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Modern day society is vastly complex, with information and data constantly being posted, shared, and collected everywhere. There is often an abundance of massive amounts of unlabeled data that can not be leveraged in a supervised machine learning context. Thus, there exists an incentive to research and develop machine learning methods which can learn without labels. Selfsupervised learning (SSL) is a newly emerged machine learning paradigm that aims to learn representations that can later be used in domain specific downstream tasks. In this degree project three SSL models based on the Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations (SimCLR) are evaluated. Each model aims to learn sleep deprivation related representations on magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements. MEG is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that is used on humans to investigate neuronal activity. The data was acquired through a collaboration with Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, where the SLEMEG project was conducted to study the neurophysiological response to partial sleep deprivation. The features extracted by the SSL-models are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, and also used to perform classification and regression tasks on subject labels. The results show that the evaluated Signal- and Recording SimCLR models can learn sleep deprivation related features, whilst simultaneously learning other co-occuring information also. Furthermore, the results indicate that the learned representations are informative and can be utilized for multiple downstream tasks. However, it is noted that what has been learned is mostly related to subject-specific individual variance, which leads to poor generalization performance on classification and regression downstream tasks. Thus, it is believed that the models would perform better with access to more MEG data, and that source localized MEG data could remove part of the individual variance that is learned. / Den moderna dagens samhälle är enormt komplext, information och data blir konstant postat, delat, och insamlat överallt. På grund av det så finns det ofta ett överflöd av massiva mängder omärkt data some inte kan användas i ett övervakat maskininlärnings-sammanhang. Därmed finns det ett incitament att forska om och utveckla maskininlärningsmetoder som kan lära modeller utan tillgång till märkningar. Självövervakad inlärning (SSL) är en modern metod som nyligen har fått mycket fokus, vars mål är att lära sig representationer av datat som sedan kan användas i domänspecifika nedströmsuppgifter. I det här examensarbetet så är tre SSL metoder evaluerade där de alla strävar efter att lära sig representationer relaterat till sömndeprivering på magnetoencefalografi (MEG) mätningar. MEG är en icke-invasiv metod som används på människor för att undersöka neuronal aktivitet. Datat var förvärvat genom ett sammarbeta med Karolinska Institutet och Stockholms Universitet, där SLEMEG studien hade blivit genomförd för att studera neurofysiologisk respons på sömndeprivering. De av SSL-modellerna extraherade särdragen är analyserade både kvalitativt samt kvantitativt, och sedan använda för att genomföra klassificerings och regressions-uppgifter. Resultaten visar på att de evaluerade Signal- och Recording SimCLR modellerna kan lära sig särdrag relaterade till sömndepriverad, men samtidigt också lära sig annan samförekommande information. Dessutom så indikerar resultaten att de lärda representationerna är informativa och kan då användas i flera olika nedströmsuppgifter. Dock så noteras det att det som blivit inlärt är mestadels relaterat till individ-specifik varians, vilket leder till dålig generaliseringsprestanda. Således är det trott att modellerna hade presterat bättre med tillgång till mer MEG data, samt att källlokalisering av MEG datat hade kunnat ta bort en del av den individuella variansen som blir inlärd.

In this thesis, the main focus is to formulate and test a suitable model forexogenous fault detection in swarms containing unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), which are aerial autonomous systems. FOI Swedish DefenseResearch Agency provided the thesis project and research question. Inspiredby previous work, the implementation use behavioral feature vectors (BFVs)to simulate the movements of the UAVs and to identify anomalies in theirbehaviors. The chosen algorithm for fault detection is the density-based cluster analysismethod known as the Local Outlier Factor (LOF). This method is built on thek-Nearest Neighbor(kNN) algorithm and employs densities to detect outliers.In this thesis, it is implemented to detect faulty agents within the swarm basedon their behavior. A confusion matrix and some associated equations are usedto evaluate the accuracy of the method. Six features are selected for examination in the LOF algorithm. The firsttwo features assess the number of neighbors in a circle around the agent,while the others consider traversed distance, height, velocity, and rotation.Three different fault types are implemented and induced in one of the agentswithin the swarm. The first two faults are motor failures, and the last oneis a sensor failure. The algorithm is successfully implemented, and theevaluation of the faults is conducted using three different metrics. Several setsof experiments are performed to assess the optimal value for the LOF thresholdand to understand the model’s performance. The thesis work results in a strongLOF value which yields an acceptable F1 score, signifying the accuracy of theimplementation is at a satisfactory level. / I denna uppsats är huvudfokuset att formulera och testa en lämplig modellför detektion av exogena fel i svärmar som innehåller obemannade flygfordon(UAV:er), vilka utgör autonoma luftburna system. Examensarbetet ochforskningsfrågan tillhandahölls av FOI, Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut.Inspirerad av tidigare arbete används beteendemässiga egenskapsvektorer(BFV:er) för att simulera rörelserna hos UAV:erna och för att identifieraavvikelser i deras beteenden. Den valda algoritmen för felavkänning är en densitetsbaserad klusterana-lysmetod som kallas Local Outlier Factor (LOF). Denna metod byggerpå k-Nearest Neighbor-algoritmen och använder densiteter för att upptäckaavvikande datapunkter. I denna uppsats implementeras den för att detekterafelaktiga agenter inom svärmen baserat på deras beteende. En förväxlings-matris(Confusion Matrix) och dess tillhörande ekvationer används för attutvärdera metodens noggrannhet. Sex egenskaper valdes för undersökning i LOF-algoritmen. De första tvåegenskaperna bedömer antalet grannar i en cirkel runt agenter, medande andra beaktar avstånd, höjd, hastighet och rotation. Tre olika feltyperimplementeras och framkallas hos en av agenterna inom svärmen. De förstatvå felen är motorfel, och det sista är ett sensorfel. Algoritmen implementerasframgångsrikt och utvärderingen av felen genomförs med hjälp av treolika mått. Ett antal uppsättningar av experiment utförs för att hitta detoptimala värdet för LOF-gränsen och för att förstå modellens prestanda.Examensarbetet resultat är ett optimalt LOF-värde som genererar ettacceptabelt F1-score, vilket innebär att noggrannheten för implementationennår en tillfredsställande nivå.

