Non contributory periods is one of the key issues in the public discussion on the planned reform of the pension system in the Czech Republic and is being widely discussed by economists, social scientists and political representatives. The PhD thesis focuses on a detailed analysis of non-contributory periods in the Czech pension system and their impact on pension system balance and micro and macro economic connections. It includes an international comparison of non contributory periods and a minute description of one selected non contributory period -- child care in selected European countries. The extent of non contributory periods considered in the pension system represents one of the theoretical possibilities of parametric changes to the pension insurance system. Non contributory periods are taken into account in pension schemes either because the individual is carrying out a non-wage-earning activity beneficial to society or because the individual through no fault of their own finds themselves in an (adverse) social situation which from a humanitarian perspective justifies their participation in pension insurance without making insurance payments. The institution of non contributory periods helps to secure the universality of the pension system, which enables the participation of economically inactive persons in the pension insurance system. The amount of non contributory periods or the proportion between non contributory periods and years worked, or the proportion between paid insurance and non contributory periods (potential loss of insurance contributions) has, to date, merely been estimated in the Czech Republic. This PhD thesis presents the first accurate figures, based on unique individual data on insured persons; methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, simulations were used and statistical methods were applied. The analysis reveals that non contributory periods are a significant element of the Czech pension system amounting to 22.4% of the total insurance period which is unacceptable especially as regards the principle of equivalence. The average duration of non-contributory periods for current pensioners is 8.7 years. The proportion of hypothetical insurance calculated from the average wage at potential total income from insurance was in the observed year 30% or 13% (calculation based on the minimum wage). Non contributory periods in the Czech pension system have a significant impact on its balance. Paying premiums for non contributory periods (included in pension law) would cause a decrease in the contribution rate to 18% (calculation based on the average wage). If non contributory periods were not considered, the potential savings on pensions paid out would be almost CZK 35 billion in the observed year. That represents 16.5% of expenditure on pension payments and more than twice the deficit of the pension insurance account for the observed year. Therefore the author recommends in the thesis the restriction of non contributory periods and the introduction of payments for such non-contributory periods from those people who will be entitled to a pension from such non contributory periods in the future.

Introdução: É crescente a discussão da segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) no cenário de políticas públicas nacional, principalmente com relação à atenção à saúde infantil. O nutricionista, por sua vez, é um dos profissionais aptos para desenvolver ações visando à SAN. Objetivo: Analisar as habilidades e competências adquiridas durante a graduação para a atuação em SAN entre nutricionistas que trabalham com crianças na atenção básica de saúde no Município de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo de natureza qualitativa, no qual foram investigados 16 nutricionistas da atenção básica de saúde graduados a partir de 2004 e 22 cursos de Graduação em Nutrição do município, tendo como referências o seu coordenador e os projetos político-pedagógicos (PPPs). A percepção acerca da formação foi verificada por meio das técnicas do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, utilizando-se de entrevistas individuais, e de grupo focal. Os PPPs foram confrontados com referenciais teóricos da área. Resultados: A experiência profissional mostrou-se mais significativa do que a formação obtida na Graduação, segundo os nutricionistas. Coordenadores e nutricionistas concordam que atividades de estágios, a disciplina saúde pública e aquelas da área das ciências humanas, a discussão da atuação interdisciplinar e a abordagem transversal de SAN são relevantes para a formação do profissional. Nutricionistas tendem a apontar a formação por eles obtida como insuficiente para aquisição de habilidades e competências para atuação em SAN para crianças, enquanto que os coordenadores sinalizam que os cursos apresentam estrutura favorável para tal. Os PPPs remetem à limitação do tema de SAN para crianças com relação aos objetivos dos cursos, perfil profissional e princípios norteadores, porém indicam habilidades e competências relativas a sistemas de saúde e políticas públicas de alimentação e de nutrição. Conclusão: Verificou-se convergência entre nutricionistas e coordenadores ao refletirem sobre os aspectos da formação que favorecem a atuação em SAN para o público infantil no âmbito da atenção básica, como a estrutura do curso, disciplinas ministradas e estratégias de ensino. Porém, estes divergem sobre a qualidade da formação obtida/oferecida, indicando que as possíveis propostas construídas e desenvolvidas pelos cursos para o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências não são percebidas pelos estudantes e, principalmente, limitam a sua tradução na prática profissional. / Introduction: The discussion on food security (FS) within the context of national public policies is increasing, mainly regarding attention to childrens health. Nutritionists, on their turn, are the