The number of gene products available for structural and functional study is increasing at an unprecedented rate as a result of the successful whole genome sequencing projects. Systematic structure determination of proteins on a genomic scale, called structural genomics, can significantly contribute to the field of protein science and to functional annotation of newly identified genes. This thesis covers different aspects of protein production in Eschericiha coli for structural studies in the context of structural genomics. Protocols have been downscaled and standardized to allow for a rapid assessment of the production characteristics for multiple proteins in parallel under a number of different conditions. Foremost, the ability of different proteins and peptide tags to affect the solubility of the recombinant protein when produced as fusion proteins has been systematically studied. Large differences in the success-rate for production of soluble protein in E. coli were found depending on the fusion partner used, with a more than two-fold increase in the number of proteins produced as soluble when comparing the best and the poorest fusion tags. For different constructs with a histidine tag, commonly used to facilitate protein purification, large differences in yield depending on the design of the expression vector were found. When comparing different fusion proteins produced from identical expression vectors, fusions to the GB1 domain were found to result in the highest yield of purified target protein, on average 25 % higher than any of the other fusions. The suitability for further structural studies was tested at an intermediate scale for proteins that were identified as soluble in the expression screening. For this purpose, protocols for rapid purification and biophysical characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy were developed and tested on 19 proteins, of which four were structured. / QC 20100826

The production and consumption of today generates huge amounts of waste, and due to the increasing living standards the amount will continue to increase. The waste leads to large environmental impacts due to pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases, as well as the depletion of raw materials. This study aimed to investigate how sustainability through circular economy can drive the development towards reducing the packaging waste in a company. The ambition was to identify possible actions that could be implemented in order to decrease the amount of combustible waste and the entailed environmental impact. A case study was performed at Volvo Group Trucks Operations assembly plant in Tuve in Gothenburg. The initial part of the study consisted of a literature review and was followed by the empirical study where interviews and observations were conducted in order to investigate what actions that could reduce the packaging waste. The data was analysed and one action was selected to be further investigated, and calculations of its environmental and economic aspects are performed. Three different types of inner packaging of LDPE (Low Density Polyethelen) plastics were selected, and the calculations showed that the reduction of CO2-emissions amounts to as much as 6.3 tonnes per year and cost savings of 11 000 SEK per year when reusing the inner packaging. These savings indicate that it is profitable to return the packaging to the supplier if it is located closer than 10 200 - 16 600 km to the site. The managerial implications of implementing a returnable packaging system are the cost savings and the reduction of environmental impacts. / Produktioner och konsumtion genererar idag stora mängder avfall och på grund av den ökande levnadsstandarden fortsätter mängden avfall att öka. Avfallet leder till stor miljöpåverkan på grund av föroreningar och växthusgasutsläpp, liksom uttömning av råmaterial. Denna studien syftade till att undersöka hur hållbarhet genom cirkulär ekonomi kan driva utvecklingen mot att minska förpackningsavfallet i ett företag. Ambitionen var att identifiera möjliga förslag som skulle kunna implementeras för att minska mängden av brännbart avfall och därmed den miljöpåverkan som följer. En fallstudie utfördes på Volvo Group Trucks Operations monteringsanläggning i Tuve i Göteborg. Den inledande delen i arbetet bestod av en litteraturstudie som följdes av en empirisk studie, där intervjuer och observationer utfördes för att undersöka vilka förslag som skulle kunna minska förpackningsavfall. Datan analyserades och ett förslag valdes ut för att undersökas vidare genom beräkningar för dess miljömässiga och ekonomiska aspekter. Tre olika typer av inneremballage av LDPE-plast valdes ut och beräkningarna visade att reduceringen av CO2-utsläpp uppgick till 6,3 ton per år och kostnadsbesparingarna till 11 000 SEK per år då inneremballage återanvänds. Dessa besparingar indikerar att det är lönsamt att returnera förpackningar till leverantören om den är belägen närmare än 10 200- 16 600 km från fabriken. Incitament för företag att implementera ett retursystem är de minskade kostnaderna samt den minskade miljöpåverkan.