Объект работы – психологическая адаптация иностранных студентов Уральского Федерального университета имени первого президента Б. Н. Ельцина. Предмет работы – связь психологической адаптации иностранных студентов с их уровнем осознанности и темпераментом. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы и приложений. В работе 104 страницы, 9 рисунков и 9 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы адаптации иностранных студентов в контексте глобализации и межкультурного обмена, освещается развитие вопросов интеграции в многонациональной образовательной среде, что подчеркивает важность исследования для образовательных практик. Первая глава содержит теоретический обзор по изученным аспектам психологической адаптации, роль типологии направленности личности Карла Юнга и осознанности в адаптации, а также информацию о специфике психологической адаптации иностранных студентов. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирическому исследованию, включая корреляционный анализ Спирмена для определения связи между осознанностью, темпераментом и показателями адаптации. Применен ANOVA для сравнения уровней адаптации и особенностей принятия себя между студентами различных курсов. Регрессионный анализ используется для изучения изменений в влиянии осознанности и темперамента на разных этапах обучения. Кластерный анализ предварительно анализирует данные и выявляет основные тенденции и различия между студентами из разных регионов. В заключении представлены основные результаты работы, подтверждающие значимость осознанности и темперамента в процессе адаптации иностранных студентов. Работа вносит вклад в теорию и практику психологической адаптации, предлагая рекомендации для разработки программ поддержки иностранных студентов. В магистерской диссертации описано исследование, направленное на изучение процесса психологической адаптации иностранных студентов в Уральском федеральном университете. Актуальность темы обусловлена значимостью вопросов адаптации на фоне глобализации и межкультурного взаимодействия в современном образовательном пространстве. Исследование охватывает различные аспекты психологической адаптации, включая теоретические подходы, типологию личности по Юнгу, а также особенности и проблемы адаптации иностранцев в российском контексте. Анализ выявил, что осознанность и темперамент играют ключевую роль в успешной адаптации студентов. Особенно стоит отметить осознанность как основной фактор адаптации, подчеркивающий важность развития навыков внимательности и рефлексии среди студентов. Многофакторный анализ показал, что влияние осознанности на адаптацию варьируется в зависимости от курса обучения. Наибольшее влияние она оказывает на третьем курсе, свидетельствуя о накоплении необходимых навыков к этому времени, что критично для адаптации в более поздних периодах обучения. В то время как темперамент оказывает наибольшее влияние на четвертом курсе, подчеркивая значимость личностных характеристик на более зрелом этапе обучения. Анализ различий (ANOVA) подтвердил статистически значимые различия в уровнях адаптации между студентами различных курсов и показал, как осознанность и темперамент влияют на эти уровни, что указывает на изменчивость процесса адаптации в разное время обучения. Исследование подчеркивает необходимость интеграции программ по развитию осознанности в учебные планы, особенно для начальных курсов, для поддержания адаптации студентов с самого начала их обучения. Важно также учитывать индивидуальные особенности студентов, включая темперамент, при разработке поддерживающих мероприятий, так как эти факторы существенно влияют на адаптацию на всех этапах обучения. В процессе анализа психологической адаптации иностранных студентов был применен кластерный анализ для определения основных характеристик моделей адаптации, связанных со студентами из разных регионов мира. Результаты позволили выделить три ключевых кластера, каждый из которых представляет различные уровни адаптации и связанные с ними психологические особенности. Таким образом, результаты диссертации вносят важный вклад в развитие теории и практики психологической адаптации иностранных студентов, расширяя понимание механизмов, которые способствуют успешной адаптации. Разработанные на основе исследования рекомендации могут служить основой для улучшения программ поддержки, способствуя академическому успеху и личностному росту студентов, а также укреплению межкультурного диалога и повышению привлекательности России как страны для международного образования. / The object of the work is the psychological adaptation of foreign students of the Ural Federal University named after the first president B. N. Yeltsin. The subject of the work is the relationship of psychological adaptation of foreign students with their level of awareness and temperament. The master’s thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of literature and applications. The work contains 104 pages, 9 drawings and 9 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the problem of adaptation of foreign students in the context of globalization and intercultural exchange, highlights the development of integration issues in a multinational educational environment, which underlines the importance of research for educational practices. The first chapter contains a theoretical overview of the studied aspects of psychological adaptation, the role of the typology of personality orientation of Carl Jung and awareness in adaptation, as well as information about the specifics of psychological adaptation of foreign students. The second chapter focuses on empirical research, including Spearman’s correlation analysis to determine the relationship between cognition, temperament, and adaptation. ANOVA is used to compare the levels of adaptation and features of taking yourself between students of different courses. Regression analysis is used to study