In the first part of studies, Controlled Auto-Ignition (CAI) combustion was investigated in a Ricardo E6 single cylinder, four stroke gasoline engine. CAI combustion is achieved by employing positive valve overlap configuration in combination with various compression ratios and intake air temperature strategies. The CAI operational region is limited by engine load due to knock and partial burned boundaries. The combustion characteristics and emissions are studied in order to understand the major advantages and drawbacks of CAI combustion with positive valve overlap. The enlargement of the CAI operational region is obtained by boosting intake air and external EGR. The lean-boosted operation elevators the range of CAI combustion to the higher load region, and the use of external EGR allows the engine to operation with CAI combustion in the mid range of region between boosted and N/A CAI operational range. The results are analyzed and combustion characteristics, performance and emissions are investigated. A Ricardo Hydra single cylinder, four stroke optical gasoline engine with optical access is then experimented to investigate CAI combustion through negative valve overlap configuration and an intake heater. The effects of direct fuel injection timings spark timings and air/fuel ratio are studied by means of simultaneous incylinder heat release study and direct visualization, chemiluminescence techniques which uses full, OH radical and CHO species. Both heat release analysis and chemiluminescence results have identified the pressure of minor combustion during the NVO period. Both the charge cooling and local air/fuel ratio effects are also investigated by varying the quantity of direct air injection.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-05-05T16:58:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_GABRIEL_EDUARDO_BORTULINI_PARCIAL.pdf: 2328228 bytes, checksum: bbf260b331075fa553bfb23944b1737c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-05T16:58:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_GABRIEL_EDUARDO_BORTULINI_PARCIAL.pdf: 2328228 bytes, checksum: bbf260b331075fa553bfb23944b1737c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-19 / This master?s thesis is composed of two parts: a short stories collection and an essay that analyses my own creative process. The project emerges from a synesthetic perception: monotonous and wavy, the milonga rhythm seems to synthetize the South American pampas - its place of origin. But could only the milonga cause this feeling? What would be this synthesis transposed to literature? The question comes from the reading of an essay named A est?tica do frio, wrote by Vitor Ramil (2004). For the author, the cold weather is the distinct element between the ?esthetic? of tropical Brazil and the cold one from the pampas? social imaginary. But, besides cold, isn?t there any other element? Hidden in the gaucho?s imaginary, wouldn?t there be another condition? The solitude ? this ?ultimate depth of human condition?, according to Octavio Paz (1984) ? defines and unites the gaucho to the world. By this hypothesis, the project proposes a literary work influenced by the geographical space. / Esta disserta??o ? composta por duas partes: uma colet?nea de contos e uma reflex?o te?rica sobre a pr?pria cria??o art?stica. O trabalho surge de uma percep??o sinest?sica: mon?tono e ondulante, o ritmo da milonga parece sintetizar o pampa, seu lugar de origem. Mas s? a milonga despertaria esse sentimento? Qual seria essa s?ntese transposta ? literatura? A indaga??o surge da leitura do ensaio de Vitor Ramil (2004) intitulado A est?tica do frio. O autor entende o frio como o elemento diferencial entre uma ?est?tica? do Brasil tropical e uma Est?tica do frio, do imagin?rio pampeano. Mas, al?m do frio, n?o h? nada que fa?a essa distin??o? Por tr?s do imagin?rio do ga?cho ? personagem heroico e aguerrido ? n?o haveria uma condi??o velada? A solid?o ? essa ?profundeza ?ltima da condi??o humana?, segundo Octavio Paz (1984) ? define e une o ga?cho ao mundo. Por meio dessa hip?tese, prop?e-se uma obra tamb?m influenciada pelo espa?o.