Seja E(X) a cardinalidade dos números pares menores ou iguais a X que não podem ser escritos como soma de dois primos. O objetivo central desta dissertação é apresentar uma demonstração de uma estimativa para E(X) dada por Hugh L. Montgomery e Robert C. Vaughan em [22]. Mais precisamente, estabeleceremos a existência de uma constante positiva (efetivamente computável) tal que E(X) X1 ; para todo X su cientemente grande. / Let E(X) the cardinality of even numbers not exceeding X which cannot be written as a sum of two primes. The main goal of this dissertation is to present a proof of an estimate for E(X) given by Hugh L. Montgomery e Robert C. Vaughan in [22]. More precisely, we will establish the existence of a positive constant (e ectively computable) such that E(X) X1 for all su ciently large X:

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-04-13T15:38:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final tese- versão da corrigida em 12-11-2014- para impressão e entrega.pdf: 3298946 bytes, checksum: 49c8459cd8f0cfb0e3f54792ca63367f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-05-10T16:19:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final tese- versão da corrigida em 12-11-2014- para impressão e entrega.pdf: 3298946 bytes, checksum: 49c8459cd8f0cfb0e3f54792ca63367f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-10T16:19:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final tese- versão da corrigida em 12-11-2014- para impressão e entrega.pdf: 3298946 bytes, checksum: 49c8459cd8f0cfb0e3f54792ca63367f (MD5) / CAPES / Medidas relativas aos espectros de Absorção da Albumina Sérica Bovina com variação do comprimento de onda de varredura entre 300 a 500nm demonstraram um aumento nas intensidades da banda de absorção da ASB, após adição de aliquotas dos ligantes (β- lapachonas, cumarinas e Rutinas), sobretudo em 280nm, que é o comprimento de onda de absorção característico dos dois resíduos de triptofano presentes na ASB. Medidas de Dicroísmo Circular confirmam a presença das bandas de absorção características dos resíduos de triptofano, cujos máximos de absorção estão em 208 e 222nm nas diferentes temperaturas estudadas. As modificações obtidas nos espectros de Dicroísmo Circular da ASB a partir da adição de alíquotas das espécies ligantes deram origem ao efeito ocorrido na disposição planar original da α-hélice presente na estrutura secundária da ASB. A emissão fluorescente de ASB nas temperaturas de 298K, 303K, 310K e para os sistemas ASB/β-lapachonas e ASB/rutinas e 288K, 293K, 298K para o sistema ASB/Cumarinas, mostrou um efeito supressivo sobre o espectro de emissão da ASB, sobretudo em 345 nm, emissão do resíduo de triptofano da ASB, após a adição dos ligantes. Os valores para os parâmetros termodinâmicos ΔGo, ΔHo, ΔSo para os sistema ASB/β-lapachonas, ASB/4-metil-7-hidroxicumarinas e ASB/Rutinas não sofreram grandes variações como uma função do ligante. A partir destes valores pode-se concluir que o tipo de interação predominante entre ASB/ligante foi hidrofóbica. A sobreposição entre os espectros de absorção do supressor e de emissão da ASB possibilitou determinar para cada par ASB/supressor a distância crítica de interação e o raio de Foster, os quais mostraram a probabilidade da existência do fenômeno de Transferência da Energia Ressonante de Fluorescência (FRET) em todos os casos. No sistema ASB/β-lapachona e ASB/3-Ácido sulfônico β-lapachona obtivemos respectivamente para um valor médio relativo as três temperaturas de trabalho, temos: R0= 2,69 nm em relação a r = 3,02 e R0 = 2,32nm em relação a r = 3,32. Já para o par 7-hidroxicumarina e 4-metil-7- hidroxicumarina, temos: R0= 3,53 e r = 3,83nm; R0= 3,70 nm e r = 4,33 nm. Por fim, no par ASB/Rutina e ASB/Rutina-metilada: R0= 3,43nm e r = 3,41nm; R0 = 3,14nm e r = 4,03nm. / Measurements relating to the absorption spectra in the wavelength range of 300 to 500nm scan demonstrated an increase in intensity of the absorption band of ASB upon addition of aliquots of ligands (β-lapachonas, coumarins and Rutinas), mainly 280nm, is the wavelength of the absorption characteristic of the two tryptophan residues present in the ASB. Circular Dichroism measurements confirm the presence of characteristic absorption bands of tryptophan residues, which are maximum at around 208nm and 222nm at different temperatures. The changes in the spectra obtained Circular Dichroism of ASB from the addition of aliquots of ligand species gave rise to the effect occurred in planar array of original α-helix present in the secondary structure of ASB. The fluorescent emission of ASB at temperatures of 298K, 303K, and 310K for the ASB / ASB and β-lapachonas / routines and 