changes in cognition and temperament at different stages of learning. Cluster analysis preliminarily analyzes the data and identifies the main trends and differences between students from different regions. In conclusion, the main results of the work, confirming the importance of awareness and temperament in the process of adaptation of foreign students are presented. The work contributes to the theory and practice of psychological adaptation by offering recommendations for the development of programs supporting foreign students. The master’s thesis describes a study aimed at studying the process of psychological adaptation of foreign students at the Ural Federal University. The relevance of the topic is due to the importance of adaptation issues against the background of globalization and intercultural interaction in the modern educational space. The study covers various aspects of psychological adaptation, including theoretical approaches, personality typology by Jung, as well as features and problems of adaptation of foreigners in the Russian context. The analysis revealed that awareness and temperament play a key role in the successful adaptation of students. It is especially worth noting awareness as the main factor of adaptation, emphasizing the importance of developing skills of attentiveness and reflection among students. Multidimensional analysis has shown that the impact of awareness on adaptation varies from course to course. It has the greatest impact in the third year, indicating the accumulation of the necessary skills by that time, which is critical for adaptation in later periods of training. While temperament has the greatest influence on the fourth year, emphasizing the importance of personality characteristics at a more mature stage of learning. Differences analysis (ANOVA) has confirmed statistically significant differences in the levels of adaptation between students of different courses and has shown how awareness and temperament influence these levels, indicating the variability of the adaptation process at different learning times. The study emphasizes the need to integrate awareness programmes into the curriculum, especially for initial courses, to support the adaptation of students from the very beginning of their studies. It is also important to consider the individual characteristics of students, including temperament, when developing supportive activities, as these factors significantly influence adaptation at all stages of learning. In the process of analysis of the psychological adaptation of foreign students cluster analysis was applied to determine the main characteristics of adaptation models related to students from different regions of the world. The results highlighted three key clusters, each representing different levels of adaptation and related psychological features. Thus, the results of the thesis make an important contribution to the development of the theory and practice of psychological adaptation of foreign students, increasing the understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to successful adaptation. Recommendations developed on the basis of the study can serve as a basis for improving support programs, contributing to the academic success and personal growth of students, as well as strengthening intercultural dialogue and increasing the attractiveness of Russia as a country for international education.

[ES] Los sistemas de buses de tránsito rápido (Bus Rapid Transit, BRT por sus siglas en inglés) han experimentado un gran crecimiento en los últimos años, pues más de 170 ciudades tienen algún tipo de sistema BRT. La evidencia empírica acerca de la relación entre el entorno urbano y estos sistemas todavía requiere ser estudiada, especialmente en las urbes en desarrollo que no disponen de información a pie de calle para realizar análisis en el nivel de las estaciones. En este contexto, el primer objetivo de la investigación fue generar datos a microescala (a pie de calle) del entorno próximo a las estaciones del sistema BRT de Quito, mediante métodos e instrumentos de análisis de campo, así como seguimientos, recopilación técnica de información de características del entorno urbano y encuestas. Además, se propuso utilizar los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) para el manejo y análisis de los datos. Así, se obtuvieron mapas que representan la densidad de la población a escala de manzana y a escala de segmentos: la densidad de la edificación, la mezcla de usos de suelo (servicios, entidades públicas, escuelas, comercio, etc.); mezcla vertical (es decir, usos de vivienda, comercio y oficina en el mismo edificio) y características de espacio público (seguridad vial, ancho de acera, topografía, etc.). Se propuso también identificar el umbral de distancia máxima mediante el método de seguimiento, cuyo hallazgo revela que este umbral se sitúa en una distancia de 600 metros En relación al objetivo de analizar las características de los usuarios del sistema BRT y el comportamiento del viaje a través de una encuesta de intercepción, los resultados establecen que la mayoría de los usuarios encuestados corresponden al grupo femenino con formación académica universitaria que utiliza el transporte por trabajo. El siguiente objetivo fue determinar de forma cuantitativa la relación entre el sistema BRT de Quito y las características del entorno urbano en un umbral de distancia de 600 m, en 42 puntos a través del análisis estadístico multivariante (modelo de regresión múltiple). Los resultados señalan que la densidad de los segmentos del viario con acera entre 3 y 4 metros, la densidad del equipamiento de administración pública son variables significativas y positivas. Asimismo, la distancia al centro de la ciudad (accesibilidad regional) y la distancia a los destinos dentro de los 400 metros, (accesibilidad local), son