professionals able to carry out actions based on FS. Objective: To analyze the skills and competences acquired during the graduation to work in FS among nutritionists who work with children on primary health care in the city of Sao Paulo. Methods: Qualitative study in which we investigated 16 primary health care nutritionists graduated from university from 2004 and on, and 22 graduate Nutrition courses in the city, using as reference their coordinators and political-pedagogical projects (PPP). The perception on formation was obtained by means of the techniques of the Discourse of the Collective Subject, using individual and focus group interviews. The PPPs were checked against the theoretical references of the area. Results: Professional experience showed to be more significant than the formation obtained in university, according to nutritionists. Coordinators and nutritionists agree that internship activities, public health subject and those subjects related to human sciences, the discussion on interdisciplinary work, and the transversal approach of FS are all relevant when it comes to formation of professionals. Nutritionists tend to point out that their formation is not enough to acquire the skills and competences to work with FS targeted at children, while coordinators indicate that the courses have structure that favor it. The PPPs remind us of the limitation of the FS for children theme regarding course goals, professional features, and guiding principles; however, they indicate skills and competences relating to health systems and public food and nutrition policies. Conclusion: It was verified that nutritionists and coordinators agree when reflecting about the formation aspects that favor the work in FS for children within the scope of basic care, as the course structure, the subjects and teaching strategies. Nonetheless, they disagree about the quality of formation obtained/offered, indicating that the possible proposals created and developed by the courses to develop skills and competences are not perceived by students and, mainly, restrict its translation into professional practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:17:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosane.pdf: 8924131 bytes, checksum: 4bde4835f815911109af1e4515ded4d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 / A saúde da criança ao longo dos anos passou por inúmeras transformações e enfrentou desafios. Seu reconhecimento como sujeito social, com características individuais necessitando de cuidados integrais, possibilitou ações governamentais na área da saúde da criança em todo país. Contudo, mesmo diante dessas ações o cuidado a saúde desse segmento populacional ainda encontra-se vulnerável na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Objetivo: Identificar a presença e a extensão dos atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde para a resolução dos problemas de saúde das crianças menores de um ano atendidas nas unidades de pronto atendimento de Cascavel-PR na experiência de seus cuidadores. Método: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se do referencial metodológico da hermenêutica-dialética. Foram sujeitos do estudo 16 pais/cuidadores de crianças menores de um ano atendidas em Unidades de Pronto Atendimento de Cascavel-PR em 2010, residentes no município e selecionadas aleatoriamente. Dentre as famílias, observaram-se duas com crianças portadoras de condições crônicas. Resultados: Os atributos da atenção primária foram analisados de forma desarticulada. Para o atributo acesso reconheceram-se quatro categorias temáticas: Aconselhamento familiar ao buscar atenção à saúde da criança; Ausência de acolhimento ao primeiro contato; Presença de classificação de risco para atenção à saúde da criança; Barreiras impedem o acesso à atenção à saúde. Sobre longitudinalidade emergiram: Longitudinalidade significa estabelecer relações terapêuticas independente de doenças; Confiança enaltece o vínculo; Responsabilização fortalece a longitudinalidade; Vínculo é estabelecido com um único profissional; Falta de acolhimento dificulta o vínculo; Ausência de comunicação entre os serviços de saúde. Para integralidade evidenciaram-se: Olhar Biológico foco na doença pelo usuário e profissional de saúde; Um olhar para além do biológico; Cuidado centrado no êxito técnico em busca do sucesso prático; Visita domiciliar como ferramenta para o cuidado integral na percepção dos cuidadores; Ausência de tecnologias para a construção do cuidado integral. No atributo coordenação apontaram-se: Divergências entre unidades de saúde; Barreiras funcionais e morosidade dificultam o acesso às tecnologias; Ausência de comunicação; Ausência de transporte sanitário; Busca por atenção à saúde individual; Coordenação envolve gestão da atenção à saúde. O itinerário de cuidado e cura se configurou pela busca de atenção partindo da consulta a membros da família e em seguida a Unidades de Pronto Atendimento, tendo os serviços de atenção primária ficado em segundo plano. Considerações: As dificuldades para o acesso, vínculo, coordenação e privação do cuidado integral contribuíram para a não resolutividade ao problema de saúde da criança na percepção de pais/cuidadores, levando-os a buscar por soluções alternativas para resolver os problemas de saúde das crianças e a escolher um itinerário próprio de atenção, consulta às famílias, em seguida, serviços de urgência e emergência. No entanto, para as famílias de crianças em condições crônicas os 8 serviços de saúde resolvem os problemas de saúde, contudo, verificaram-se inconsistências ao analisar a presença e extensão dos atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Deste modo, recomendam-se investimentos no acolhimento e capacitação dos profissionais, tendo por base os atributos da atenção primária, almejando atender as necessidades da saúde infantil no contexto da atenção primária.

