I detta examensarbete utforskas kollektiva boendeformer som socialt hållbara lösningar i framväxande urbana miljöer förankrat i ett gestaltningsförslag. Det finns en efterfrågan på bostadsmarknaden av kollektiva boendeformer följt av strukturella förändringar i samhället, minskade hushållsstorlekar och människans behov av social interaktion. Teoridelen utgör ett teoretiskt ramverk för studiens fokus på kollektiva boendeformer, med hjälp av teoretiska principer och empirisk forskning kring kollektiva boenden, individens behov av autonomi och gemenskap, samt hur rumslig utformning påverkar social interaktion. För att undersöka detta har studien genomfört en litteratursökning, intervju med bostadsforskare och fallstudier av kollektiv i Malmö. Arbetet baseras på en Inquiry by Design metod som möjliggör en flexibel arbetsmetod. I resultatet presenteras insikter från intervjun och fallstudierna, analyser av rumsliga designaspekter, och sammanfattande slutsatser som formulerar designkriterier för ett gestaltningsförslag av ett framtida kollektivboende. Diskussionen placerar forskningsfynden i kontext till aktuella utmaningar inom bostadsmarknaden, betonar vikten av mellanmänskliga relationer i kollektiv, och föreslår en förlängning av "den tredje platsen" som en integrerad del av hemmet. / In this thesis, collective housing forms are explored as socially sustainable solutions in emerging urban environments, anchored in a design proposal. There is a demand in the housing market for collective living arrangements due to structural changes in society, decreasing household sizes, and the human need for social interaction. The theoretical framework of the study focuses on collective housing forms, drawing on theoretical principles and empirical research on collective living, individual needs for autonomy and community, and how spatial design influences social interaction. To investigate this, the study conducts a literature review, an interview with a housing researcher and case studies of collective housing in Malmö. The work is based on an Inquiry by Design method, enabling a flexible approach. The results present insights from the interview and case studies, analyses of spatial design aspects, and summarizing conclusions that result in a design criteria for a proposal of future collective housing forms. The discussion contextualizes the research findings within current challenges in the housing market, emphasizing the importance of interpersonal relationships in collective housing forms, and suggests an extension of the "the third place" as an integrated part of the home.

[ES] Durante los años de revisión crítica de la modernidad, muchos cuestionaron la importancia de la obra americana de Mies van der Rohe. Sus magníficos rascacielos fueron considerados pragmáticos e impersonales, como simple arquitectura corporativa. El sentido de los montantes metálicos que recorrían verticalmente sus fachadas era reducido a una mera representación de la estructura, sin considerar su función en la concepción tectónica del edificio y su valor figurativo. Otros cuestionaron la absoluta modernidad de la obra de Mies, investigando la presencia de gestos clasicistas entre la radicalidad de sus proyectos. Estas ideas han persistido explícita e implícitamente en muchos textos sobre su obra. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es revisar muchos de esos análisis y ampliar el campo de investigación sobre su contribución al desarrollo arquitectónico de la edificación en altura a partir de un caso concreto, los Promontory Apartments. Su estudio en profundidad, de las dos versiones proyectuales: con envolvente de vidrio y acero o de hormigón y ladrillo, constituye el núcleo de esta tesis. Partiendo de un planteamiento fundamentalmente analítico y conceptual, y no meramente descriptivo o técnico, se profundiza en el pensamiento arquitectónico de Mies y su relación con su concepción de la arquitectura como forma tectónica, estudiando la génesis y el desarrollo de los Promontory. En la tesis se analiza el desarrollo del concepto de envolvente en la obra americana de Mies hasta llegar a la versión de vidrio y acero realizada para el cerramiento de los Promontory. Se investiga el sentido y alcance de los prototipos de cerramiento elaborados durante el proceso de proyecto de los Promontory en la obra posterior del arquitecto. En particular, sobre la conceptualización del cerramiento y la evolución de su relación con la estructura y el desarrollo de una nueva gramática arquitectónica con un marcado carácter tectónico. Se investiga cómo el material y la manera de construir la envolvente es decisiva en su concepción de la arquitectura en la mayoría de sus obras. Solo en algunos de sus proyectos para pabellones y viviendas unifamiliares en América, la estructura alcanza un valor arquitectónico sobresaliente. Mies no es estudiado desde la idea de la estructura como arquitectura en esta tesis, sino que se analiza la convergencia entre la objetividad de la tectónica y la búsqueda de una nueva figuración arquitectónica. Se estudia también, entre otros aspectos de su obra, su nueva aproximación al desarrollo de la vivienda