dominios con signo negativo. Mientras que, la densidad no tiene un poder explicativo en el modelo de demanda del sistema tipo BRT de la ciudad de Quito. Asimismo, se planteó el examinar las cualidades del contexto inmediato de las mismas 42 estaciones del sistema BRT de Quito dentro de un umbral de distancia de 600 m a través del análisis estadístico multivariante. Los resultados muestran que la accesibilidad local, es decir, la distancia a la parada destino, el índice de rodeo (relación entre la distancia a pie medida a través de la red y la distancia euclidiana), el logaritmo de la densidad de la población se correlaciona de manera positiva con la distancia a pie. Mientras que, la densidad de los estratos (medio alto y alto), la densidad no residente (personas que trabajan, estudian o realizan otras actividades) y la distancia a la parada destino son variables significativas y con signo negativo. Otro objetivo de estudio fue tipificar el entorno urbano próximo de las 42 paradas en un umbral de distancia de 600 metros del sistema BRT de Quito a través del análisis estadístico factorial y los clústeres. Las características del entorno se clasificaron en tres factores. / [CA] Els sistemes de busos de trànsit ràpid (Bus Rapid Transit, BRT per les seues sigles en anglés) han experimentat un gran creixement en els últims anys, perquè més de 170 ciutats tenen algun tipus de sistema BRT. L'evidència empírica sobre la relació entre l'entorn urbà i estos sistemes encara requereix ser estudiada, especialment en les urbs en desenvolupament que no disposen d'informació a peu de carrer per a realitzar anàlisi en el nivell de les estacions. En este context, el primer objectiu de la investigació va ser generar dades a microescala (a peu de carrer) de l'entorn pròxim a les estacions del sistema BRT de Quito, mitjançant mètodes i instruments d'anàlisis de camp, així com seguiments, recopilació tècnica d'informació de característiques de l'entorn urbà i enquestes. A més, es va proposar utilitzar els sistemes d'informació geogràfica (*SIG) per al maneig i anàlisi de les dades. Així, es van obtindre mapes que representen la densitat de la població a escala de poma i a escala de segments: la densitat de l'edificació, la mescla d'usos de sòl (serveis, entitats públiques, escoles, comerç, etc.); mescla vertical (és a dir, usos d'habitatge, comerç i oficina en el mateix edifici) i característiques d'espai públic (seguretat viària, ample de vorera, topografia, etc.). Es va proposar també identificar el llindar de distància màxima mitjançant el mètode de seguiment, la troballa del qual revela que este llindar se situa en una distància de 600 metres En relació a l'objectiu d'analitzar les característiques dels usuaris del sistema BRT i el comportament del viatge a través d'una enquesta d'intercepció, els resultats estableixen que la majoria dels usuaris enquestats corresponen al grup femení amb formació acadèmica universitària que utilitza el transport per treball. El següent objectiu va ser determinar de manera quantitativa la relació entre el sistema BRT de Quito i les característiques de l'entorn urbà en un llindar de distància de 600 metres, en 42 punts a través de l'anàlisi estadística multivariant (model de regressió múltiple). Els resultats assenyalen que la densitat dels segments del viari amb vorera entre 3 i 4 metres, la densitat de l'equipament d'administració pública són variables significatives i positives. Així mateix, la distància al centre de la ciutat (accessibilitat regional) i la distància als destins dins dels 400 metres, (accessibilitat local), són dominis amb signe negatiu. Mentre que, la densitat no té un poder explicatiu en el model de demanda del sistema tipus BRT de la ciutat de Quito. Així mateix, es va plantejar l'examinar les qualitats del context immediat de les mateixes 42 estacions del sistema BRT de Quito dins d'un llindar de distància de 600 metres a través de l'anàlisi estadística multivariant. Els resultats mostren que l'accessibilitat local, és a dir, la distància a la parada destine, l'índex de marrada (relació entre la distància a peu mesurada a través de la xarxa i la distància euclidiana), el logaritme de la densitat de la població es correlaciona de manera positiva amb la distància a peu. Mentre que, la densitat dels estrats (mig alt i alt), la densitat no resident (persones que treballen, estudien o realitzen altres activitats) i la distància a la parada destine són variables significatives i amb signe negatiu. Un altre objectiu d'estudi va ser tipificar l'entorn urbà pròxim de les 42 parades en un llindar de distància de 600 metres del sistema BRT de Quito a través de l'anàlisi estadística factorial i els clústers. Les característiques de l'entorn es van classificar en tres factors. / [EN] Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems have experienced tremendous growth in recent years, with more than 170 cities having some form of BRT system. Empirical evidence about the relationship between the urban environment and these systems still needs to be studied, especially in developing cities that do not have street-level information for station-level analysis. In this context, the first objective of the research was to generate micro-scale data (at street level) of the environment near the stations of Quito's BRT system, through field analysis methods and tools, as well as monitoring, technical collection of information on urban environment characteristics and surveys. In addition, the use of geographic information systems (GIS) was proposed for data management and analysis. As a result, maps were obtained that represent population density at the block scale and at the segment scale: building density, mix of land uses (services, public entities, schools, commerce, etc.), vertical mix (i.e., housing, commerce and office uses in the same building) and public