Sweden has the ambition to be the world leading country leveraging the opportunities of digitalization in the healthcare sector. In parallel, the Swedish Research Council highlights that conducting more clinical studies is essential to improve the healthcare. Henceforth, considering the need for increased operational efficiency as an enabler for increased clinical activity, a digital transformation of the industry was identified as a potential catalyst. The study thus utilizes a cognitive work analysis framework to investigate the potential benefits and risks of digitizing the functional operations at a contract management department for clinical studies at a Swedish university hospital. The aim is thereafter to determine the appropriate properties necessary to consider managing a digital transformation. The analysis identified three key benefits from a digitization. 1) transparent data sharing, 2) standardized contract management and 3) efficient operations. These three aspects are currently insufficient at the department hindering the objective of increasing the clinical activity. The study found that a digital transformation would be suitable in order to mitigate these insufficiencies and consequently facilitating the achievement of the objectives. Thereafter, the study found the key properties to consider managing a digital transformation to be interoperability, quality, adaptability and usability. In addition, safety was found critical to be considered in the transformation as the contract management department acts under rigid laws and regulations on ethics and patient security with which digitized processes must comply. The results contribute to the field of cognitive systems engineering. However, the study has limitations regarding the reliability and generalizability of the results. The findings are based on a single case study, which may not be representative for the industry in general nor for university hospitals in particular. In addition, since no actual digitalization effort was performed at the organization during the study, appropriate properties key to consider in the digital transformation are speculative by design. Consequently, it is necessary to study an actual implementation process in future research and whether the proposed considerations are sufficient in order to realize the suggested benefits of such a digitalization. / Sverige har ett övergripande mål att vara det ledande landet när det gäller att dra nytta av digitaliseringens möjligheter inom sjukvården. Dessutom understryker Vetenskapsrådet att det är centralt för förbättrad sjukvård att öka antalet kliniska studier i landet. Följaktligen, med tanke på behovet av en ökad operativ effektivitet, identifierade författarna det av intresse att studera digitalisering av branschen. Studien tillämpar således ett kognitivt ramverk för arbetsanalys i syfte att undersöka de potentiella fördelarna eller riskerna med att digitalisera den funktionella verksamheten hos en kontrakthanteringsavdelning för kliniska studier vid ett stort svenskt universitetssjukhus. Målsättningen är därefter att ta fram lämpliga egenskaper som är nödvändiga att beakta vid hanteringen av den digitala transformationen. Kontrakthanteringsavdelningen fanns att inneha brister i sina arbetsprocesser gällande transparens, effektivitet och standardisering vilket hindrar målet avseende ökad klinisk aktivitet. Studien visade att en digital transformation skulle vara nödvändig för att motverka dessa brister, samt för att möjliggöra en uppskalning av organisationen. Ett annat specifikt förbättringsområde som skulle underlättas av en digital transformation visade sig vara förbättrad synkronisering mellan arbetsprocesser. Vidare fann studien att de mest kritiska egenskaperna nödvändiga att beakta, vid hantering av en digital transformation, skulle vara interoperabilitet, kvalitet, anpassningsförmåga och användbarhet. Dessutom är säkerhet en egenskap som visat sig vara kritisk att beakta vid digitalisering då kontrakthanteringsavdelningen lyder under stränga lagar och föreskrifter beträffande etik och patientsäkerhet. Resultaten bidrar till forskningsområdet cognitive systems engineering. Studien har dock vissa begränsningar gällande tillförlitlighet och generaliserbarhet. Resultaten är baserade på en enfallstudie, som eventuellt inte är representativ för branschen i allmänhet eller för universitetssjukhus i synnerhet. Dessutom, då ingen digitaliseringsinsats utfördes under studien är de viktiga egenskaperna att beakta i den digitala transformationen enbart spekulativa. Således är det i framtida forskning viktigt att studera en faktisk implementation och då studera om föreslagna beaktanden är tillräckliga för att utnyttja digitaliseringens möjligheter.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T18:23:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 laryssaramosamado.pdf: 2344885 bytes, checksum: 4328135ddbd0305fc11aa0bf0f8f8b61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-24T16:50:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 laryssaramosamado.pdf: 2344885 bytes, checksum: 4328135ddbd0305fc11aa0bf0f8f8b61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T16:50:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 laryssaramosamado.pdf: 2344885 bytes, checksum: 4328135ddbd0305fc11aa0bf0f8f8b61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-29 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação tem como objetivos principais a discussão e a análise do uso de técnicas de monitoramento de espectro aplicadas a sistemas PLC, para que a ocupação deste espectro seja explicitada. Neste contexto, diversas técnicas de processamento de sinais e inteligência computacional são utilizadas para extrair e selecionar o menor número de características