This thesis is a case study about the choices and constraints faced by women clerical workers in a labour market where they have very little autonomy in negotiating their pay and conditions of employment. On the one hand, clerical work has developed as a feminised occupation with a history of being low in status and low paid. On the other hand, it is an ideal occupation for women wanting to combine work and family across their life cycle. How these two phenomena impact upon women clerical workers ability to negotiate enterprise agreements is the subject of this thesis. From a theoretical perspective this thesis builds upon Catherine Hakim�s preference theory which explores the choices women clerical workers� make in relation to their work and family lives. Where Hakim�s preference theory focuses on the way in which women use their agency to determine their work and life style choices, this thesis gives equal weighting to the impact of agency and the constraints imposed by external structures such as the availability of part-time work and childcare, as well as the impact of organisational culture. The research data presented was based on face-to-face interviews with forty female clerical workers. The clerical workers ranged in age from 21 to 59 years of age. The respondents were made up of single or partnered women without family responsibilities, women juggling work and family, and women who no longer had dependent children and were approaching retirement. This thesis contends that these clerical workers are ill placed to optimise their conditions of employment under the new industrial regime of enterprise bargaining and individual contracts. Very few of the women were union members and generally they were uninformed about their rights and entitlements.

我國女性勞動參與率逐年上升，雙薪家庭比例逐年升高，然而在家庭中幼兒的照顧工作仍以女性為主力，透過完備的公共托育政策將有助於平等性別分工。我國自2001年起推動社區保母系統服務，自2008年起開辦保母托育管理與托育費用補助計畫，旨在於使雙薪家庭父母親能夠安心使用保母托育服務。 本研究目的在探討幼兒父親與母親決定使用保母服務及選擇保母的動機及考量因素，以及使用保母服務托育後父親與母親自覺對自己的父職角色及母職角色的認知有何影響。並透過研究結果以提供保母與保母托育服務管理者參考及協助媒合。 本研究屬質化研究，透過位於台北的彭婉如基金會提供9對父母親受訪者，為避免夫妻權力干擾，訪談方式為研究者與父母親分開之單獨訪談。研究結論歸納九點：一、因家庭經濟考量與無法由家裡長輩照顧而尋求保母托育，且「人際管道」為主要的找保母管道；二、父母親普遍重視保母證照；三、選擇保母時，父母親重視托育持續性，意即可固定保母長期托育；四、父母親期待保母能有其他托育幼兒，使幼兒可學習人際互動；五、父母親選擇保母時重視幼兒感受；六、家長使用有系統管理的保母較安心；七、家庭對於選擇保母是以「母親」意見為主導，且母親考量較細緻；八、母親對於使用保母服務有愧疚感且感受深切，父親則無；九、使用保母服務有助於親職角色的發揮。最後，提出幾點關於承辦社區保母系統基金會的角色、保母訓練課程，以及托育政策等的相關建議。 / Taiwan's female labor force participation rate increased year by year, the proportion of double-income family is gradually increased, however, still women in the care of the children in the family as the main force, through a comprehensive public childcare policy will contribute to equal gender division of labor. Taiwan since 2001 to promote Communal Nurse the System service, Child care management and child care fee allowance program offered since 2008, aims to double income families, parents can feel at ease to use the Family child care providers nursery service. The purpose of this study was to investigate fathers and mothers decided to use the family child care providers nursery service and the motives and considerations of selecting the family child care providers, as well as after the use of the family child care providers nursery service, the father and the mother is conscious awareness of fatherhood and Motherhood what impact. And through research results to provide Family child care providers and the Family child care providers nursery service managers Reference and assist in matching. This study is a qualitative research, nine pairs of parents of respondents through the Peng Wan-Ru Foundation located at Taipei. The way of interview in this study to separate researcher and the parents is for avoiding the interference from parents by marital power. Conclusion this study of nine points:1.Due to the family economy and at home elder cannot take care of children, seeking for a child care, and seeking for a child care “interpersonal channels” is the main way; 2. Parents generally value the Family child care providers’ license; 3.Select a family child care provider parents attach importance to child care sustained, meaning family child care providers can be long-term childcare; 4.Parents look forward to the family child care providers can take care other children so that children can learn social interaction; 5.Parents choose family child care providers focus on children feeling; 6.Parents use family child care providers of systems management service feel trust; 7.Family select the family child care providers leading on the views of "mother", and mother considerations is in greater detail; 8. Mother feeling guilt and deep feelings for the family child care provider service, but no father; 9.The family child care providers nursery service contribute to the parenting role to play. Finally, offer some points of the foundation’s role to host the Communal Nurse System service, family child care providers training courses and childcare policy recommendations.