space characteristics (road safety, sidewalk width, topography, etc.). Also, it was proposed to identify the maximum distance threshold using the tracking method, the finding of which reveals a distance of 600 meters. Regarding the objective of recognizing the qualities of the users of the BRT system and the characteristics of the trip through the application of an intercept survey, the results establish that most of the surveyed users correspond to female group with university education who use the transport for work. The next objective was to quantitatively determine the relationship between Quito's BRT system and the characteristics of the urban environment at a distance threshold of 600 meters, at 42 locations through multivariate statistical analysis (multiple regression model). The results indicate that the density of road segments with sidewalks between 3 and 4 meters, the density of public administration equipment are significant and positive variables, likewise, the distance to the city center, regional accessibility and the distance to destinations within 400 meters, local accessibility, are domains with a negative sign. Meanwhile, density has no explanatory power in the demand model of the BRT type system in the city of Quito. Likewise, it was proposed to examine the qualities of the immediate context of the same 42 stations of the Quito BRT system within a distance threshold of 600 meters through multivariate statistical analysis. The results show that local accessibility, meaning the distance to the destination stop, the rounding index (ratio between the walking distance measured through the network and the Euclidean distance), the logarithm of the population density correlates positively with the walking distance. While, stratum density (upper middle and high), non-resident density (people working, studying or performing other activities) and distance to the destination stop are significant variables and with negative sign. Another study objective was to typify the proximate urban environment of the 42 stops within a distance threshold of 600 meters of the Quito BRT system through statistical factor analysis and clustering. The characteristics of the environment were classified into three factors. / Núñez Basantes, AC. (2024). Transporte público y entorno construido: análisis de las áreas de influencia de las estaciones del BRT en la ciudad de Quito [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202963

No / OBJECTIVES: The Enriched Opportunities Programme (EOP) is a multi-level intervention focussing on improved quality of life for people with dementia. This study compared the experience of people living with dementia and other mental health problems in extra care housing schemes that utilised EOP with schemes that employed an active control intervention. METHOD: Ten extra care housing schemes were cluster randomised to receive either the EOP intervention or an active control intervention for an 18-month period. Residents with dementia or other significant mental health problems (20-30 per scheme) were assessed on a number of outcome measures at baseline, six months, one year and 18 months. The primary outcome measure was quality of life. Self-reported depression was an important secondary outcome. RESULTS: The EOP-participating residents rated their quality of life more positively over time (4.0 (SE 0.6) units; 14% p < 0.001) than the active control (1.3 (SE 0.6) units; 4% p = 0.003). There was also a significant group-time interaction for depressive symptoms (p = 0.003). The EOP-participating residents reported a reduction of 25% at both six and 12 months and a 37% reduction at 18 months (all p's < 0.001). EOP residents were less likely than residents in the active control sites to move to a care home or to be admitted to a hospital inpatient bed. They were more likely to be seen by a range of community health professionals. CONCLUSION: The EOP had a positive impact on the quality of life of people with dementia in well-staffed extra care housing schemes.

Text in Afrikaans / Dit is belangrik vir bemarkingsorganisasies om die effek van bemarkingsaksies en meer spesifiek reklame te meet van wee eskalerende koste-oorwegings. Wat die rol van reklame in verbruikersgedrag betref, is die belewing van of houding-teenoor-reklame konsepte van sentrale be lang. Aangesien die term bel ewing meer beskrywend is oor die impak wat advertensies op verbruikers het word hierdie term algemeen gebruik. Hierdie studie ondersoek die konsep advertensiewaardering en ontleed die invloed daarvan op advertensiebelewing. Die kyker-responsprofiel soos deur Schlinger (1979) ontwikkel, word algemeen gebruik om televisiekykers se houding teenoor televisie-advertensies te meet. Hierdie studie poog om die toepaslikheid en geldigheid van die kyker-responsprofiel onder Suid-Afrikaanse televisiekykers te ondersoek. Die navorsingsmetode het uit twee fases bestaan. Die eerste fase was meer kwalitatief van aard, en ondersoek kykers se kognitiewe struktuur van houding teenoor televisie-advertensies. Die teoretiese uitgangspunt tydens hierdie fase is persoonlike-konstrukteorie. Repertoriumrooster onderhoude is met 50 volwasse televisiekykers (ouer as 16 jaar) uit verskillende taalgroepe gevoer. Daar is bevind dat kykers gemiddeld ses konstrukte gebruik ten einde die waarderingsvlak van advertensies te bepaal. 313 Konstrukte is in totaal deur die 50 respondente ontlok. Hierdie konstruke is deur individuele roosterontledings en ooreenkomsanalise tot 'n aantal konstrukgroepe gereduseer. Beskrywings van konstrukgroepe is aan die hand van n literatuurnavorsing gedoen. Die konstrukgroepe (tevredenheid, vermaaklikheid, interessantheid, sosialiteit, duidelikheid, realiteit, tempo en emosialiteit) toon 'n mate van ooreenstemming met die sewe Schlinger basisfaktore. Die onderliggende indiwiduele konstrukte wat vermaaklikheid, sosialiteit tempo en interessantheid beskryf, toon hoe korrelasies met waardering wat daarop dui dat waardering meer as net vermaaklikheid behels. Fase twee was meer kwantitatief van aard en het die ontleding van 382 kykerresponsprofiele behels. 