que sejam mais representativas para detecção, a fim de projetar o melhor e menos complexo detector de sinais a ser utilizado inicialmente na faixa de frequência entre 1,705 e 100 MHz, mas que permita futuras modificações para aplicações na faixa entre 1,705 e 250 MHz. Além disso, o problema de monitoramento de espectro para sistemas PLC é formalizado, e questões de investigação são analisadas tanto para dados simulados em MATLAB quanto para dados medidos em campo. O processo de medição destes dados é descrito e suas características são explicitadas. Finalmente, a análise dos resultados obtidos indica a adequabilidade das técnicas aplicadas ao problema em questão, porém indicam necessidade do aprofundamento desta investigação. Desta maneira, este trabalho consiste em um estudo inicial sobre importantes questões pertinentes ao monitoramento de espectro de sistemas PLC. / This master thesis aims to discuss and analyze the use of spectrum sensing techniques applied to PLC systems, in order to explicit the spectrum occupation. These techniques extract and select the least quantity of the most representative signal features in order to project the best detector that presents the lowest computational complexity. In addition to that, the spectrum sensing problem is formalized, and a few investigation questions are analyzed for both synthetic and measured data. The measurement of PLC signals and their characterization is also exposed. Although the analysis of the attained results indicate that the techniques used are suitable for the examined problems, their further investigation is necessary, in order to better understand the PLC environment and the spectrum sensing issues related to it. This work is, therefore, an initial study about the mentioned matters.

In recent years, the research approach known as Resilience Engineering (RE) has offered a promising new way of understanding safety-critical organizations, but less in the way of empirical methods for analysis. In this master’s thesis, an extensive comparison was made between RE and two different research approaches on cognitive systems: Distributed Cognition (DC) and Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) with the aim of exploring whether these approaches can contribute to the analysis and understanding of resilience. In addition to a theoretical comparison, an ethnographic healthcare case study was conducted, analyzing the patient safety at a pediatric emergency department using the Three-Level Analytical Framework from DC and the Extended Control Model from CSE, then conducting an RE analysis based on the former two analyses. It was found that while the DC and CSE approaches can explain how an organization adapts to current demands, neither approach fully addresses the issue of future demands anticipation, central to the RE perspective. However, the CSE framework lends itself well as an empirical ground providing the entry points for a more thoroughgoing RE analysis, while the inclusion of physical context in a DC analysis offers valuable insights to safety-related issues that would otherwise be left out in the study of resilience.

This thesis presents a study in which an attempt to verify a new protocol for evaluating team performance in terms of control was made, and this on teams performing navigation in high speed in real life, natural contexts. A second objective was to identify key factors for achieving control during high-speed navigation. The study was built upon the theories of Cognitive Systems Engineering and Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM). The study also made a first attempt to expand the protocol with the theories of NDM. A pilot test in the form of a field study was conducted upon military crews driving and navigating the Combat Boat 90H off the coast of Gothenburg, Sweden. The results of the study indicated both teams being in, at lowest, the tactical control mode, and one team occasionally making the transition to the strategic control mode. There were some methodological issues with using the protocol in real life, natural contexts and these were examined. In general, the protocol was found to be applicable in this field. Key factors for achieving control during high-speed navigation could not be properly identified because of contextual problems, but one possible factor was that the use of Hollnagel’s TETO principle appeared to increase control. / I denna rapport presenteras en studie vari ett försök har gjorts att verifiera ett nytt protokoll som utvärderar gruppers prestationsförmåga i termer av kontroll. Protokollet testades på grupper som utförde navigation i hög fart under verkliga och naturliga kontexter med ett andra syfte att identifiera nyckelfaktorer för att uppnå kontroll under navigering i hög fart. Studien byggde på teorier om Cognitive Systems Engineering och Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM). Denna studie var också ett första försök i att expandera protokollet med teorier om NDM. En pilotstudie med protokollet i formen av en fältstudie utfördes på militärbesättningar som körde och navigerade Stridsbåt 90H utanför Göteborgs kust. Studiens resultat indikerade att båda grupperna befann sig som lägst i den taktiska kontrollnivån varav en grupp vid enstaka några tillfällen uppnådde den strategiska kontrollnivån. Det uppstod en del metodologiska problem med att använda protokollet i en verklig och naturlig miljö vilket utvärderades i rapporten. Generellt så gick protokollet att använda på grupper som utförde navigering i hög fart. Nyckelfaktorer för att uppnå kontroll i under navigering i hög fart kunde inte väl identifieras på grund av kontextuella problem, men en möjlig nyckelfaktor ar användandet av Hollnagels TETO-princip, vilket verkade leda till en ökad kontrollnivå.