288K, 293K, 298K for the ASB / Coumarins system, systems showed a suppressive effect on the emission spectrum of ASB , especially at 345 nm, emission of the tryptophan residue of ASB, after the addition of binders. The values for the thermodynamic parameters ΔGo, ΔHo, ΔSo system for ASB / β-lapachonas, ASB / 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarins and ASB / Rutinas underwent no significant variations as a function of the ligand. From these values it can seconcluir that the predominant interaction between ASB / binder is hydrophobic. The overlap between the absorption spectra of the suppressor and issued by ASB allowed to determine for each pair ASB / suppressor critical distance the radius of interaction and Foster, that indicate the probability of the existence of the phenomenon Resonant Energy Transfer Fluorescence (FRET) in all cases. In ASB / β- lapachone and ASB / 3-sulfonic acid β-lapachone system obtained respectively for an average value for the three operating temperatures, we have R0 = 2.69 nm against air = 3.02 and R0 = 2, 32nm relative air = 3.32. As for the pair 7-hydroxycoumarin and 4-methyl-7- hydroxycoumarin, we have: r = R0 = 3.53 3,83nm; R0 = 3.70 and r = 4.33 nm nm. Finally, the pair ASB / rutin and ASB / Rutina-methylated: R0 = r = 3,43nm 3,41nm; R0 = 3,14nm and r = 4,03nm.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLFR.pdf: 1075822 bytes, checksum: f9dc443682a3269a2f32e2a5579089a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-10 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The ubiquitin system represents a selective mechanism for intracellular proteolysis in eukaryotic cells that involves the sequential activity of three enzymes, E1 (Ubiquitin activating enzyme), E2 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3 (Ubiquitin-protein ligase). The identification of these proteins and their targets as well as structural data is essential to understand their function in the eukaryotic cell. In the present study the open reading frame of human Ubiquitin- conjugating enzyme UBE2G2 was isolated from a human brain cDNA panel, cloned into pET28 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. His-tagged protein was then purified by nickel-affinity chromatography and subjected to structural and functional studies using circular dichroism (CD) and an in vitro ubiquitin-binding assay, respectively. The affinity chromatography assay rendered approximately the 27 mg of the soluble recombinant HisUBE2G2 after expressed in bacteria at low amounts of IPTG (0,1mM) in 3 hours of induction. The CD spectra of recombinant pure protein showed a secondary structure content according with the expected for a member of the E2 family (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), with 35 % of α-Helix, 21 % of β sheets and 23 % of turns. Moreover, purified protein was able to bind ubiquitin molecules when mixed with a HeLa cell extract during the pull-down assay. Taken together the results presented in this work allow inferring that HisUBE2G2 was expressed in their active form. / O Sistema de Ubiquitinação representa o mecanismo de degradação protéica intracelular mais importantes em todos nas células eucarióticas e envolve a atividade seqüencial de três enzimas conhecidas como E1, enzima ativadora de ubiquitina, a E2 enzima conjugante de ubiquitina e a E3 enzima ligante de ubiquitina. A identificação destas proteínas e seus alvos protéicos, assim como as obtenções de dados estruturais são essenciais para entender a função deste sistema dentro da célula eucariótica. No presente trabalho, a fase de leitura aberta (ORF) do gene humano ube2g2 foi isolado de um painel de cDNA de cérebro humano, foi clonado no vetor pET28a e expressado em bactérias Escherichia coli. A proteína de 18,5 kDa em fusão com uma cauda de histidinas foi posteriormente purificada por cromatografia de afinidade e submetido a ensaios estruturais e funcionais a traves do medição do CD e a traves do ensaio de pull-down, respectivamente. A cromatografia de afinidade rendeu 27 mg de proteína solúvel, logo após de tê-la expressado heterologamente a baixas concentrações de indutor IPTG 0,1 mM em três horas de indução. O espectro de CD da proteína purificada mostrou o conteúdo de estrutura secundaria de acordo ao esperado para um membro típico da família de enzimas E2, apresentando um 35 % de hélices α, 21 % de folhas β e 23 % de giros. Alem do mais, a proteína purificada foi capaz de ligar molécula de ubiquitina quando misturada com um extrato de células HeLa, durante o ensaio de pull-down. Desta maneira e com esses resultados apresentados aqui pode se inferir que a proteína humana UBE2G2 foi expressa na sua forma ativa.