colectiva y el origen de los prototipos de edificio que afinará y repetirá sucesivamente. Esta investigación se fundamenta en sus textos, dibujos y otras fuentes originales, aportando nuevas hipótesis y conclusiones. La evolución de su concepción de la arquitectura en su obra americana conduciría al salto conceptual alcanzado con la casa Farnsworth y con su propuesta de una fachada de acero y vidrio para los Promontory Apartments, cuyo desarrollo culminará con el edificio Seagram en Nueva York. Se explorará la coherencia entre el "pensamiento constructivo" de Mies y la formalización del rascacielos. Se mostrará cómo la imagen de los Promontory no es tanto un hecho figurativamente predeterminado, como la consecuencia de la elaboración de soluciones constructivas y técnicas objetivas. Soluciones cuidadosamente meditadas para converger en una forma final dotada de valores estéticos, a lo que Mies denominó "valores espirituales", trasladando la objetividad tectónica más allá de la construcción, "Bauen", para convertirse en "Baukunst" y, en definitiva, transformarla en arquitectura. / [CA] Durant els anys de revisió crítica de la modernitat, molts van qüestionar la importància de l'obra americana de Mies van der Rohe. Els seus magnífics gratacels van ser considerats pragmàtics i impersonals, percebuts com una simple arquitectura corporativa. El sentit dels montants metàl·lics que recorrien verticalment les seues façanes es va reduir a una mera representació de l'estructura, sense considerar la seua funció en la concepció tectònica de l'edifici. Altres van qüestionar l'absoluta modernitat de l'obra de Mies, investigant la presència de gestos clàssics entre la radicalitat dels seus projectes. Aquestes idees han persistit explícita e implícitament en molts textos sobre la seua obra. L'objectiu del nostre treball és revisar moltes d'aquestes anàlisis i ampliar el camp de recerca sobre la seua contribució al desenvolupament arquitectònic de l'edificació en altura a partir d'un cas concret, els Promontory Apartments. El seu estudi en profunditat, de las dos versions proyectuals: amb envolvent de vidre y acer o de formigó y rajola, constituixen el nucli d'aquesta tesi. Partint d'un plantejament fonamentalment analític i conceptual, i no merament descriptiu o tècnic, s'aprofundeix en el pensament arquitectònic de Mies i la seua relació amb la seua concepció de l'arquitectura com a forma tectònica, estudiant la gènesi i el desenvolupament dels Promontory. En la tesi s'analitza el desenvolupament del concepte d'envolvent en l'obra americana de Mies fins a arribar a la versió de vidre i acer realitzada per a l'envolvent dels Promontory. Es investiga el sentit i abast dels prototypes d'envolvents elaborats durant el procés de projecte dels Promontory en l'obra posterior de l'arquitecte. En particular, sobre la conceptualització de l'envolvent i l'evolució de la seua relació amb l'estructura i el desenvolupament d'una nova gramàtica arquitectònica amb un marcat caràcter tectònic. Es investiga com el material i la manera de construir l'envolvent és decisiva en la seua concepció de l'arquitectura en la majoria de les seues obres. Només en alguns dels seus projectes per a pavellons i habitatges unifamiliars als Estats Units, l'estructura assolix un valor arquitectònic destacat. Mies no és estudiat des de la idea de l'estructura com arquitectura en aquesta tesi, sinó analitzant la convergència entre l'objectivitat de la tectònica i la recerca d'una nova figuració arquitectònica. S'analitza també, entre altres aspectes de la seua obra, la seua nova aproximació al desenvolupament de l'habitatge col·lectiu i l'origen dels prototípus d'edifici que afinarà i repetirà successivament. Aquesta investigació es fonamenta en els seus textos, dibuixos i altres fonts originals, aportant noves hipòtesis i conclusions. L'evolució de la seua concepció de l'arquitectura en la seua obra americana conduiria al salt conceptual assolit amb la casa Farnsworth i amb la seua proposta d'una façana d'acer i vidre per als Promontory Apartments, el desenvolupament del qual culminarà amb l'edifici Seagram a Nova York. La investigació explora la coherència entre el "pensament constructiu" de Mies i la formalització del gratacel. Es mostrarà com la imatge de l'edifici no és tant un fet figurativament predeterminat, com la conseqüència de l'elaboració de solucions constructives i tècniques objectives. Solucions cuidadosament meditades per convergir en una forma final dotada de valors estètics, al que Mies va denominar "valors espirituals", traslladant l'objectivitat tectònica més enllà de la construcció, "Bauen", per a esdevenir en "Baukunst" i, finalment, transformarla en arquitectura. / [EN] During the critical review years of modernity, many questioned the significance of Mies van der Rohe's American work. His magnificent skyscrapers were considered pragmatic and impersonal, seen as mere corporate architecture. The meaning of the vertical metal mullions on his facades was reduced to a mere representation of structure, overlooking their function in the tectonic conception of the building. Others questioned the absolute modernity of