Studies in both children and adults indicate that waist circumference (WC), a measure of abdominal obesity is closely related to cardiovascular risk factors. The accurate identification of abdominally obese children in health screening programmes for early intervention is of importance. There are, however, concerns about using international definitions for screening purposes because in most instances these have been derived from Western populations and, therefore, may have limited usefulness to children in other parts of the world. When these cut–off points are used in developing countries, they ignore the fact that the growth patterns of children and burdens of disease vary between countries. Due to lack of population specific cut–off points for children in the developing world it may be tempting and convenient to use the same cut–off points as for children in developed countries, but such a practice runs the risk of exporting failure. Ideally, a screening tool should have both high sensitivity and specificity, and these are important considerations in choosing the definition for the detection of childhood abdominal obesity. High sensitivity is necessary to avoid failure of identifying obese children and high specificity of the screening tool ensures that non–obese children are not misclassified as obese, which may otherwise lead to unnecessary treatment and psychosocial implications of stigmatisation. Failure to identify the abdominally obese child may have more serious consequences than misclassification, since it results in an increase in adult morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to examine fat distribution patterns of black South African (SA) children in relation to health risk. The specific objectives were to: compare the body composition of black stunted and non–stunted children from two rural communities in South Africa; to describe and compare the age and sex specific WC percentile distribution for black SA children from different study populations and compare the WC percentile distribution with those for African–American (A–A) children and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of waist–to–height ratio (WHtR) as a marker for high blood pressure, a cardiovascular risk factor in SA children. Findings of this study demonstrated increased total adiposity in non–stunted children, but trends of increased central adiposity, measured as WHtR in stunted children. This warrants further investigation on this relationship among children older than 13 years in the African context where many children are stunted. The differences observed between the different data sets and between SA and A–A children suggest that nationally representative data should be used to develop age, sex and ethnic specific WC percentiles for this population. The results indicate clearly that the median WC of children from SA studies is smaller than those of A–A children, with a medium to large effect size for the difference. Results also suggest concern with respect to high WC values (> 80 cm) among some children. The recommended universal WHtR cut–off value of 0.5 for assessment of cardiovascular risk is not suitable for black SA children because it had low sensitivity in predicting high blood pressure. The absence of locally developed cut–off values for WC and WHtR for children warrants research due to the associations between being overweight and obese and disease outcomes. It is fundamental to detect risk at an early stage so that appropriate intervention can be initiated timeously. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Studies in both children and adults indicate that waist circumference (WC), a measure of abdominal obesity is closely related to cardiovascular risk factors. The accurate identification of abdominally obese children in health screening programmes for early intervention is of importance. There are, however, concerns about using international definitions for screening purposes because in most instances these have been derived from Western populations and, therefore, may have limited usefulness to children in other parts of the world. When these cut–off points are used in developing countries, they ignore the fact that the growth patterns of children and burdens of disease vary between countries. Due to lack of population specific cut–off points for children in the developing world it may be tempting and convenient to use the same cut–off points as for children in developed countries, but such a practice runs the risk of exporting failure. Ideally, a screening tool should have both high sensitivity and specificity, and these are important considerations in choosing the definition for the detection of childhood abdominal obesity. High sensitivity is necessary to avoid failure of identifying obese children and high specificity of the screening tool ensures that non–obese children are not misclassified as obese, which may otherwise lead to unnecessary treatment and psychosocial implications of stigmatisation. Failure to identify the abdominally obese child may have more serious consequences than misclassification, since it results in an increase in adult morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to examine fat distribution patterns of black South African (SA) children in relation to health risk. The specific objectives were to: compare the body composition of black stunted and non–stunted children from two rural communities in South Africa; to describe and compare the age and sex specific WC percentile distribution for black SA children from different study populations and compare the WC percentile distribution with those for African–American (A–A) children and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of waist–to–height ratio (WHtR) as a marker for high blood pressure, a cardiovascular risk factor in SA children. Findings of this study demonstrated increased total adiposity in non–stunted children, but trends of increased central adiposity, measured as WHtR in stunted children. This warrants further investigation on this relationship among children