these individuals and; (e) lack of performance of the public order. Aiming to solve these deadlocks, several measures were proposed, such as the use of assistive technologies, the implementation of inclusive schools, review of the rules on assistance benefits, creation of tax incentives, among others. In the end, it is concluded that, although the quota\'s policy should be maintained, simply prescribing laws to ensure the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the labor market will not change their reality if the factors that prevent the effectiveness of the basic labor right of these individuals, are not detected, discussed and minimized through a joint action between the individual, family, society and government.

Bakgrund: Det råder stor brist på sjuksköterskor. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor är en grupp som löper hög risk att drabbas av utbrändhet och upp till var femte sjuksköterska överväger att lämna yrket inom sina första fem år. Många av de nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskorna känner sig oförberedda inför sjuksköterskeyrket och flera studier påvisar glappet mellan teori och praktik. Syfte: Att beskriva utmaningar den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan upplever under det första yrkesverksamma året. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en litteraturöversikt. Med hjälp av sökdatabaserna CINAHL och PubMed ligger totalt 20 artiklar till grund för resultatet. Resultat: Ett flertal faktorer beskrivs av nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor som utmaningar. Däribland glappet mellan teori och praktik, bristen på stöd och handledarskap, kunskapsbrist, dålig arbetsmiljö, bemanningsbrist samt en allt mer komplex vård med multisjuka patienter som kräver en expertis som den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan omöjligt kan besitta. Slutsats: Utmaningarna som presenteras i litteraturöversiktens resultat är välkända och globala problem men också påverkbara. Fokus bör ligga i både att tillsätta nya sjuksköterskor men framförallt i att värdera och ta vara på de som redan finns. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor behöver bättre stöd när de äntrar arbetslivet samt att utbildningen ses över för att motsvara verkligheten och förbereda inför arbetslivet så bra som möjligt. / Background: There is a great shortage of nurses. Newly graduated nurses are a group at high risk of being burned out and up to every fifth nurse is considering leaving the profession within its first five years. Many of the newly graduated nurses feel unprepared for the nursing profession and several studies show the gap between theory and practice. Aim: Describing challenges the newly graduated nurse experiences during the first year of working. Method: The study has been conducted as a literature review. With the help of the search databases CINAHL and PubMed, a total of 20 articles form the base for the result. Result: Several factors are described by newly graduated nurses as challenges. This includes a theory-practice gap, the lack of support and mentoring, a lack of knowledge, poor work environment, staff shortages and an increasingly complex care with patients have multiple ilnesses who require an expertise that the newly graduated nurse cannot possibly possess. Conclusion: The challenges presented in the literature review's results are well-known and global problems, but also influential. The focus should be on both appointing new nurses but more importantly valuing the ones already employed/working. Newly graduated nurses need better support when they enter the workplace, much also indicates that the education should be looked over in order to match the reality and prepare the students for work life as well as possible.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 28 / Nenhuma / O tempo político-social dos Estados contemporâneos desafia que ocorram outras formas de observação do constitucionalismo, o que se pode denominar de reconfigurações do constitucionalismo. A partir disso, procura-se desenvolver a pesquisa em três partes, relacionando-as com o passado, o presente e o futuro, mas não apenas no que tange ao processo de desenvolvimento das Constituições, porque isso seria um tanto quanto complicado, devido ao movimento constitucional ser formado por tempos contínuos e descontínuos ao longo da trajetória. Não se pretende desenvolver a história do constitucionalismo, mas relacionar este movimento com outro, denominado de cosmopolitismo. Primeiramente, são traçados aspectos relacionais, demonstrando que, mesmo não havendo uma mescla ou fusão, seria possível encontrar pontos de contato, desde os cínicos até o inacabado ideal kantiano de paz e hospitalidade universal. Na segunda parte, objetiva-se verificar o vínculo entre o presente e o futuro do constitucionalismo, sem olvidar que es / The new political social scope of contemporary States calls for a new overview of constitutionalism, a restructure of its concept. Thus the research is divided into three parts, related to the past, the present and the future, but concerning not only the developing process of Constitutions - as that would be an intricate task, having in mind that this process has continuous and discontinuous paths. The goal is not to trace the history of constitutionalism, but rather connect it with another theory, referred to as cosmopolitism. First, common characteristics are verified, showing that, even though there is no mixture or fusion, it would be possible to find similarities. Starting from cynic ones all the way to Kant’s unfinished ideal of peace and universal hospitality. Later, we turn to the analysis of the connection between the present and the future of constitutionalism, without forgetting that these periods comprehend the peak of globalization and the growing of cosmopolitism. In this manner, it is observ