Mies's work, investigating the presence of classical gestures amidst the radicalism of his projects. These ideas have persisted explicitly and implicitly in many texts about his work. The aim of this thesis is to revisit many of these analyses and to expand the research field on his contribution to the architectural development of high-rise buildings through a specific case, the Promontory Apartments. Its deep research, of the two project versions: with a steel and glass or concrete and brick enclosure, conforms the core of this thesis. Taking a fundamentally analytical and conceptual approach, rather than merely descriptive or technical, we delve into Mies's architectural thinking and its relation to his conception of architecture as tectonic form, studying the genesis and development of the Promontory Apartments. The thesis analyzes the evolution of the envelope's concept in Mies's American work, leading to the glass and steel version created for the envelope of the Promontory. The sense and scope of the envelope prototypes developed during the Promontory design process are investigated in the architect's later works particularly focusing on the conceptualization of enclosure and the evolution of its relationship with the structure, shaping a new architectural grammar with a distinct tectonic character. The research explores how the material and construction method of the envelope are crucial in his conception of architecture in most of his works. Only in some of his projects for pavilions and single-family homes in America does the structure reach outstanding architectural value. This thesis does not study Mies from the idea of structure as architecture but rather analyzes the convergence between the objectivity of tectonics and the pursuit of a new architectural figuration. It also examines, among other aspects of his work, his new approach to the development of collective housing and the origin of building prototypes that he would refine and repeat successively. This research is grounded in his texts, drawings, and other original sources, introducing new hypotheses and conclusions. The evolution of his architectural conception in his American work would lead to the conceptual leap achieved with the Farnsworth House and his proposal for a steel and glass facade for the Promontory Apartments, culminating in the Seagram Building in New York. The investigation will explore the coherence between Mies's "constructive thinking" and the formalization of the skyscraper. It will show how the skyscrapser's image is not so much a figuratively predetermined fact but the consequence of developing objective constructive and technical solutions. Carefully considered solutions converge into a final form endowed with aesthetic values, what Mies referred to as "spiritual values," transcending tectonic objectivity beyond construction, "Bauen", to turn it into "Baukunst" and, finally, becoming architecture. / Blat Tatay, A. (2024). Permanencia y cambio en la obra de Mies van der Rohe: los Promontory Apartments como campo de experimentación [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207533

Le tanji est d'abord construit sur des terrains vagues, pour ensuite servir au réaménagement du territoire : il remplace brutalement le modèle de l’habitation basse. La structure urbaine existante perd ainsi l’occasion d’évoluer de façon séquentielle et logique et finit par disparaître. Développés comme outils de modernisation du logement, les tanji interrompent ainsi la modernisation de la structure urbaine.Or, cette étude essaye de réévaluer la structure urbaine des quartiers d’habitations basses et de trouver le moyen d’y intégrer le tanji. Cela suppose que ce dernier change, et ce changement a sans doute déjà commencé, car on voit apparaître de petits tanji parmi les habitations basses. L’échelle de ce nouveau modèle correspond mieux à la structure existante. Cependant, le petit tanji fonctionne lui aussi comme un système fermé, et le problème de la circulation entre les deux types de logements existants persiste. Dans un tel contexte, le golmok, une ruelle piétonne encore présente dans le tissu urbain existant, apparait comme un espace intermédiaire susceptible d’améliorer le flux urbain.Ainsi, dans la première partie, la question principale est de comprendre comment le tanji est devenu un modèle de logement représentatif de la classe moyenne. Celle-ci a quitté les quartiers d’habitations basses pour les tanji, y laissant les classes populaires et défavorisées, et causant une ségrégation sociale manifeste. Dans les quartiers d’habitations basses, faute de capital, les petites maisons particulières sont transformées illégalement en petits logements collectifs de rapport ; l’infrastructure n’y est pas non plus réaménagée. En parallèle, le modèle de l’habitation basse n'évolue pas de manière spontanée pour autant.La deuxième partie cherche à déterminer comment faire évoluer la structure urbaine et quelle est la potentialité du tissu urbain d’habitations basses face au tanji. En fait, depuis le début du 20e siècle, la modernisation du tissu urbain a été réalisée selon l’ancien modèle japonais de composition