Two studies investigated the characteristics of high-risk Hispanic parents with young children who were enrolled in a primary prevention home visitation program targeting first birth families. In the first study, more and less acculturated high-risk Hispanic families were compared to high-risk non-Hispanic White families on differences in demographic characteristics, risk factors associated with poor child outcomes, and parent behaviors related to infant health. Using the General Linear Model Univariate procedure, these characteristics were then related to level of parenting skills, measured after approximately one year of service. A total of 1005 families were included in the study. There were important differences in parent psychosocial characteristics, health risks, and outcomes among Hispanic families. Hispanic mothers who were more acculturated, as measured by use of English in the home, were more likely to be at risk for substance abuse, mental illness, and family conflict. They were more likely to smoke and less likely to breastfeed. Less acculturated Hispanic mothers were less educated and more likely to be isolated. Controlling for pretest scores and education level, there were significant between group differences on parenting skills after one year of service, however the effect was small and overshadowed by the significant interaction effect between partner status and household category. Scores for single Spanish-speaking Hispanic mothers were significantly lower than scores of Spanish-speaking Hispanics in partner households. Risk factors that were positively associated with program progress included breastfeeding and mother's education level. Smoking, mental illness, and unrealistic expectations for the child were negatively associated with program progress. The second paper addressed the efficacy of an age-paced parenting newsletter as part of a home-visiting program for Spanish-speaking Hispanic parents. Family Service Workers serving these families delivered the newsletter and used it as a curriculum guide and teaching tool for families. Parents reported reading the newsletter, learning from it, and changing their behavior in response to newsletter content. Home visitors reported that it was a useful tool to reach high-risk parents with important parenting information. They found that it was particularly useful to combat inappropriate or unhealthful parenting advice from well-meaning family members and friends. / Graduation date: 2004

La tesi è una raccolta di tre articoli sugli effetti delle politiche per l’infanzia e le scelte dei genitori circa l’utilizzo dell’asilo nido sullo sviluppo cognitivo dei bambini. Il primo capitolo presenta una rassegna degli studi più recenti sul tema, considerando in particolare le analisi che hanno valutato gli effetti di politiche per l’infanzia e il ruolo della partecipazione pubblica nella gestione del servizio. Il secondo capitolo esplora la relazione tra la disponibilità di asili nido in Italia e i risultati scolastici dei bambini misurati dai test INVALSI relativi all’anno scolastico 2009-10. Il terzo capitolo analizza gli effetti delle scelte materne di lavoro e uso del child care sullo sviluppo cognitivo del bambino tramite la stima di un modello strutturale. / This thesis is composed by three chapters, dealing with the effects of policies for young children and parental child care decisions on subsequent child’s cognitive development. The first chapter presents a review of the most recent studies on this topic, considering in particular analyses that focus on public child care policies. The second chapter investigates the relationship between child care coverage in Italy and children’s scholastic achievement, as measured by the INVALSI test scores for the school year 2009-10. The third chapter evaluates the effects of maternal decisions concerning work and external child care use on subsequent child’s cognitive outcomes defining and estimating a behavioral model.