older than 13 years in the African context where many children are stunted. The differences observed between the different data sets and between SA and A–A children suggest that nationally representative data should be used to develop age, sex and ethnic specific WC percentiles for this population. The results indicate clearly that the median WC of children from SA studies is smaller than those of A–A children, with a medium to large effect size for the difference. Results also suggest concern with respect to high WC values (> 80 cm) among some children. The recommended universal WHtR cut–off value of 0.5 for assessment of cardiovascular risk is not suitable for black SA children because it had low sensitivity in predicting high blood pressure. The absence of locally developed cut–off values for WC and WHtR for children warrants research due to the associations between being overweight and obese and disease outcomes. It is fundamental to detect risk at an early stage so that appropriate intervention can be initiated timeously. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

OBJETIVO: A finalidade deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de resistência à insulina (RI) e síndrome metabólica (SM) em uma amostra de pacientes com transtorno do humor bipolar (THB) a fim de identificar quais os melhores parâmetros clínicos associados à RI. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em 65 pacientes com THB diagnosticados pelos critérios do DSM-IV-TR, avaliados de forma consecutiva no Programa de Transtorno Bipolar do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil, no período de janeiro a agosto de 2007. RI foi diagnosticada utilizando o homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) e a SM foi diagnosticada utilizando três definições diferentes: do National Cholesterol Educational Program – Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III); do NCEP-ATP III modificado e da International Diabetes Federation (IDF). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de RI foi 43,1%. A prevalência de SM definida pelo NCEP ATP III foi 32,3%, pelo NCEP ATP III foi 40% e pela IDF foi 41,5%. Os critérios do NCEP ATP III modificado demostrou a melhor relação entre sensibilidade (78,6%) e especificidade (89,2%) na detecção de resistência à insulina. A circunferência da cintura foi o parâmetro clínico mais associado à RI no modelo de regressão linear (B=0,014, SE 0,002, t=6,18, p<0,001). As áreas sob as curvas ROC foram semelhantes para a circunferência da cintura e as diferentes definições de SM (chi2=2,98, df=3, p=0,39). CONCLUSÕES: As definições atuais de SM podem identificar, com razoável sensibilidade e especificidade, resistência à insulina em pacientes com transtorno de humor bipolar. A circunferência da cintura pode ser um modo simples e barato de predizer a resistência à insulina nessa população. / OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of both insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in a sample of outpatients with bipolar disorder (BD) in order to identify best clinical criteria associated with IR. METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional study in sixty-five DSM-IV-TR BD patients consecutively assessed from January to August 2007 at the Bipolar Disorder Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. IR was diagnosed by the homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMAIR). and MS was diagnosed using three different definitions: National Cholesterol Educational Program – Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III); NCEP-ATP III modified criteria and International Diabetes Federation. RESULTS: The prevalence of IR was 43.1%. The prevalence of the MS defined by the NCEP ATP III definition was 32.3%, NCEP ATP III modified was 40% and IDF was 41.5%. NCEP-ATP III modified criteria showed the best trade-off between sensitivity (78.6%) and specificity (89.2%) to detect insulin resistance. Waist circumference was the best clinical parameter associated with IR in the linear regression model (B=0.014, SE 0.002, t=6.18, p<0.001). Areas under ROC curves were similar for waist circumference and different MS definitions (chi2=2.98, df=3, p=0.39). CONCLUSIONS: Currently MS criteria may provide reasonable sensitivity and specificity for the detection of insulin resistance in patients with bipolar disorder. Waist circumference may be a simple and inexpensive way to predict insulin resistance in this population.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate if the head circumference of stunted quilombolas children differs from that other children with adequate linear growth and if the insufficient birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding in the first month of life intervene with this relation. Methods: The work followed a transversal studying involving all the children of 12 to 60 months (n=725) pertaining to the quilombolas community of Alagoas (n=39). Variables demographics, socioeconomics, of the health and anthropometrics indices had been collected. These had been compared with the curves of the standard of reference of the of WHO 2006. The children had been categorized into two groups in agreement with the presence or not of the malnutrition (stunted/eutrophic), diagnosed by means of the height deficit (height-for-age < -2,0 SD). Each group was divided in two sub-groups agreements the insufficient birth weight (IBW < 3000g). Finally, each sub-group formed two other categories according to the exposition or not to the exclusive breastfeeding in the first month of life (breastfeeding/ not breastfeeding). Thus, eight groups of studies were formed, which, for the statistics analysis, had been expresses as ordinary category variables (1 a 8), group 1 was formed for the children submitted to worst conditions (undernutrition, with IBW and that weren t to breastfed) and group 8 for the best ones (eutrophic with adequate birth weight and that was to breastfed). The average of the head circumferencefor- age (HC) was compared using ANOVA and the Turkey test as pos-hoc. For