Multi-agent systems possess improved robustness properties over single agent systems, and hence, are more desirable for various engineering applications, where it is required for the multiple agents to move in a formation. These applications include, but are not limited to, tracking, surveillance, reconnaissance, environmental monitoring, searching, sensing and data collection. Motivated by these applications, various collective motions of multiple vehicles have been explored in the literature. This thesis studies a particular type of collective motion in multi-agent systems where the heading angles of the agents are either in synchronized or in balanced formation. These formations are characterized by the motion of the collective centroid of the group of agents, and serve as motion primitives to achieve general tracking patterns. Synchronization is achieved when the agents and their centroid move in a common direction. A complementary notion of synchronization is balancing, in which the position of the centroid remains stationary. In the existing literature, the problems of achieving synchronization and balancing in a multi-agent system have been studied under the assumption that the agents are coupled through controller gains that are identical or homogeneous. In this thesis, it is assumed that the controller gains are heterogeneously distributed, that is, they are not necessarily the same for each agent. This addresses a practical scenario where the gains may vary nominally due to minor implementation errors or drastically due to major faults or errors. The thesis first discusses synchronization and balancing of agents while allowing them to move either along straight line paths or around individual circular orbits. Conditions, under which heterogeneous controller gains result in synchronized or balanced formation, are derived. The effect of heterogeneous gains is analyzed on the common velocity direction at which the system of agents synchronizes, and on the location of the collective centroid about which balanced formation stabilizes. It is shown that heterogeneity in controller gains generalizes synchronized and balanced performances of a multi-agent system scenario. Next, we discuss synchronization and balancing of agents on a common circular orbit of prescribed radius and fixed center. Two cases, when the controller gains are bounded and when the control efforts are bounded, are also studied. In addition, all-to-all interaction and limited interaction among agents are also addressed in this thesis.

Svenskar slänger över 7,5 kg kläder per år i hushållsavfall och 60 procent av dessa plagg är hela och skulle kunna återanvändas. Det nuvarande linjära systemet som utnyttjar jordens resurser och producerar produkter som sedan kasseras, bidrar till bland annat stora mängder avfall och utarmning av naturresurser. Detta är en ohållbar resurshantering. Med den cirkulära ekonomin kan redan använda resurser återanvändas fler gånger istället för att kasseras. Konsumenter visar idag på ett allt större intresse för miljön och hur deras köp kan påverka miljön. Trots detta visar rapporter på att svenskars klädkonsumtion ökar och att unga människor är aktiva konsumenter som sällan tänker på miljön när de handlar. För att skapa en medvetenhet och beteendeförändring krävs kunskap och förståelse. Den cirkulära ekonomin tar inte hänsyn till den bakomliggande orsaken till den ökande resursanvändningen, vilket är människors konsumtionsbeteende. För att kunna övergå till den cirkulära modellen måste man därför undersöka människan och dess roll samt konsumtionsbeteende.   Denna uppsats utgår från den cirkulära ekonomins 3R-princip och konsumtionsbeteende. Syftet med studien är att undersöka unga konsumenters kunskaper och beteende inom 3Rprincipen genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Empirin har samlats in genom åtta djupintervjuer med unga konsumenter i åldern 23-27 år som studerar på universitet eller högskola. Resultatet visar på att unga konsumenter som studerat 3R-principen i sin utbildning har kunskaper inom området, men finner inte dessa tillräckliga för att kunna göra hållbara val. Resultatet visar även på en positiv inställning till återvinning och återanvändning av kläder men inte prioriteten att agera hållbart. Slutsatsen är att unga konsumenter har kunskaper inom 3R-principen men dessa är inte tillräckliga för att ändra sitt konsumtionsbeteendet. Unga konsumenter har även intresse och vilja att agera mer hållbart men inte prioriteten att faktiskt göra det. / Swedes throw over 7.5 kg of clothing a year in the garbage and 60 percent of these garments are whole and could be reused. The current linear system, which exploits the Earth's resources and produces products that are later discarded, contribute to both large amounts of waste and depletion of natural resources. This is an unsustainable resource management. With the circular economy, already used resources can be reused multiple times instead of being discarded. Consumers today show an increasing interest in the environment and how their purchases can affect the environment. Nevertheless, reports show that Sweden's clothing consumption is increasing and that young people are active consumers who rarely think about the environment when shopping. To create awareness and behavioral change requires knowledge and understanding. The circular economy doesn’t take into account the underlying cause of increasing resource use, which is human consumption. Therefore, in order to switch to the circular model, one must examine humans and their role as well as consumption behavior.   