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 448318.pdf: 1464502 bytes, checksum: 6f8a3f7b7b0f367272733a9bed12a7c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / This research aims to analyze the social logics that operate in the functioning and performance of 'Traditionalism Gaucho' in Rio Grande do Sul and that can explain, with more or less consistency, significant projection that he acquired in this state even putting up as movement called "traditionalist" in the XXI century. We believe its projection can be explained, at least reasonably, from two different angles of analysis, namely, first, by investigating those properties or characteristics assumed by movement so it could be spread throughout the Rio Grande South (say acquire large membership) even under the condition of enormous ethnic and cultural diversity that the state has gaucho, and second, by investigating those properties that explain the temporal continuity that the Movement has shown, extending to the nowadays, while there were significant contextual changes of economic and social order since its founding until the present time. From these two dimensions we believe we can cover reasonable sociological properties of performance and functioning of traditionalism that explain the considerable projection that he acquired in Rio Grande do Sul. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as l?gicas sociais que operam no funcionamento e na atua??o do Tradicionalismo Ga?cho no Rio Grande do Sul e que possam dar conta de explicar, com maior ou menor consist?ncia, a significativa proje??o que ele adquiriu neste estado mesmo se colocando como um Movimento dito Tradicionalista em pleno s?culo XXI. A nosso ver a sua proje??o pode ser explicada, ao menos razoavelmente, a partir de dois ?ngulos de an?lise, sendo primeiro, por meio da investiga??o daquelas propriedades ou caracter?sticas assumidas pelo Movimento para que ele pudesse propagar-se por todo o Rio Grande do Sul (diga-se adquirir ampla ades?o) mesmo sob a condi??o de enorme diversidade ?tnica e cultural que o estado ga?cho apresenta; e segundo, por meio da investiga??o daquelas propriedades que explicam a continuidade temporal que o Movimento demonstrou, estendendo-se at? os dias atuais, mesmo tendo havido significativas mudan?as de ordem econ?mica e social desde a sua funda??o at? a presente ?poca. A partir dessas duas dimens?es acreditamos conseguir compreender de forma bastante razo?vel as propriedades sociol?gicas de atua??o e funcionamento do Tradicionalismo que explicam a consider?vel proje??o que ele adquiriu no Rio Grande do Sul.

Submitted by PPG Comunica??o Social (famecos-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-09-14T17:40:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOS?_AUGUSTO_BANDEIRA_DE_BARROS_DIS.pdf: 2815766 bytes, checksum: 2caa0ff7e4d45316b1d487eedbb605ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-09-17T14:51:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JOS?_AUGUSTO_BANDEIRA_DE_BARROS_DIS.pdf: 2815766 bytes, checksum: 2caa0ff7e4d45316b1d487eedbb605ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T16:28:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOS?_AUGUSTO_BANDEIRA_DE_BARROS_DIS.pdf: 2815766 bytes, checksum: 2caa0ff7e4d45316b1d487eedbb605ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This work has as its theme the Stars outskirts section, the Di?rio Ga?cho newspaper, which revolves around music artists living on the outskirts of Porto Alegre and the Metropolitan Region. The goal is to see how the outskirts of musicians, who had no space in the media before and who are the section of object to be published, reacted before having their stories published there. How was the process of publishing such reports and what happened to them after the publication of their reports, or what did not happen, are questions to be answered as well. The goal is also to check the news and social importance of the vehicle in order to give a fixed, weekly space for artists of all genres, which had no disclosure in traditional media until then. Aiming to represent or take a look in the analysis, we selected five artists at different times, which were the subject of materials in Stars outskirts, between 2009, when the section began, and 2016. Funk Representatives, pop, pagoda and frontiersman, who were interviewed in person and by email, told their stories before they have their material published and brought impressions and facts to support