this, group 8 was assumed as control. To investigate the principal risk factors associated to the occurrence of the deficit of HC (z < 1.5), regression logistic analyze was used, remaining in the last model the independent variables which associations presented p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of nutritional deficits for indicators height-for-age, weight-forage, weight-for-height and head circumference-for-age was respectively of 10.8%, 1.9%, 1.3% e 10.5%. The overweight (weigh-for-age > 2 SD) represents 6.4%. The averages of Z-score of the head circumference for the groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 was -1.67*, -1.09, - 0.97, -0.94, -1.02, -0.69, -0.68 e -0.53 respectively. Group 1 was the unique that presented statistics differences (p< 0,05) compared to the control group, suggesting the protective role of breasting against reduction of the HC, when the presence of the chronic malnutrition (express for height deficit) in children that were born with IBW, because the exposition to exclusive breastfeeding was the unique differential used on the formation of the groups 1 and 2. On the multivaried analyzis, the factors that were significantly associated to deficit of HC were the stunted, the insufficient birth weight, the feminine sex and the increase of chronological age in one month increase the chances of occurrence these outcomes in 119%, 77%, 63% e 2% respectively. But the increase of time of the exclusive breastfeeding in one month reduces the possibilities in 10%. Conclusions: The children who are stunted, are born with insufficient weight and that they had not been was exposed to exclusive breastfeeding for one month, demonstrate consistently the worst averages of Z-score of head circumference when compared to children not submitted to stress . In this context, the exposition of breastfeeding per for one month possibly, of the central nervous system. Although traditional population have been considered, the average time of the exclusive breastfeeding was behind of the praised for the WHO. Thus, it was suggested the more investments on the direction of the increase the period of the exposition to exclusive breastfeeding between the quilombolas children of the Alagoas state. / Objetivo: Investigar se o perímetro cefálico de crianças quilombolas com déficit estatural difere daquela observado em crianças com crescimento linear adequado e se o peso insuficiente ao nascer e o aleitamento materno exclusivo no primeiro mês de vida interfere nessa relação. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo todas as crianças de 12 a 60 meses (n=725) pertencentes às comunidades quilombolas (n=39) de Alagoas. Coletaram-se dados demográficos, socioeconômicos, de saúde e antropométricos. Estes foram comparados às curvas do padrão de referência da OMS-2006. As crianças foram categorizadas em 2 grupos conforme a presença ou não da desnutrição (desnutrida/eutrófica), diagnosticada por meio do déficit estatural (estatura-para-idade < - 2,0 desvio-padrão). Cada grupo foi subdivido em 2 sub-grupos conforme o Peso Insuficiente ao Nascer (PIN < 3000g). Finalmente, cada sub-grupo formou duas outras categorias segundo a exposição ou não ao aleitamento materno exclusivo por 30 ou mais dias (mamou/não mamou). Assim, formaram-se oito grupos de estudos, os quais, para a análise estatística, foram expressos como variáveis categóricas ordinais (1 a 8), de modo que o grupo 1 fora formado pelas crianças submetidas às piores condições (desnutridas, com PIN e que não mamaram) e o grupo 8 pelas melhores (eutróficas, com peso adequado ao nascer e que mamaram). A média do perímetro cefálico-para-idade (PC) foi comparada utilizando ANOVA e o teste de Tukey como pos-hoc. Para isso, assumiu-se o grupo 8 como controle. Para investigar os principais fatores de risco associados à ocorrência do déficit de PC (z < -1,5), utilizou-se a análise de regressão logística, mantendo-se no modelo final as variáveis independentes cujas associações apresentaram p<0,05. Resultados: As prevalências de déficits nutricionais para os índices altura-para-idade, peso-para-idade, peso-para-altura e PC foram, respectivamente, 10,8%, 1,9%, 1,3% e 10,5%. O sobrepeso (peso-para-altura > 2 DP) representou 6,4%. As médias de escore Z do perímetro cefálico para os grupos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 foram -1,67*, -1,09, -0,97, -0,94, - 1,02, -0,69, -0,68 e -0,53, respectivamente. O grupo 1 foi o único que apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05) em relação ao grupo controle, sugerindo um papel protetor do aleitamento materno contra a redução do PC, quando da vigência da desnutrição crônica (expressa pelo déficit estatural) em crianças nascidas com PIN, haja vista que a exposição ao aleitamento materno foi o único diferencial utilizado na formação dos grupos 1 e 2. Na análise multivariada, os fatores que se apresentaram significativamente associados ao déficit de PC foram o déficit estatural, o PIN, o sexo feminino e o aumento da idade cronológica em um 1 mês, as quais, elevaram as chances de ocorrência desse desfecho em, respectivamente, 119%, 77%, 63% e 2%. O aumento do tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo em um mês, reduziram essas chances em 10%. Conclusões: As crianças que apresentam baixa estatura, nascem com peso insuficiente e que não foram expostas ao aleitamento materno exclusivo por pelo menos 1 mês apresentam menores valores de perímetro cefálico, quando comparadas a crianças não submetidas a esses estresses. Nesse contexto, a exposição ao aleitamento materno exclusivo por 30 ou mais dias constitui-se num importante fator de proteção, no sentido de preservar o crescimento do perímetro cefálico e possivelmente, do sistema nervoso central. Apesar de tratar-se de uma população dita tradicional, o tempo médio de aleitamento materno exclusivo ficou aquém do preconizado pela OMS. Diante desses resultados, sugere-se maiores investimentos no sentido de aumentar entre as crianças quilombolas de Alagoas, o período de exposição ao aleitamento materno exclusivo.