L'un des défis majeurs pour les décennies à venir, dans le domaine des technologies de l'information et de la communication, est la réalisation du concept des réseaux autonomes. Ce paradigme a pour objectif de rendre les équipements réseaux capables de s'autogérer, c'est-à-dire qu'ils pourront s'auto-configurer, s'auto-optimiser, s'auto-protéger et s'auto-restaurer en respectant les objectifs de haut niveau de leurs concepteurs. Les architectures majeures de réseaux autonomes se basent principalement sur la notion de boucle de contrôle fermée permettant l'auto-adaptation (auto-configuration et auto-optimisation) de l'équipement réseau en fonction des événements qui surviennent sur leur environnement. Le plan de connaissance est une des approches, très mise en avant ces dernières années par le monde de la recherche, qui suggère l'utilisation des systèmes cognitifs (l'apprentissage et le raisonnement) pour fermer la boucle de contrôle. Cependant, bien que les architectures majeures de gestion autonomes intègrent des modules d'apprentissage sous forme de boite noire, peu de recherches s'intéressent véritablement au contenu de ces boites. C'est dans ce cadre que nous avons fait une étude sur l'apport potentiel de l'apprentissage et proposé une méthode d'apprentissage distribué et collaboratif. Nous proposons une formalisation du problème d'auto-adaptation sous forme d'un problème d'apprentissage d'état-actions. Cette formalisation nous permet de définir un apprentissage de stratégies d'auto-adaptation qui se base sur l'utilisation de l'historique des transitions et utilise la programmation logique inductive pour découvrir de nouvelles stratégies à partir de celles déjà découvertes. Nous définissons, aussi un algorithme de partage de la connaissance qui permet d'accélérer le processus d'apprentissage. Enfin, nous avons testé l'approche proposé dans le cadre d'un réseau DiffServ et montré sa transposition sur le contexte du transport de flux multimédia dans les réseaux sans-fil 802.11. / One of the major challenges for decades to come, in the field of information technologies and the communication, is realization of autonomic paradigm. It aims to enable network equipments to self-manage, enable them to self-configure, self-optimize, self-protect and self-heal according to high-level objectives of their designers. Major architectures of autonomic networking are based on closed control loop allowing self-adapting (self-configuring and self-optimizing) of the network equipment according to the events which arise on their environment. Knowledge plane is one approach, very emphasis these last years by researchers, which suggests the use of the cognitive systems (machine learning and the reasoning) to realize closed control loop. However, although the major autonomic architectures integrate machine learning modules as functional block, few researches are really interested in the contents of these blocks. It is in this context that we made a study on the potential contribution machine learning and proposed a method of distributed and collaborative machine learning. We propose a formalization self-adapting problem in term of learning configuration strategies (state-actions) problem. This formalization allows us to define a strategies machine learning method for self-adapting which is based on the history observed transitions and uses inductive logic programming to discover new strategies from those already discovered. We defined, also a knowledge sharing algorithm which makes network components collaborate to improve learning process. Finally, we tested our approach in DiffServ context and showed its transposition on multimedia streaming in 802.11 wireless networks.

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Each year people are injured and even die in crowd related accidents, often during planned events. Recent studies have emphasized the need for using a systems approach to study these events. In this study the systems approach of resilience theory is combined with the crowd psychology-models Extended Social Identity Model and the Aggravation and Mitigation Model to examine event safety at a music festival, a domain previously largely unexplored by these perspectives. By using an ethnographic approach as well as interviewing visitors the study set out to answer questions about when and how the safety organization adjusted itself under conditions relating to crowds. Another goal was to study the social identity of the visitors as well as the interaction between the safety organization and the visitors at the festival to explain the presence or absence of crowd conflict. Using thematic analysis several situations were identified where the safety organization adjusted itself, as well as the strategies that the organization used in these different circumstances. It was also concluded that the absence of crowd conflict could best be explained by three factors. First of all, no history of crowd conflict existed between the safety organization and the visitors, secondly, there were no groups present with the goal of creating conflict, and thirdly, the social processes taking place between the safety organization and the visitors were all mitigating in nature. The mitigating nature of the social processes was partly attributable to the strategies identified for adjusting to crowd conditions.