what happened next. After contextualizing journalism, popular journalism, and talking about popular newspapers in the world and the country in the first chapters, research dissects the history o Di?rio Ga?cho newspaper, its peculiarities as popular newspaper and its operation. Ahead, the work tells the story of the emergence of the section that gives space to the outskirts of artists, explains its various stages and shows the changes that Outskirts of Stars spent over seven years. In the interviews, the dissertation tries to analyze critically how the newspaper treated the artists in their stories, if the journal monitorized them and the progress that they had or not after the publication. In order to understand how artists saw themselves before the matter, which was his speech, this dissertation bails conceps used by Dominique Maingueneau in Discourse Analysis, which argues that the speaker's speech reveals the image he gives us a glimpse of himself in process. We identified through this analysis that the paper fulfills a social function more than proper news, aiming to make room for the young artists of the periphery as it does not apply some journalistic rigor to accompany them after the publication of their materials, for example. The newspaper also highlights his social front paper the reader when you try an even closer relationship with your community, by publishing stories outskirts of artists, beginners, who are often neighbors that reader who buys daily newspaper, making it sees in the newspaper, seeing that their community is "perceived" by the communication vehicle. / Esta disserta??o tem como tema a se??o Estrelas da Periferia, do jornal Di?rio Ga?cho, que gira em torno de artistas da m?sica que vivem na periferia de Porto Alegre e da Regi?o Metropolitana. O objetivo ? verificar como m?sicos de periferia, que n?o tinham espa?o na m?dia anteriormente, que s?o objeto de mat?ria da se??o, se divulgavam antes de ter suas mat?rias ali publicadas, como se deu o processo de publica??o de tais reportagens e o que aconteceu com eles ap?s a publica??o de suas reportagens, ou o que n?o aconteceu. Ainda, verificar a import?ncia jornal?stica e social do ve?culo ao dar um espa?o fixo, semanal, para artistas de todos os g?neros que n?o dispunham de divulga??o em m?dias tradicionais at? ent?o. Como recorte para a an?lise, selecionamos cinco artistas em diferentes ?pocas, que foram objeto de mat?rias em Estrelas da Periferia, entre os anos de 2009, quando a se??o come?ou, at? 2016. Representantes de funk, pop, pagode e sertanejo, que foram entrevistados pessoalmente e por e-mail, relataram suas hist?rias antes de terem suas mat?rias publicadas e trouxeram impress?es e fatos para sustentar o que aconteceu depois. Depois de contextualizar jornalismo, jornalismo popular, de falar sobre jornais populares no mundo, e no pa?s, nos primeiros cap?tulos, a pesquisa esmi??a a hist?ria do jornal Di?rio Ga?cho, suas particularidades enquanto jornal popular e seu funcionamento. Adiante, o trabalho conta a hist?ria do surgimento da se??o que d? espa?o para artistas de periferia, explica suas diversas fases e mostra as mudan?as pelas quais passou ao longo de sete anos. Nas entrevistas, a disserta??o procura analisar, de maneira cr?tica, como o jornal tratou os artistas em suas mat?rias, se fez acompanhamento deles depois e se a evolu??o que eles apresentaram, ou n?o, foi efeito. Para entender como os artistas se viam antes da mat?ria, qual era o seu discurso, essa disserta??o se socorre do conceito utilizado por Dominique Maingueneau, em An?lise do Discurso, que defende que o discurso do orador revela a imagem que ele deixa entrever de si no processo. Identificamos, nessa an?lise, que o jornal cumpre uma fun??o mais social do que propriamente jornal?stica ao dar espa?o para os artistas iniciantes de periferia, pois n?o aplica alguns rigores jornal?sticos ao acompanh?-los depois da publica??o de suas mat?rias, por exemplo. O jornal ainda ressalta seu papel social frente ao leitor quando tenta uma aproxima??o ainda maior com sua comunidade, ao publicar hist?rias de artistas de periferia, novatos, que s?o, muitas vezes, vizinhos daquele leitor que compra diariamente o jornal, fazendo com que ele se enxergue, vendo que sua comunidade ? ?percebida? pelo ve?culo de comunica??o.