OBJETIVO: A finalidade deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de resistência à insulina (RI) e síndrome metabólica (SM) em uma amostra de pacientes com transtorno do humor bipolar (THB) a fim de identificar quais os melhores parâmetros clínicos associados à RI. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em 65 pacientes com THB diagnosticados pelos critérios do DSM-IV-TR, avaliados de forma consecutiva no Programa de Transtorno Bipolar do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil, no período de janeiro a agosto de 2007. RI foi diagnosticada utilizando o homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) e a SM foi diagnosticada utilizando três definições diferentes: do National Cholesterol Educational Program – Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III); do NCEP-ATP III modificado e da International Diabetes Federation (IDF). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de RI foi 43,1%. A prevalência de SM definida pelo NCEP ATP III foi 32,3%, pelo NCEP ATP III foi 40% e pela IDF foi 41,5%. Os critérios do NCEP ATP III modificado demostrou a melhor relação entre sensibilidade (78,6%) e especificidade (89,2%) na detecção de resistência à insulina. A circunferência da cintura foi o parâmetro clínico mais associado à RI no modelo de regressão linear (B=0,014, SE 0,002, t=6,18, p<0,001). As áreas sob as curvas ROC foram semelhantes para a circunferência da cintura e as diferentes definições de SM (chi2=2,98, df=3, p=0,39). CONCLUSÕES: As definições atuais de SM podem identificar, com razoável sensibilidade e especificidade, resistência à insulina em pacientes com transtorno de humor bipolar. A circunferência da cintura pode ser um modo simples e barato de predizer a resistência à insulina nessa população. / OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of both insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in a sample of outpatients with bipolar disorder (BD) in order to identify best clinical criteria associated with IR. METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional study in sixty-five DSM-IV-TR BD patients consecutively assessed from January to August 2007 at the Bipolar Disorder Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. IR was diagnosed by the homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMAIR). and MS was diagnosed using three different definitions: National Cholesterol Educational Program – Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III); NCEP-ATP III modified criteria and International Diabetes Federation. RESULTS: The prevalence of IR was 43.1%. The prevalence of the MS defined by the NCEP ATP III definition was 32.3%, NCEP ATP III modified was 40% and IDF was 41.5%. NCEP-ATP III modified criteria showed the best trade-off between sensitivity (78.6%) and specificity (89.2%) to detect insulin resistance. Waist circumference was the best clinical parameter associated with IR in the linear regression model (B=0.014, SE 0.002, t=6.18, p<0.001). Areas under ROC curves were similar for waist circumference and different MS definitions (chi2=2.98, df=3, p=0.39). CONCLUSIONS: Currently MS criteria may provide reasonable sensitivity and specificity for the detection of insulin resistance in patients with bipolar disorder. Waist circumference may be a simple and inexpensive way to predict insulin resistance in this population.

Introdução: O excesso de tecido adiposo, tanto global quanto abdominal, tem se associado com o desenvolvimento de comorbidades, sendo a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) uma das mais importantes. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência de categorias de índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e de medida de cintura abdominal (CA) na ocorrência de HAS. Sujeitos e Métodos: Fizeram parte deste estudo transversal 1.584 indivíduos, com idades entre 18 e 64 anos (44,6% homens, idade média de 33,1 anos), funcionários de um hospital de grande porte de São Paulo, Brasil. Medida principal do desfecho: A HAS foi definida como sendo a medida da pressão arterial &#8805; 140/90 mmHg e/ou o uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva. O efeito do IMC e da CA sobre a pressão arterial foi estudado através de modelos de regressão logística, ajustados para potenciais variáveis de confusão. Foi calculado também aproximações do risco atribuível populacional (RAP) de HAS relacionado ao IMC e a CA. Resultados: A prevalência de HAS foi de 18,9%, sendo 26,9% no sexo masculino e 12,5% no sexo feminino. Foi observada uma tendência linear de associação entre as categorias de IMC e HAS, sendo que, tomando-se como base os indivíduos com IMC < 22,5, as razões de chance para a ocorrência de HAS foram de 2,1, 3,8 e 12 para homens com IMC de 22,5 a 25, de 25 a 30 e &#8805; 30, respectivamente. Para mulheres esses valores foram de 1,6, 2,3 e 8,7, respectivamente. As razões de chance de HAS associadas a valores elevados de IMC se mantiveram significativas mesmo após o controle para CA. Os modelos de regressão logística construídos para CA indicaram razões de chance para a ocorrência de HAS de 2,2 e 5,9 para homens com CA entre 94 e 102 e &#8805; 102 cm, respectivamente. Para mulheres com CA de 80 a 88 e &#8805; 88 cm esses valores foram de 1,1 e 4,2, respectivamente. As razões de chance se mantiveram significativas mesmo após a inclusão do IMC nesses modelos. Na divisão por quartis do IMC e da CA foi observada a mesma tendência linear de associação com a HAS. O cálculo do RAP indicou que valores elevados de IMC (&#8805; 22,5) determinavam 73% da ocorrência de HAS em homens, sendo 8%, 31% e 34% dessa ocorrência atribuível a IMC de 22,5 a 25, de 25 a 30 e &#8805; 