This essay is based on the circular economy's 3R principle and consumption behavior. The aim of the study is to investigate young consumers' knowledge and behavior within the 3R principle through a qualitative research method. The empirical material has been collected through eight in-depth interviews with young consumers aged 23-27, studying at university or college. The result shows that young consumers who studied the 3R principle in their education have knowledge in the field, but do not find these sufficient to make sustainable choices. The result also shows a positive attitude towards recycling and reuse of clothing, but not the priority to act sustainable. The conclusion is that young consumers have knowledge within the 3R principle, but these are not enough to change their consumption behavior. Young consumers also have an interest and willingness to act more sustainable, but not the priority to actually do so.

Environnementaliser le développement du pays sans changer significativement le rythme de la croissance économique et urbaine, tel est le pari engagé depuis 2006 par les autorités chinoises pour faire face à la pression croissante sur les milieux naturels et à la lourde dégradation environnementale engendrées par le développement accéléré. La Chine est probablement le seul pays au monde où la sobriété énergétique et environnementale dans la fourniture des services urbains essentiels (eau, assainissement, électricité, gaz, chaleur, gestion des déchets solides) est aussi vigoureusement recherchée dans des politiques d'économie circulaire et opérations de parcs éco-industriels et d'éco-cités dans le contexte d'un développement économique et urbain soutenu et prolongé. Sur la base d'une investigation menée à Shanghai, Suzhou et Tianjin, trois villes à la pointe des transformations en Chine, combinée à une étude du cadre national et de la situation globale du pays, la thèse vise à analyser la substance et les formes de l'environnementalisation des services urbains essentiels mise en œuvre en Chine. Notre recherche montre que les ambitieuses politiques chinoises d'environnementalisation des services essentiels se traduisent dans les villes par une amélioration partielle de la qualité environnementale de leur fourniture, alors que l'horizon de la sobriété et de l'économie circulaire demeure lointain. La prégnance de la fabrique urbaine développementaliste fait structurellement obstacle à l'émergence de systèmes techniques de réutilisation des ressources alternatifs aux réseaux conventionnels. La voie d'environnementalisation des services essentiels empruntée dans les villes chinoises reste trop techno-centrée et trop exogène à la planification urbaine pour que l'environnementalisation et en particulier la quête de sobriété soient plus substantielles. Sur le plan opérationnel, ces enseignements invitent, en Chine et au-delà du terrain chinois, à une intégration plus importante des questions liées à la fourniture des services essentiels dans la planification et l'aménagement des villes / Environmentalising the country's development without significantly changing the pace of economic and urban growth: such is the difficult challenge set since 2006 by the Chinese authorities to deal with the increasing pressure bearing on natural environment and major environmental damage caused by accelerated development. China is probably the only country in the world where a goal of energy and environmental sobriety in the provision of urban utilities (water, waste-water, electricity, gas, heating, waste management) is so vigorously sought in circular economy policies, more specifically in eco-industrial parks and eco-cities projects, in the context of a strong and extended economic and urban development. Based on an investigation conducted in Shanghai, Suzhou and Tianjin, three cities at the forefront of transformations in China, and combined with a study of the national framework and the overall situation in the country, the thesis aims to analyze the substance and the forms of the urban utilities' environmentlisation implemented in China. Our research shows that the ambitious Chinese policies of urban utilities' environmentalisation leads in the cities to a partial improvement in the environmental quality of their provision, while the horizon of sobriety and circular economy remains distant. The prevalence of the developmentalist urban fabric stands structurally in the way of the emergence of resources reuse-oriented alternative technical systems to conventional networks. The urban utilities' environmentalisation path taken in the Chinese cities is too technocentric and too exogenous to urban planning for the environmentalisation and especially the quest for sobriety to be more substantial. Operationally, these findings encourage a greater integration of utilities' provision issues in the planning and development of cities, both in China and beyond the Chinese context