Most glyco-engineering approaches used to improve quality of recombinant glycoproteins involve the manipulation of glycosyltransferase and/or glycosidase expression. We investigated whether the over expression of nucleotide sugar transporters, particularly the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CMP-SAT), would be a means to improve the sialylation process in CHO cells. We hypothesized that increasing the expression of the CMP-SAT in the cells would increase the transport of the CMP-sialic acid in the Golgi lumen, hence increasing the intra-lumenal CMP-sialic acid pool, and resulting in a possible increase in sialylation extent of proteins being produced. We report the construction of a CMP-SAT expression vector which was used for transfection into CHO-IFNγ, a CHO cell line producing human IFNγ. This resulted in approximately 2 to 5 times increase in total CMP-SAT expression in some of the positive clones as compared to untransfected CHO-IFNγ, as determined using real-time PCR analysis. This in turn concurred with a 9.6% to 16.3% percent increase in site sialylation. This engineering approach has thus been identified as a novel means of improving sialylation in recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics. This strategy can be utilized feasibly on its own, or in combination with existing sialylation improvement strategies. It is believed that such multi-prong approaches are required to effectively manipulate the complex sialylation process, so as to bring us closer to the goal of producing recombinant glycoproteins of high and consistent sialylation from mammalian cells. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

In the field of biologics production, productivity and stability of the transfected gene of interest are two very important attributes that dictate if a production process is viable. To further understand and improve these two traits, we would need to further our understanding of the factors affecting them. These would include integration site of the gene, gene copy number, cell phenotypic variation and cell environment. As these factors play different parts in the development process, they lead to variable productivity and stability of the transfected gene between clones, the well-known phenomenon of “clonal variation”. A study of this phenomenon and how the various factors contribute to it will thus shed light on strategies to improve productivity and stability in the production cell line. Of the four factors, the site of gene integration appears to be one of the most important. Hence, it is proposed that work is done on studying how different integration sites affect the productivity and stability of transfected genes in the development process. For the study to be more industrially relevant, it is proposed that the Chinese Hamster Ovary dhfr-deficient cell line, CHO-DG44, is used as the model system. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

This thesis presents a study on the enhancement of CHO cell growth by Yeast extract, Yeastolate, and Primatone fractions obtained by dead-end ultrafiltration. The total solid, peptide contents, antioxidant capacity and hydrophobicity of the fractions were evaluated. The objective of this project was to evaluate the potential of sequential ultrafiltration as an effective, simple and economical method for the identification of CHO cell growth enhancement components in yeast extract and yeastolate (primatone). The fractionation by sequential ultrafiltration (50 kDa membrane, 3 kDa membrane and 1 kDa membrane) of yeast extract (YE), yeastolate (YET), and primatone (PRI) showed different fouling and fractionation behaviour. Significant fouling was observed with the 50 kDa and 3 kDa membrane while negligible fouling was observed with the 1 kDa membrane. Similar and more significant fouling was observed with the 50 kDa membrane and for YE and PRI in comparison to YET. In contrast, more fouling was observed during the ultrafiltration with the 3kDa MWCO and for YE and YET in comparison to PRI. Finally a relatively constant permeate flux was obtained with the 1 kDa membrane, with PRI the highest and YET the lowest permeate flux. Different total peptide contents were present in the three feeds, 410, 327 and 300 mmol Phe-Gly equivalent/ g total solids for YE, PRI and YET respectively. In spite of different feed equivalent Phe-Gly, all three feeds contained a similar amount of equivalent Phe-Gly with molecular weight larger than 50 kDa, 15-19% of the initial feed stream. This was similar amount to the total solids content. The total peptide content of the retentate obtained for the 3kDa filtration indicated that YE and YET contained ~ 20% of equivalent Phe-Gly larger than 3 kDa but smaller than 50kDa. In contrast, PRI contained only 6% of equivalent Phe-Gly with such molecular weight. The retentate of the 1kDa filtration contained 55% of the feed equivalent Phe-Gly compared to 47% for YE and 38% for YET (p< 0.05). All three feeds have similar total peptide content smaller than 1 kDa. For any given feed, the equivalent Phe-Gly was larger than 1 kDa but smaller than 3 kDa predominated. The total peptide content profile according to size coincides with the total solids distribution for all three feed types. This is the first study that reports on the total peptide content for YE, YET, and PRI subjected to ultrafiltration fractionation. All three feeds and their fractions when freeze-dried had similar antioxidant capacity estimated by the FCR (Folin-Ciocalteu reagent) assay, ~ 40-50 mg Trolox/g sample. The bioactivity of feed and fractions was measured as cell density for CHO (beta-IFN producers) in basal medium supplemented with a combination of the crude non-fractionated feed material and a specific fraction and grown in T25 flasks. PRI showed a similar growth enhancement effect for all fractions when compared to a culture supplemented with the crude non-fractionated. YE showed no growth enhancement for any of the fractions when compared to a culture supplemented with the crude non-fractionated YE. This observation need to be confirmed as a culture supplemented with the crude non-fractionated YE showed a very high growth stimulating effect which was much higher than PRI and YET at the same concentration. Finally, YET 3kDa retentate fraction displayed a 50 % growth enhancement effect. In conclusion, the fractions obtained from the two non-animal protein hydrolysates considered in this study, YE and YET showed limited CHO cell growth enhancement effect when compared to the non-fractionated material. Only the YET 3kDa retentate fraction displayed a good CHO cell growth enhancement effect. YET 3kDa represent an attractive serum substitute for its use in culturing CHO cells. PRI, an animal derived protein hydrolysate showed the best growth enhancement effect for all fractions produced in this study. These results suggest that YET has high potential as a media additive for the development of serum-free media which can promote cell growth and, in the future this work can contribute in production of therapeutic proteins markets.