30, respectivamente. Para mulheres esses valores foram de 55%, 8%, 15% e 32%, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, valores elevados de CA em homens (&#8805; 94 cm) determinavam 50% da ocorrência de HAS, sendo 14% e 36% nos indivíduos com CA entre 94 e 102 cm e &#8805; 102 cm, respectivamente. Em mulheres esses valores foram de 44%, 2%, e 42% para medidas de CA &#8805; 80 cm, entre 80 e 88 cm e &#8805; 88 cm, respectivamente. Conclusão:Foi possível demonstrar relações, independentes de potenciais fatores de confusão, entre as categorias de IMC e de medida da cintura abdominal e a ocorrência de HAS. Essas relações se mantiveram significativas quando o IMC era ajustado para CA e quando a CA era ajustada para IMC, indicando que tanto o excesso de tecido adiposo abdominal quanto o excesso de tecido adiposo global representavam riscos para o desenvolvimento da HAS. Foi demonstrado também que o excesso de tecido adiposo, global e abdominal, responderam por grande parte da ocorrência de HAS em homens e mulheres e que valores de IMC comumente considerados como normais (22,5 a 24,9) já representam risco para o desenvolvimento de HAS. / Introduction: The excess of adipose tissue, global as much as abdominal, has been associated with development of comorbidities, which case systemic arterial hipertension (SAH) is one of the most important. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between categories of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) on SAH. Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional analysis was conducted of 1,584 subjects aged 18 to 64 years (44,6% men, mean age 33,1 years) of a great hospital’s employees of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Principal outcome: The SAH was defined as blood pressure levels &#8805; 140/90 mmHg and/or use of anti-hypertensive medication. Logistic regression models, adjusted for potential’s confusion factors, studied the correlation between BMI and WC on SAH. The population attributable risk (PAR) of SAH related to BMI and WC was also calculated. Results: Prevalence of SAH was 18.9%, wich 26.9% in male and 12.5% in female. A linear trend relationship between categories of BMI and HAS was observed, and based in individuals with BMI < 22.5, odds ratio for HAS were 2.1, 3.8 and 12 for men with BMI from 22.5 to 25, 25 to 30 and &#8805; 30, respectively. For women these values were 1.6, 2.3 and 8.7, respectively. Odds ratio for HAS associated with high values of BMI remained significant, even after adjustement for WC. Logistic regression’s models for WC showed odds ratio for HAS of 2.2 and 5.9 for men with WC from 94 to 102 and &#8805; 102 cm, respectively. For women with WC from 80 to 88 and &#8805; 88 cm these values were 1.1 and 4.2, respectively. Odds ratios remained significant after inclusion of BMI in these models. A same linear trend relationship with SAH was observed in division for quartiles for BMI and WC. Calculation of RAP indicated that high values of BMI (&#8805; 22.5) determined 73% of occurrence of SAH in men and 8%, 31% and 34% of this occurrence were attributable to BMI from 22.5 to 25, 25 to 30 and &#8805; 30, respectively. For women these values were 55%, 8%, 15% and 32%, respectively. In the same way, high values of WC in men (&#8805; 94 cm) determined 50% of occurrence of SAH, which case 14% and 36% of this occurrence in individuals with WC from 94 to 102 cm and &#8805; 102 cm, respectively. In women these values were 44%, 2%, and 42% for WC &#8805; 80 cm, from 80 to 88 cm and &#8805; 88 cm, respectively. Conclusion: It was possible to demonstrate relationships, independent of potential’s confusion factors, between categories of BMI and waist circumference and occurrence of SAH. These relationships remained significant when BMI was adjusted for WC and when WC was adjusted for BMI, showing that excess of abdominal adipose tissue as much as excess of global adipose tissue represented a risk for development of SAH. It was also demonstrated that excess of adipose tissue, global and abdominal, was responsible for great part of occurrence of SAH in men and women and BMI from 22,5 to 24,9, commonly consider as normal, already represented a risk on development of SAH.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 393689 bytes, checksum: 76b78277f76d70442e3dd050c28c6dd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Data of 2,274 semen output from 200 sires, 7,055 measurements of age at first calving (AFC) from females and 141 measurements of scrotal circumference (SC) were used to determine genetic parameters for reproductive traits of males and females of Dairy Gyr breed. Were studied physical aspects such as volume (VOL), concentration (CONC), vigor (VIG), motility (MOT), and morphological aspects as major defects (MAD) and minor defects (MID). The statistic model for seminal traits included the fixed effect of AI company-year-season at semen output and age as covariate, with linear and quadratic effects. For scrotal circumference, the statistic model included the fixed effects of season and year of birth, age class at measurement and AI company. For AFC in females, the statistic model included herd- year-season of birth. The models also included the random effects of animal and residual, and permanent environment effect for seminal traits model. Covariance components were estimated by REML, in single trait analyses. The genetic trends for AFC were estimated by linear regression of the breeding values on year of birth of the animals. The estimates of heritability of seminal traits were low to moderate (0.03 to 0.27), the genetic correlations were low to high (0.01 to 0.88), and generally favorable. The SC presented favorable