'n Faktorontleding van die 32 Schlinger-items het sewe basisfaktore tot gevolg. Die eerste vyf faktore (vermaaklikheid, verwarring, relevante nuus, handelsmerkversterking en empatie) beskik oor soortgelyke faktorladings as faktorontledings wat in die V.S.A. gedoen is. Hierdie bevinding dui daarop dat die affektiewe belewingstruktuur van televisiekykers in Suid-Afrika grootliks dieselfde is as kykers in die Verenigde State. Die ander twee faktore (familiariteit en vervreemding) se ladings verskil van die in die Verenigde State maar hierdie verskille kan gegewe die aard van die advertensies ( bestaande en nuwe advertensiekonsepte) en die kruiskulturele aard van Suid-Afrikaanse kykers verklaar word. Die Schlingeritems is statisties beskryf en ontleed deur die rol wat die tipe advertensie (bestaande versus nuwe), produk-kategorie en kulturele teikenmark speel in waardering van advertensies te ondersoeK. Nuwe konsepte is geneig om meer vermaaklik en relevant te wees. Zulu, Sotho en Xhose kykers is geneig om advertensies as meer positief te beleef. Kosmetika en medisinale-, korporatiewe- en motoradvertensies is verder minder vermaaklik as voedsel en handelsadvertensies. Die Schlingeritems wat advertensiewaardering die beste beskryf en voorspel is bepaal deur bondelontledings en meerdimensionele verskaling. Daar is gevind dat waardering die mate waartoe 'n advertensie aan die vermaaklikheids, empatie en relevante nuus doelwitte voldoen sonder om verwarrend, vervreemdend of oorbekend te wees. Dit wil voorkom of daar twee dimensies bestaan wat die meeste variansie in Schlingeritems verklaar naamlik waardering (positief of negatief) en relevansie. Bondelontleding dui verder daarop dat 'n positiewe persepsie van 'n geadverteerde handelsmerk kykers ontvanklik maak om meer van 'n advertensie te hou of te waardeer. / It is important that, given escalating cost considerations, marketing organisations determine the effect that their marketing efforts have. With regard to the role of advertising m consumer behaviour, attitude towards commercials is of utmost importance. This study examined the liking of television advertisement concept and analyses the effect of this concept on attitude towards television advertising. The viewer response profile as developed by Schlinger (1979) is commonly used to evaluate viewer's attitude towards television commercials. This study attempted to investigate the applicability and validity of this instrument amongst South African television viewers. The study consisted of two phases. Phase one was more qualitative in nature and investigated the viewer's cognitive structure of attitude towards television commercials. The theoretical approach used during this phase was personal construct theory. It was found that viewers on average use six constructs to evaluate whether they like or dislike commercials. 313 Constructs were elicited and based on individual grid analyses and correspondence analysis a reduced number of construct groups was identified. These construct groups ( contentness, entertainment, interesting, sociality, clearness, reality, emotionality, and tempo) show a measure of similarity to the seven Schlinger factors or dimensions. The individual constructs, which make up entertainment, sociality, emotionality, tempo and interesting, show high levels of correlation with advertisement liking. This finding suggests that advertisement liking involve more than pure entertainment. Phase two was more quantitative and consisted of analysing 382 viewer response profiles. A factor analysis of the 32 items, which make up the viewer response profile, resulted in seven factors. The first five factors (entertainment, confusion, relevant news, brand reinforcement and empathy) show similar factor loading to factor analytical studies done in the United State of America. The other two factors (familiarity and alienation) show different loading to the United States of America study but these differences could be explained given the nature of commercials tested (existing commercials and new commercial concepts) and the cross cultural nature of South African viewers. The Schlinger items were analysed in greater detail by investigating the role which type of commercial (existing versus new), product category and cultural target market play in liking of commercials. New concepts are proven to be more entertaining, creative and relevant. Zulu and Sotho viewers are likely to be more positively disposed towards television commercials while cosmetic, medicine, corporate and motor vehicle commercials are less entertaining than food and commercial commercials. Those Schlinger items, which best describe and predict commercials liking were determined by using cluster and multi dimensional scaling techniques. It is apparent from this analysis that likability is the extent to which the objective of entertainment, empathy or relevant news is achieved without confusion, alienation or familiarity. Cluster analysis furthermore suggests that a positive perception of an advertised brand predispose viewers to higher levels of commercial liking. Multi dimensional scaling suggest two dimensions explaining most of the Schlinger factor variance namely liking (positive of negative) and relevance. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com. (Bedryfsielkunde)