This thesis presents a study on the enhancement of CHO cell growth by Yeast extract, Yeastolate, and Primatone fractions obtained by dead-end ultrafiltration. The total solid, peptide contents, antioxidant capacity and hydrophobicity of the fractions were evaluated. The objective of this project was to evaluate the potential of sequential ultrafiltration as an effective, simple and economical method for the identification of CHO cell growth enhancement components in yeast extract and yeastolate (primatone). The fractionation by sequential ultrafiltration (50 kDa membrane, 3 kDa membrane and 1 kDa membrane) of yeast extract (YE), yeastolate (YET), and primatone (PRI) showed different fouling and fractionation behaviour. Significant fouling was observed with the 50 kDa and 3 kDa membrane while negligible fouling was observed with the 1 kDa membrane. Similar and more significant fouling was observed with the 50 kDa membrane and for YE and PRI in comparison to YET. In contrast, more fouling was observed during the ultrafiltration with the 3kDa MWCO and for YE and YET in comparison to PRI. Finally a relatively constant permeate flux was obtained with the 1 kDa membrane, with PRI the highest and YET the lowest permeate flux. Different total peptide contents were present in the three feeds, 410, 327 and 300 mmol Phe-Gly equivalent/ g total solids for YE, PRI and YET respectively. In spite of different feed equivalent Phe-Gly, all three feeds contained a similar amount of equivalent Phe-Gly with molecular weight larger than 50 kDa, 15-19% of the initial feed stream. This was similar amount to the total solids content. The total peptide content of the retentate obtained for the 3kDa filtration indicated that YE and YET contained ~ 20% of equivalent Phe-Gly larger than 3 kDa but smaller than 50kDa. In contrast, PRI contained only 6% of equivalent Phe-Gly with such molecular weight. The retentate of the 1kDa filtration contained 55% of the feed equivalent Phe-Gly compared to 47% for YE and 38% for YET (p< 0.05). All three feeds have similar total peptide content smaller than 1 kDa. For any given feed, the equivalent Phe-Gly was larger than 1 kDa but smaller than 3 kDa predominated. The total peptide content profile according to size coincides with the total solids distribution for all three feed types. This is the first study that reports on the total peptide content for YE, YET, and PRI subjected to ultrafiltration fractionation. All three feeds and their fractions when freeze-dried had similar antioxidant capacity estimated by the FCR (Folin-Ciocalteu reagent) assay, ~ 40-50 mg Trolox/g sample. The bioactivity of feed and fractions was measured as cell density for CHO (beta-IFN producers) in basal medium supplemented with a combination of the crude non-fractionated feed material and a specific fraction and grown in T25 flasks. PRI showed a similar growth enhancement effect for all fractions when compared to a culture supplemented with the crude non-fractionated. YE showed no growth enhancement for any of the fractions when compared to a culture supplemented with the crude non-fractionated YE. This observation need to be confirmed as a culture supplemented with the crude non-fractionated YE showed a very high growth stimulating effect which was much higher than PRI and YET at the same concentration. Finally, YET 3kDa retentate fraction displayed a 50 % growth enhancement effect. In conclusion, the fractions obtained from the two non-animal protein hydrolysates considered in this study, YE and YET showed limited CHO cell growth enhancement effect when compared to the non-fractionated material. Only the YET 3kDa retentate fraction displayed a good CHO cell growth enhancement effect. YET 3kDa represent an attractive serum substitute for its use in culturing CHO cells. PRI, an animal derived protein hydrolysate showed the best growth enhancement effect for all fractions produced in this study. These results suggest that YET has high potential as a media additive for the development of serum-free media which can promote cell growth and, in the future this work can contribute in production of therapeutic proteins markets.