genetic correlation with seminal traits. The heritability for SC and AFC were, respectively, 0.37 and 0.22. The genetic trend were significant, with value estimated of -0.018 kg/year and shows that has not occurred genetic progress in this trait over the years studied. The genetic correlations between SC with volume, concentration, vigor, motility, major defects, minor defects, total defects, doses number, total number of feasible spermatozoid and AFC, were 0.33; 0.22; 0.91; 0.86; -0.07; -0.03; -0.04; 0.30; 0.23 and -0.37, respectively. Strategies should be set for seminal traits selection, toward gains in reproduction. The SC can be used for selection of higher quality semen in Dairy Gyr bulls. These results suggest that genetic gains should be realized in reproductive efficiency of females when bulls with greater SC were used in herds. / Informações de 2.274 coletas de sêmen de 200 touros, 7.055 medidas de idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) de fêmeas e 141 medidas de perímetro escrotal (PE) foram utilizadas para se determinar parâmetros genéticos para características reprodutivas de touros e vacas Gir Leiteiro. Foi também avaliada a tendência genética da IPP. Para os touros, foram avaliados aspectos físicos do sêmen tais como volume (VOL), concentração (CONC), vigor (VIG), motilidade (MOT), aspectos morfológicos como defeitos maiores (DMA) e menores (DME). O modelo estatístico usado para estudar as características do sêmen incluiu o efeito fixo de central-ano- época de coleta de sêmen e idade à coleta como covariável, com efeitos linear e quadrático. Para o PE, o modelo estatístico incluiu os efeitos fixos época e ano do nascimento, classe de idade à medição do perímetro e central de inseminação. Para IPP nas fêmeas, o modelo estatístico incluiu o efeito fixo rebanho-ano-estação de nascimento. Os modelos incluíram ainda os efeitos aleatórios de animal e residual, além do efeito aleatório de ambiente permanente para o modelo de características do sêmen. Os componentes de (co)variância foram estimados utilizando-se o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, em análises uni-característica. As estimativas das tendências genéticas para a característica IPP foram obtidas por meio da análise de regressão dos valores genéticos sobre o ano de nascimento dos animais. As estimativas das herdabilidades das características do sêmen foram baixas a moderadas (0,03 a 0,27), as correlações genéticas entre estas características foram baixas a altas (0,01 a 0,88), e em geral favoráveis. O PE apresentou correlações genéticas favoráveis com as características do sêmen. As herdabilidades para PE e IPP foram, respectivamente, 0,37 e 0,22. A tendência genética para IPP apresentou-se significativa, com valor estimado de - 0,018 meses/ano, mostrando que praticamente não houve progresso genético nesta característica ao longo dos anos estudados. As correlações genéticas entre PE e volume, concentração, vigor, motilidade, defeitos maiores, menores, totais, número de doses, número total de espermatozóides viáveis e IPP, foram de 0,33; 0,22; 0,91; 0,86; -0,07; -0,03; -0,04; 0,30; 0,23 e -0,37, respectivamente. Desta forma, devem ser definidas estratégias de seleção das características de qualidade de sêmen, visando maior ganho em reprodução. O PE pode ser utilizado para a seleção de touros Gir Leiteiro de maior qualidade seminal. Esses resultados sugerem ainda melhorias na eficiência reprodutiva de fêmeas quando forem utilizados nos rebanhos touros com maiores PE.

Orientador: Roberto Carlos Burini / Banca: Luis Carlos Giarola / Banca: Nailza Maestá / Resumo: A obesidade é considerada um grave problema da Saúde Pública mundial, apresentando prevalência crescente nas últimas décadas em diversas populações. Entretanto, a concentração da gordura corporal na região abdominal tem se mostrado mais fortemente associada com riscos metabólicos e cardiovasculares e com uma variedade de doenças crônicas. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentais associados à adiposidade abdominal de adultos. Metodologia: foram aplicados: questionário para avaliar as condições socioeconômicas e demográficas, Recordatório de 24 horas para obtenção do consumo alimentar, questionário de atividade física cotidiana (IPAQ, versão 8, forma longa) e realizada avaliação da composição corporal através de peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal e impedância bioelétrica. Resultados: Foram avaliados 1455 indivíduos, sendo 74,0% do sexo feminino e 73,5% com idade inferior a 60 anos. A maioria referiu ser solteiro/viúvo/divorciado (62,2%), apresentar renda familiar de até seis salários-mínimos (62,0%) e ser analfabeto ou possuir Ensino Fundamental incompleto ou completo (62,2%). Apresentaram alta prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade (77,7%), circunferência abdominal aumentada (60,5%), e alimentação inadequada (93,4%). A hiperadiposidade abdominal apresentou associação com excesso de peso, renda e estado civil, sendo a baixa renda fator preditor e estado civil solteiro/viúvo/divorciado fator protetor. Conclusão: Na população estudada foi encontrada alta prevalência de excesso de peso, circunferência abdominal aumentada e alimentação de baixa qualidade. Portanto, é essencial a adoção de ações que visem a mudança do estilo de vida com o objetivo de prevenir o aparecimento ou agravamento de doenças crônicas nessa população. / Abstract: The obesity is considered a serious problem in the Public Health sector world widely, and it has been increasing in several populations over the last decades. However, the adipose tissue concentration around the abdominal area has been strongly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risks and a great number of chronic diseases. Objective: To identify the socioeconomic and behavioral factors related to the abdominal adiposity in adults. Method: a questionnaire was used to evaluate the socioeconomic and demographic conditions, a 24-hour recall was done to obtain information about their dietary habits, a questionnaire about the routine physical activity was applied (IPAQ 8, long form), and an evaluation of the weight, height, abdominal size, bioelectrical impedance was done to check the body composition. Results: a study was conducted among 1455 people, 74,0% females and 73,5% under 60 years old. Most of whom said they were single/widow/divorced (62,2%), with a familiar income up to six basic salary (62,0%), and were illiterate or had or hadn't graduated from elementary school (62,2%). 