Essay 1: (with Henrik Jordahl and Panu Poutvaara) We present and test a theory of prospective and retrospective pocketbook voting. Focusing on two large reforms in Sweden, we establish a causal chain from policies to sizeable individual gains and losses and then to voting. The Social Democrats proposed budget cuts affecting parents with young children before the 1994 election, but made generous promises to the same group before the 1998 election. Since parents with older children were largely unaffected we use a difference-in-differences strategy for identification. We find clear evidence of prospective pocketbook voting. Voters respond to campaign promises but not to the later implementation of the reforms. / Essay 2: This essay presents a detailed analysis of voters' response to municipality and regional level unemployment and economic growth, in Swedish general elections from 1985 to 2002, using data on 284 municipalities and 9 regions. The preferred specification suggests that an increase in regional growth or a reduction in regional unemployment by one percentage point is associated with an increase in the support for the national government by about 0.6 and 1.0 percentage points. Changes in unemployment and growth at the municipality level seem to have muchsmaller effects on government support. / Essay 3: One prediction from cognitive dissonance theory is that the act of voting makes people more positive toward the party or candidate they have voted for. Following Mullainathan and Washington (2008), I test this prediction by using exogenous variation in turnout provided by the voting age restriction. I improve on previous studies by investigating political attitudes, measured just before elections, when they are highly predictive of voting. In contrast to earlier studies I find no effect of voting on political attitudes. This result holds for a variety of political attitudes and data from both Sweden and the United States. / Essay4: (with Niclas Berggren and Henrik Jordahl) We conduct an extensive robustness analysis of the relationship between trust and growth by investigating a later time period and a bigger sample than in previous studies. In addition to robustness tests that focus on model uncertainty, we systematize the investigation of outlier influence on the results by using the robust estimation technique Least Trimmed Squares. We find that when outliers (especially China) are removed, the trust-growth relationship is no longer robust. On average, the trust coefficient is half as large as in previous findings.

This study, a narrative analysis of it, deals with the term, home, its importance and the use of it by Child welfare investigators in the city of Malmö between the years 1930-1936. Commonly used and acknowledged, home stood for security and order while the term, street, had just the opposite meaning. Living in the countryside symbolized health and sensibility, while city life was considered to be cramped, dirty and immoral. The responsibility of achieving the liberals and conservatives ideal of a sunny, clean and orderly home was given to the woman of the house, as was the task of keeping the home morally correct, and providing the necessary atmosphere for proper upbringing of the children. Consequently, the basis of theory, using Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in regards to the conflicts between the upper and lower classes, and even theories of Jane Lewis of woman´s connection to home and family, have been the grounds for the study. The very detailed results show that home and morals play a major role in the investigations and prove above all, the intimacy between the home and woman.