摘 要 台灣地區近日網路購物的人數快速成長，因此，消費者對於網路商品的需求大增，是否能從網路商店購買到價廉物美的商品乃為消費者關心的焦點。且根據資策會的調查，書籍是網路購物者的最愛，基於探討網路商店定價行為的國外文獻大抵僅以美國為研究對象，偏重於簡單的統計與迴歸分析，欠缺較深入的統計方法如單因子變異數分析法及集群分析法，加上國內缺乏針對網路商店定價行為從事分析的實證文獻，於是本研究將以書籍為研究對象，蒐集國內傳統書店和網路書店銷售書籍的價格，綜合了迴歸分析、無母數統計、單因子變異數分析及集群分析四大方法從事書店定價行為的分析。本研究先以複迴歸分析探討不同書店之書籍售價的決定因素；再以無母數統計法比較不同購買數量及不同種類的書籍售價；然後，以單因子變異數分析和Turkey、Scheffe兩兩比較法剖析書籍的售價與書店的關聯性；最後，以策略群組分析法探索書店間經營策略的類似性及差異性。 結果顯示，網路書店彼此之間的價格競爭較實體書店之間激烈。書店的書籍銷售價格和資本額、員工數成正向關係，資本額越大、員工數越多則書籍銷售價格越高，書店歷史、商品種類則和書店書籍銷售價格有負向關係，書店歷史越久、商品種類越多，則書籍銷售價格越便宜。再者，比較不同購買數量的書籍售價後發現消費者只要購買兩本書籍以上，網路書店比實體書店便宜，而若消費者只購買一本書籍，在網路書店購買會較吃虧。還有，在工商企管、健康旅遊及文學類三類書籍的價格比較下，書籍售價排序由低到高為文學類、健康旅遊類、工商企管類。接下來，從書籍與書店的關聯性來看，誠品網路書店的書籍銷售價格最高，華文網和搜主義的書籍最便宜。此外，本研究發現，實體書店所開設的網路分店書籍的售價都較實體書店高，而且純網路書店的書籍銷售價格顯著較實體書店的網路分店便宜。 最後，在策略群組分析法中發現19家書店可分為6個群組：節省開銷，專於本業型 (政大書城、上達書局、聯經出版社、今日書局、搜主義網路書店、三民網路書店及誠品網路書店)、圖書館結合百貨公司型 (誠品書店)、大規模經營型 (金石堂書店、新學友書局、博客來網路書店及新絲路網路書店)；第四群小百貨公司型 (建宏書局、三民書局、摩爾書店、金石堂網路書店及華文網路書店)；第五群致力服務型 (何嘉仁書店)；第六群國際級圖書館型 (紀伊國屋書店)。

Les analyses statistiques ont été réalisées avec le logiciels SPSS 11.0(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) et AMOS 6 (Analysis of Moment Structures. La base de données de l'étude a été crée et receuillie par Caroline Despatie en collaboration avec Dr. Dianne Casoni. / Considérant les effets négatifs sur le développement des enfants associées à l'utilisation de châtiments corporels, un ensemble considérable de la recherche a tenté de proposer une avenue pour interrompre le cercle vicieux de la violence intergénérationnelle. Toutefois, on pourrait argumenter qu`une limitation majeure dans la plupart de ces études réside dans le fait que très peu d`entre eux ont eu comme but d`investiguer l'importance d`une troisième variable comme le sentiment de mériter le châtiment, les explications reçues sur l`équité de la peine imposée ou les attitudes qu`une personne peut garder envers cette méthode éducative. En utilisant la modélisation d'équations structurelles, la présente étude a démontré que la relation apparente entre les variables subjectives et sociodémographiques liés à l`expérience de la punition corporelle et l`intention de faire recours à cette méthode éducative en tant que parent est en fait expliquée par le rôle de médiation joué par d'autres variables telles que les attitudes à l'égard de châtiments corporels, le type de châtiments corporels, la façon dont le châtiment a été perçu par le sujet et les raisons données par l'agent pour motiver la peine infligée. La thèse principale avancée par le présent étude est à l`effet qu`une fois le rôle d`une troisième variable est considéré dans l`équation (par exemple, l'attitude envers les châtiments corporels), l'apparente relation entre les variables objectives et les résultats final, soit l`intention de recourir a la punition corporelle, disparaît. Plus précisément, comme il en résulte de l’analyse de modélisation, ce sont les médiateurs qui expliquent toute association possible entre les variables objectives et l`intention d'utiliser les châtiments corporels. C'est-à-dire, un modèle qui ne contiennent aucune liaison directe entre les variables objectives, et directement mésurables (c'est-à-dire l`âgé lors de la punition, le fait d'être un immigrant, la fréquence de la peine, le nombre d'objets utilisés, le nombre d`agents punisseurs, le sexe) et l'intention d'utiliser les châtiments corporels correspond aux données. De surcroît, parmi les quatre médiateurs pris en compte dans notre modèle, ce sont les opinions à l`égard de la punition corporelle qui possèdent la meilleure capacité prédictive en ce qui a trait à l`intention de recourir aux châtiments corporels. Finalement, afin d'étudier le profil des différences entre les sujets en fonction de leurs expériences passées avec les châtiments corporels, les explications reçues pour la peine, et leurs attitudes, une analyse par groupe a été employée. Bref, une solution en quatre groupes faisant des distinctions significatives entre les groupes a été choisie. / Considering the negative developmental findings associated with the use of parental corporal punishment, a considerable body of research has attempted to suggest an avenue for interrupting this vicious cycle of intergenerational violence. However, a major limitation in most of these studies has to do with the fact that very few of them has looked at the influence of a third variable such as the use of explanation, perceived fairness and deservedness of punishment, or the attitudes one has towards corporal punishment. By employing structural equation modelling (SEM), the present study has demonstrated that the apparent relationship between subjective and socio-demographic variables related to corporal punishment and latter intention to use it as a parent is in fact explained by the mediating role of other variables such as attitudes towards corporal punishment, type of corporal punishment, perceived reasons for punishment and reasons given for punishment by the agent. Our main contention was that when a third variable (e.g., attitude towards corporal punishment) is included in the equation, the apparent relationship between punishment variables and outcome disappears. More specifically, as it has resulted from the SEM analysis, the mediating variables explain all of the association between the objective variables and intention to use corporal punishment. That is to say, a model containing no direct paths from the independent variables (i.e., number of ages punished, being an immigrant, frequency of punishment, means of administration of corporal punishment , number of punishing agents, sex) to Intention to Use Corporal Punishment fits the data. Moreover, among the four mediators considered in our model only the attitudinal measures make a significant contribution to the prediction of intention to use corporal punishment. In addition, in order to explore the profile of differences between subjects on their past experiences with corporal punishment, explanations for punishment, and present attitudes, cluster analysis was employed. Finally, a four cluster solution that made meaningful distinctions between groups was selected for consideration.