77,7% presented a great predominance of overweight and obesity, 60,5% had an increased abdominal circumference and 93,4% had an inadequate dietary. The abdominal hyper adiposity presented to be associated with overweight, income and marital status, since the low income was the predictor and the marital status (single/widow/divorced) was the protector factor. Conclusion: Among the studied population, a high predominance of overweight, increased abdominal circumference and low quality dietary was found. Therefore, it is essential to adopt actions which can change these people's life style as a way to prevent chronic diseases. / Mestre

Introdução: Obesidade central é um fator de risco para o diabetes e as doenças cardiovasculares. O estudo da sua associação com os transtornos mentais comuns pode ajudar a entender melhor a epidemia de obesidade que acontece no Brasil, e a relação entre saúde mental e doenças crônicas. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre transtornos mentais comuns e obesidade central em uma coorte ocupacional- ELSA-Brasil. Métodos: Para a avaliação do transtorno mental comum (TMC) foi aplicado o questionário CIS-R em 15102 participantes entre 35 e 74 anos. A circunferência da cintura foi aferida junto com outras medidas antropométricas. Variáveis demográficas e comportamentais também foram coletadas através de questionários. Resultados: O transtorno mental comum mostrou associação com obesidade central (RP = 1,30; IC95% 1,25-1,36), e mesmo quando ajustada para sexo, idade, raça/cor da pele e centro de investigação ELSA, continuou significativa a associação (RP = 1,21; IC95% 1,16-1,27). Os transtornos específicos depressão (RP = 1,24, IC95% 1,14-1,34), ansiedade (RP = 1,18, IC95% 1,12-1,24) e misto de ansiedade e depressão (RP = 1,12; IC95% 1,06-1,18) também se mostraram associados, inclusive quando ajustados para as mesmas covariáveis. Conclusão: Participantes com transtorno mental comum e com os diagnósticos específicos de depressão e ansiedade apresentam maior prevalência de obesidade central comparados com os que não apresentam transtornos mentais. / Background: Central obesity is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and the study of its association with common mental disorders can help understand the obesity epidemic in Brazil, and the relationship between mental health and chronic diseases. Objective: To investigate the association between common mental disorders and central obesity in an occupational cohort ELSA-Brasil. Methods: Waist circumference, among other anthropometric measures, was obtained, and the CIS-R questionnaire was applied in 15102 participants between 35 and 74 years old. Demographic and behavioral variables were also obtained. Results: Common mental disorder was significantly associated with central obesity in crude analysis (PR = 1,30, CI95%: 1,25-1,36), and when adjusted for gender, age, skin color and center study (PR = 1,21, CI95%: 1,16 – 1,27). The specific mental disorders depression and anxiety were also associated. Conclusion: Participants with common mental disorder, and with specific diagnoses of depression and anxiety, report a higher prevalence of central obesity than people without a mental disorder.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-20T10:44:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diego Alves da Silva - 2018.pdf: 4513199 bytes, checksum: 346537b36c8921b3bb6a41fd2ed42db2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-20T10:47:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diego Alves da Silva - 2018.pdf: 4513199 bytes, checksum: 346537b36c8921b3bb6a41fd2ed42db2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T10:47:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diego Alves da Silva - 2018.pdf: 4513199 bytes, checksum: 346537b36c8921b3bb6a41fd2ed42db2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-06 / Introduction: Cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) can begin in childhood subtly and last until adulthood, they may be present in an isolated or grouped form in the same individual, and thus increase cardiovascular risk. One of the most present CRF is obesity, especially abdominal obesity, which is strongly associated with metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, it is necessary instruments of easy access for the tracking of the cardiovascular risk in childhood. In the literature studies on CRF in children are still incipient and need to be better understood, especially in the state of Goiás. Objective: To analyze the cardiovascular risk factors grouped in preschool and school children in the city of Santo Antônio de Goiás. Method: An epidemiological study was carried out, with a cross-sectional study and a case-control study, in the city of Santo Antônio de Goiás, with students from 4 to 11 years of age enrolled in the public network. Anthropometric data (body mass index - BMI and waist circumference - WC), resting blood pressure (BP), fasting glycemia and lipid profile (high density lipoprotein HDL, low density lipoprotein LDL) were collected and evaluated, triglycerides - TG and total cholesterol - TC), besides the level of physical activity. Grouped CRFs were considered when the same individual had equal or more than 3 altered indicators. To verify the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed. Initially, data were analyzed for mean, standard deviation and frequency. The comparison of means between the groups was performed by Student's t-test for independent samples or Mann Whitney. The association between the variables (anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic) were evaluated by the Pearson's Chi-square test and correlation analysis between the absolute values of the variables indicative of the FRC was used the Spearman correlation, Regression analysis Binary Logistics to identify significant predictors for outcome: cardiovascular risk factors grouped and isolated. For all tests the significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: Of the 158 schoolchildren evaluated, 24.7% were overweight and 29.7% were abdominal adiposity. The prevalence of arterial hypertension was 11.4% and dyslipidemia 72.8%, only glycemia was identified within normal values for all children. The comparative analysis of CRF indicated association of BMI, MC and SBP in both preschoolers and schoolchildren with increased CD, in addition to higher PAD and TG values in students with increased CD. Positive and significant correlation was still found between CC values and SBP and DBP values for all children. In addition, the results of binary logistic regression showed that school-aged children with increased CD were 1.10 times more likely to present clustering risk factors. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was the most prevalent CRF among preschoolers and schoolchildren, followed by abdominal adiposity and excess body weight. In the group of children evaluated, abdominal adiposity directly influenced blood pressure values in both groups and in triglyceride values in schoolchildren. CC was able to predict CRF in only the older group of children. / Introdução: Os fatores de risco cardiovasculares (FRC) podem iniciar na infância de forma sutil e, perdurar até a idade adulta, eles podem estar presentes de forma isolada ou agrupada em um mesmo indivíduo, e assim potencializar o risco cardiovascular. Um dos FRC mais presentes é a obesidade, em especial a abdominal que está fortemente associada às disfunções metabólicas. Portanto, é necessário instrumentos de fácil acesso para o rastreamento do risco cardiovascular ainda na infância. Na literatura os estudos sobre FRC em crianças, ainda são incipientes e necessitam ser melhor compreendidos, especialmente no estado de Goiás. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores de risco cardiovasculares agrupados, em pré-escolares e escolares, da cidade de Santo Antônio de Goiás. Método: realizou-se um estudo epidemiológico, com recorte transversal e delineamento caso-controle, na cidade de Santo Antônio de Goiás, com escolares de 4 a 11 anos de idade, matriculados na rede pública. Foram coletados e avaliados os dados antropométricos (índice de massa corporal – IMC e circunferência da cintura - CC), pressão arterial em repouso (PA), glicemia de jejum e perfil lipídico (Lipoproteína de Alta Densidade – HDL, Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade – LDL, Triglicerídeos – TG e Colesterol Total – CT), além do nível de atividade física. Os FRC agrupados foram considerados quando o mesmo indivíduo apresentava igual ou mais que 3 indicadores alterados. Para averiguar a normalidade dos dados foi executado o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Inicialmente, os dados foram analisados quanto média, desvio padrão e frequência. A comparação de médias entre os grupos foi realizada pelo teste-t de Student para amostras independentes ou Mann Whitney. A associação entre as variáveis (antropométricas, bioquímicas e hemodinâmicas) foram avaliadas pelo teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson e análise de correlação entre os valores absolutos das variáveis indicativas dos FRC empregou-se a correlação de Spearman, também foi realizada a análise de Regressão Logística Binária para identificar previsores significativos para o desfecho: fatores de risco cardiovascular agrupados e isolados. Para todos os testes foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Dos 158 escolares avaliados, 24,7% apresentavam excesso de peso e 29,7% adiposidade abdominal. A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi de 11,4% e de dislipidemia 72,8%, apenas a glicemia foi identificada dentro dos valores de normalidades para todas as crianças. A análise comparativa dos FRC indicou associação do IMC, MC e PAS tanto nos pré-escolares e escolares com CC aumentada, além de maiores valores de PAD e TG em escolares com CC aumentada. Ainda foi encontrada correlação positiva e significativa entre os valores de CC com os de PAS, PAD de todas as crianças. Além disso, os resultados da regressão logística binária mostraram que crianças em idade escolar, com CC aumentada, tem 1,10 mais chances de apresentarem fatores de risco agrupados. Conclusão: A dislipidemia foi o FRC de maior prevalência entre pré-escolares e escolares, seguida adiposidade abdominal e excesso de peso corporal. No grupo de crianças avaliadas, a adiposidade abdominal influenciou diretamente os valores de pressão arterial em ambos os grupos e nos valores de triglicerídeos em escolares. A CC foi capaz de prever FRC somente no grupo de crianças mais velhas.