The presence of notches or cracks causes stresses to amplify in nearby regions. This phenomenon is studied by estimating the Stress Concentration Factor (SCF) for notches, and the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) for cracks. In the present work, a semi-analytical method under the framework of linear elasticity is developed to give an estimate of these factors, particularly for cracks and notches in finite domains. The solution technique consists of analytically deriving a characteristic equation based on the general solution and homogeneous boundary conditions, and then using the series form of the reduced solution involving the (possibly complex-valued) roots of this characteristic equation to satisfy the remaining non-homogeneous boundary conditions. This last step has to be carried out numerically using, say, a weighted residual method. In contrast to infinite domain problems where a fully analytical solution is often possible, the presence of more boundaries, and a variety in configurations, makes the solution of finite do-main problems much more challenging compared to infinite domain ones, and these challenges are addressed in this work. The method is demonstrated on several classical and new problems including the problems of a semi-circular edge notch in a semi-infinite and finite plate, an elliptical hole in a plate, an edge-crack in a finite plate etc.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-10T00:04:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OtavioPaulinoLavor_TESE.pdf: 4297558 bytes, checksum: e065068c6266b3dae17cd050064f780f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-10T23:10:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 OtavioPaulinoLavor_TESE.pdf: 4297558 bytes, checksum: e065068c6266b3dae17cd050064f780f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-10T23:10:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OtavioPaulinoLavor_TESE.pdf: 4297558 bytes, checksum: e065068c6266b3dae17cd050064f780f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-20 / As antenas de microfita na sua forma mais simples s?o compostas por um plano de terra e um substrato diel?trico que sustenta uma fita condutora. Como estas antenas apresentam algumas limita??es, este trabalho apresenta um estudo de substratos anisotr?picos, bem como alguns resultados em antenas de microfita com patch circular visando superar estas limita??es, em especial nas aplica??es em tecnologia 4G. Esses substratos anisotr?picos s?o aqueles em que permissividade el?trica e permeabilidade magn?tica s?o representadas por tensores de segunda ordem. O estudo consiste de uma an?lise te?rica dos substratos e o desenvolvimento de um formalismo matem?tico, o m?todo da Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa, visando a aplica??o destes substratos em antenas de microfita. Dentre os substratos utilizados neste estudo, est?o os ferrimagn?ticos e os Metamateriais, em que algumas miniaturiza??es das antenas s?o alcan?adas. Para antenas com patch circular, s?o considerados arranjos e planos te terra modificados a fim de alcan?ar melhoria nos par?metros, em especial ganho e largura de banda. Tem sido feitas diversas simula??es e antenas s?o constru?das para que os valores medidos fossem comparados com os valores simulados. / The microstrip antennas in your simplest form consist of a ground plane and a dielectric substrate which supports a conductive tape. As these antennas have some limitations, this work presents a study of anisotropic substrates, as well as some results in microstrip antennas with circular patch, aiming to overcome these limitations, especially in applications at 4G technology. These anisotropic substrates are those in which electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability are represented by tensors of second order. The study consists of a theoretical analysis of substrates and development of a mathematical formalism, the Transverse Transmission Line Method, aimed the application of these substrates in microstrip antennas. Among the substrates used in this study, there are the ferrimagnetic and metamaterials, in which some miniaturizations of the antennas are achieved. For antennas with circular patch, are considered arrays and modified ground planes in order to achieve improvement in parameters, in particular, gain and bandwidth. Several simulations have been made and antennas were constructed so that the measured values could be compared with the simulated values.