Résumé La présente thèse doctorale vise à déterminer sous quelles conditions la garde non-maternelle est associée (positivement/négativement) au niveau de stress et au développement cognitif des enfants. Elle comporte une recension des écrits et trois articles empiriques. Le premier article présente une recension des écrits (de type méta-analytique) qui synthétise les études portant sur le stress des enfants en services de garde et ayant utilisé le niveau de cortisol comme indicateur. Les résultats montrent que la garde non-maternelle est associée au niveau de stress des enfants, se reflétant dans des concentrations de cortisol élevées. Les niveaux de stress élevés s’observent particulièrement chez les enfants qui au départ ont tendance à être retirés, anxieux ou qui sont gardés dans un milieu de faible qualité. Cependant, certains éléments indiquent que les élévations de cortisol à la garderie sont temporaires et qu’elles disparaissent au fur et à mesure que l’enfant s’adapte à son milieu. Le deuxième article de thèse, réalisé dans le contexte de l’Échantillon longitudinal national des enfants et des jeunes [ELNEJ] (n = 3093), vise à déterminer dans quelle mesure l’association entre la fréquentation des services de garde et l’acquisition du vocabulaire réceptif au préscolaire dépend du milieu familial de l’enfant. Les résultats indiquent qu’à l’intérieur du groupe d’enfants défavorisés, ceux ayant été gardés à temps plein dans la première année de vie obtiennent des scores supérieurs sur une mesure de vocabulaire réceptif administrée à 4 ½ ans, comparativement aux enfants restés à la maison avec la mère (d=0.58). Le troisième article, réalisé dans le contexte de l’Étude longitudinale des enfants du Québec [ELDEQ]; (n=2,120), vise à documenter les bénéfices à long terme de la fréquentation des services de garde par les enfants issus de milieux désavantagés sur la préparation scolaire et les compétences académiques. Les résultats révèlent que les enfants dont la mère n’a pas terminé ses études secondaires obtiennent de meilleurs résultats sur une mesure de préparation scolaire cognitive (d=0.56) et de vocabulaire réceptif (d=0.30) en maternelle, et de connaissance des nombres (d=0.43) en première année, s’ils ont fréquenté un service de garde sur une base régulière. Par ailleurs, la garde non-parentale n’est pas associée aux compétences cognitives des enfants de milieux sociaux favorisés. L’objectif du quatrième article est d’examiner les facteurs de sélection quant à l’utilisation des services de garde dans le contexte de l’ELDEQ. Les résultats montrent que l’absence d’emploi de la mère pendant la grossesse, le faible niveau d’éducation de la mère; le revenu insuffisant de la famille, avoir plus de 2 frères et sœurs, la surprotection maternelle, et le faible niveau de stimulation cognitive sont associés à une faible utilisation des services de garde (30.7% de l’échantillon québécois). En d’autres termes, les enfants qui sont les plus susceptibles de retirer des avantages des services de garde sur le plan du développement, en raison de la présence de facteurs de risque dans leur milieu familial, sont aussi ceux qui utilisent le moins les services de garde. / Abstract The present doctoral thesis aims at determining under which conditions child-care experiences may be associated (positively or negatively) with children’s stress levels and cognitive development. It comprises one literature review and three empirical studies. The first study is a literature review (meta-analysis type) which summarizes the studies on child-care experiences and children’s stress (as indexed by cortisol) in order to identify individual and environmental conditions under which child-care is associated with elevated cortisol concentrations. Findings suggest that child-care may be more stressful, as reflected in higher salivary cortisol concentrations, for children who are less socially competent or who received low quality child-care services. However, some pieces of evidence suggest that cortisol elevations in child-care are transient and fade out as children grow older The second study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth [NLSCY]; (n=3093). The goal is to determine whether the association between non-maternal care and receptive vocabulary skills depend upon children’s home environment. Results show that children from low socioeconomic status who received full-time (< 25 hours/week) child-care services in their first year of life obtain higher scores on a measure of receptive vocabulary at 4 ½ years than those who were cared for by their mothers (d=0.58). The goal of the third study is to document further the longer-term benefits of early child-care attendance on disadvantaged children’s school readiness and school achievement. This study uses data from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development [QLSCD]; (n=2120). Findings reveal that child-care services produce benefits over maternal care for children from low educated mothers on a measure of receptive vocabulary (d=0.30) and cognitive school readiness (d=0.56) in kindergarten, and number knowledge in first grade (d=0.43). Overall, child-care services produce no advantage or disadvantage for children who do not experience risks in their home. The objective of the fourth study is to identify key family factors associated with low child-care services utilization, using the QLSCD sample. Results show that maternal unemployment during pregnancy, low levels of maternal education; insufficient household income, having more than two siblings, high levels of maternal overprotection, and low levels of cognitive stimulation are associated with lower child-care services use (30.7% of the Quebec sample). In sum, children who are the most likely to benefit from child-care services in terms of their development are also those who are less likely to receive it.