INTRODUÇÃO: A rinossinusite crônica (RSC) é uma doença comum na população, com documentada repercussão na qualidade de vida e com alto custo direto em saúde pública que engloba consultas médicas, exames complementares e radiológicos, internações hospitalares, cirurgias e tratamento medicamentoso. Apresenta também custos indiretos como diminuição da produtividade no trabalho e absenteísmo. Os dados epidemiológicos sobre rinossinusite crônica são escassos; e as definições de rinossinusite crônica estabelecidas, as metodologias das pesquisas e as taxas de respostas diferem muito entre si. A pesquisa epidemiológica da RSC é importante para avaliar sua distribuição, analisar seus fatores de risco e fornecer dados para promoção de políticas de saúde pública, entretanto não existem dados epidemiológicos sobre a prevalência desta doença em nossa população. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um inquérito transversal de base populacional (survey) com plano de amostragem complexo realizado em dois estágios: setor censitário e domicílio. Entrevistas foram conduzidas pessoalmente, através de entrevistadores treinados, em 2003 indivíduos com idade de 12 anos ou mais, residentes da cidade de São Paulo. O questionário incluiu o diagnóstico de rinossinusite crônica segundo os critérios epidemiológicos estabelecido pelo EP3OS. Dados demográficos, diagnóstico médico autorreferido de doenças respiratórias (asma, sinusite, rinite), tabagismo, renda familiar, nível educacional e características do domicílio também foram incluídas. RESULTADOS: A taxa de resposta total foi de 87,8%. A idade média foi de 39,8 anos (DP= 21, 12-92), 45,33% do sexo masculino. A prevalência da rinossinusite crônica na cidade de São Paulo foi de 5,51% (IC 95%=3,99-7,58). Não existiu uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na prevalência segundo o sexo. Foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa do diagnóstico de RSC com o diagnóstico de asma (OR=3.88), de rinite (OR=5,02) e com o subgrupo de baixa renda (OR=2,28) As prevalências de RSC segundo o estado tabágico (p=0,43), consumo tabágico em anos.maço (p=0,26) e tabagismo passivo intradomiciliar (p=0,18) não apresentaram uma diferença estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência estimada de RSC na população da cidade de São Paulo é de 5,51% (aproximadamente 500.000 indivíduos). Foi encontrada associação com rinite, asma e com o subgrupo de baixa renda. Não houve associação com tabagismo / INTRODUCTION: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease with proven repercussions on quality of life and a high burden of direct costs to public health, which included physician visits, laboratory tests and medical imaging, hospital admissions, surgical intervention, and medical treatment. It also carries indirect costs, such as decreased productivity in the workplace and absenteeism. Epidemiological data on CRS are scarce, and the established definitions of CRS, study methods, and response rates vary widely. Epidemiological research into CRS is important to assess its distribution, analyze its risk factors, and provide data to subsidize public health policies; however, there are no epidemiological data on the prevalence of this disease in our population. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional population-based survey with a complex cluster sampling plan carried out in two stages: census sector and household. Interviews of 2,003 individuals, aged 12 years or older and living in the city of São Paulo, were conducted face-to-face by trained investigators. The questionnaire included diagnosis of CRS according to the epidemiological criteria established by EP3OS. Demographic data, a self-reported history of physician-diagnosed respiratory diseases (asthma, sinusitis, rhinitis), smoking, family income, educational attainment, and household characteristics were also included. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 87.8%. The mean age was 39.8 years (SD = 21 years; range = 12-92), and 45.33% were male. The prevalence of CRS in the city of São Paulo was 5.51% (95%CI = 3.99-7.58). There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence between the sexes. Statistically significant associations were found between diagnosis of CRS and diagnosis of asthma (OR=3.88), of rhinitis (OR=5.02), and belonging to the low-income subgroup (OR=2.28) The prevalences of CRS according to smoking status (p=0.43), tobacco intake in pack years (p=0.26) or exposure to passive smoking in the household (p=0.18) did not exhibit a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: The estimated population-wide prevalence of CRS in the city of São Paulo is 5.51% (approximately 500,000 individuals). Associations were found with rhinitis, asthma, and low income. There was no association with smoking