'Regulators of G protein signaling' (RGS proteins) modulate the G proteincycle by enhancing the GTPase activity of Ga subunits. These changesaccelerate the kinetics of ion channel modulation by Gai/o-coupled receptors(GPCRs) such as the G protein-gated inward rectifier K+ (GIRK/Kir3) channel. Myexperiments indicate that a single cerebellar granule (CG) neuron, a cell type thatendogenously expresses GIRK channels is able to express a wide variety ofRGS proteins. I selected two of them, which are widely expressed andtranscriptionally regulated during pathophysiologic conditions, to compare theirfunctional properties. I originally described the differential modulatory effects oftwo RGS proteins, the RGS3 short isoform (RGS3s) and RGS4, on muscarinicm2 and serotonin 1A receptor-coupled Kir3.1/Kir3.2a channels expressed inChinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Both RGS3s and RGS4 acceleratedGIRK activation and deactivation current kinetics in a similar way. However, onlyRGS3s si gnificantly decreased the maximal GIRK current (Imax) elicited by ACh(~45% inhibition) and significantly increased the EC50 for both GPCRs. Thehypothesis that emerged from this initial study was that the distinct RGS4 Nterminaldomain mediated a direct coupling of RGS4 to GPCR-GIRK channelsignaling complexes that was not shared by RGS3s. To test this hypothesis, Iepitope-tagged several GPCRs, the Kir3.1 subunit, RGS3s, RGS4, and severaldeletion mutants and chimeras for co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Using anepitope-tagged degradation resistant RGS4 mutant RGS4(C2V), I detected coprecipitationof different GPCR-GIRK channel complexes with RGS4 but notRGS3s.The functional impact of RGS4 coupling to the GPCR-Kir3 channelcomplex versus uncoupled RGS3s was not apparent in recordings from CHO-K1cells presumably due to a high degree of RGS collision-coupling. Controlledexpression in Xenopus oocytes revealed a 30-fold greater potency for RGS4 inthe accelerating GIRK channel gating kinetics. In summary, these findings demonstrate that one of the ways for the cellto achieve signaling pathway specificity may be through selective coupling of thedifferent GPCR-effector-RGS protein complexes.

This thesis investigates Yonggi Cho's conception of Seongnyeong Undong (the Holy Spirit Movement: HSM) in his pastoral ministry activity at the Yoido Full Gospel Church (YFGC) in Korea. First of all, it examines how Cho's HSM developed at the YFGC from an historical perspective. Secondly, it discusses Cho's main theology and investigates this theology from a systematic theological perspective. Thirdly, it focuses on Cho's belief and practice from a practical, theological perspective. Some scholars say that Cho's theology, belief and practice, particularly of material blessings and Sinyu (divine healing) in his ministry, are similar to those in Korean shamanism. However, other scholars argue that his theological ideas came from the Bible and western theological doctrines and Westerners. The present study assesses these different arguments and concludes that Cho tried to base his theological ideas and his ministry activity on biblical foundations rather than on shamanistic and other Korean traditional cultures, even if he used Korean terms to describe them. The study is mainly based on literary research and is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the overall focus of the study. Chapter 2 examines the life and ministry of Yonggi Cho, and the development of Yonggi Cho's understanding of the HSM in his pastoral care since 1958. Using a historical theological method this chapter also shows how Yonggi Cho developed the HSM at the YFGC in his ministry through his written work. Chapter 3 deals with Yonggi Cho's theological background and his core theology — how he understands the HSM, and the root of HSM from systematic theological perspectives. It shows where his main theology came from on the basis of evidence provided in his numerous writings. Chapter 4 emphasises Yonggi Cho's understanding of the Holy Spirit (HS) in his belief and practice. It shows where his belief and practice came from, and discusses what his main belief and practices are from practical theological views. Chapter 5 concludes the study. Three main conclusions are drawn with regard to the 1) historical theological, 2) systematic theological, and 3) practical theological perspectives on Yonggi Cho's understanding of the HS. The thesis concludes that Cho was much more influenced by biblical and western understandings than he was by shamanism or by other Korean traditions, even though he borrowed words from their language.