des îlots, et répond difficilement aux enjeux de la ville actuelle : les rues sont très étroites, les parcelles très réduites, et les logements petits et modestes. Il en résulte une dépréciation naturelle de leur valeur immobilière et un frein à leur évolution spontanée. Dans cet environnement, le golmok représente un espace potentiel grâce auquel ces habitations basses possèdent encore certaine valeur.Dans la troisième partie, la question est de définir si le tanji peut s’intégrer dans la structure urbaine. L’insertion de petits tanji au milieu des habitations basses présente de vraies possibilités de communiquer avec le voisinage et d’ouvrir le tanji. En fait, le grand tanji est considéré comme un plan d’urbanisme qui aménage le quartier et même la ville. Mais, le petit tanji peut devenir un simple modèle de logements, libérant les barres et les tours enfermées dans le tanji et les réintégrant dans la ville. Si, par ailleurs, le tanji ouvert bénéficie du flux des golmok, le tissu urbain évoluera vers un modèle d’îlot ouvert à la coréenne.Finalement, plus la ville est dense, plus il faut l’ouvrir. Pour une véritable urbanisation, il est nécessaire de dégager plus d’espaces intermédiaires, ce qui conduit à la problématique centrale de cette thèse : comment restructurer le tanji ? / During urbanization, it is essential to develop a model of collective housing that adapts to the urban structure. Such a model can be applied easily and abundantly, and can thus respond to population growth. However, today in Seoul one can find a refutation: a large apartment complex called tanji. Although it is a heterogeneous element in the urban structure, it is considered successful: thus it is extensively applied in the city. Despite being isolated from its neighborhood, it works by creating its own independent environment. At the perimeter of the tanji, a sudden urban discontinuity appears. Concerning the evolution of the urban structure, it is not a successful model. Moreover, it has standardized the life of the individual, making Seoul’s urban landscape monotonous.At first, the tanji is built in vacant land, and subsequently it is utilized for the redevelopment of all other problematic urban fabrics. The urban structure thus cannot evolve sequentially and logically, and finally disappears. This process is also brutal, ignoring the lives of original inhabitants. Nonetheless, this process is repeated because there is no multiple dwelling-house model that corresponds well to low-rise housing. In other words, there is no motor for the spontaneous evolution of this urban fabric. Thus, the success of the tanji is partially due to the defects of the existing urban structure. Indeed, as a tool for modernizing housing, tanjis finally interrupt the modernization of the urban structure.Thus, this study reassesses the urban structure of low dwellings, and seeks a way to integrate the tanji into this. Change is now beginning: small tanjis appear in the low-rise residential area. But since tanjis belongs to a closed system, there is no real flow between the areas: in the existing urban fabric, pedestrian alleys (golmoks) act as intermediate space.Thus, the first part asks “How can the tanji become a successful model?” As the principal housing of the middle class, it will separate them from the underprivileged, who remain in lower housing. If capital is not invested, small houses are transformed illegally into small collective housing for rent. Nor is the infrastructure being redesigned. Thus, the low dwellings cannot evolve spontaneously.The second part asks, “Is it possible to develop logically the urban structure instead of the simple replacement by tanji?” and “What is the potentiality of the urban fabric of low dwellings as an alternative to the tanji?” In fact, the modernization of the urban fabric continued throughout the 20th century, influenced by the old Japanese model for urban blocks, which cannot meet today's demands, thus causing declining real estate values. Spontaneous evolution is thus difficult, yet the golmok is a potential space that gives these low dwellings a certain value.The third part asks, “Can the tanji fit into the urban structure?” This begins with the appearance of small tanjis, so that those among lower housing can communicate better with their neighborhood. In fact, big tanjis are considered rather as town plans that develop the neighborhood and even the city. Small tanjis can become a simple type of housing, as apartment blocks enclosed in the tanji can be freed and reintegrated into the city. In addition, open tanji can bring the flow of golmoks, thus evolving toward Korean-style open blocks.Eventually, intensive urbanization requires more intermediate space. Finally, the central problem is now how to respatialize the tanji.Keywords : History and formation of city – Seoul Metropolitan – Urban morphology and urban tissue – Urban landscape – Collective housing : Tanji – Gated community – Intermediate space

Atualmente a paisagem de São Paulo, e também de outras cidades, é marcada por uma produção repetitiva e sem criatividade, mal representada por edifícios habitacionais parecidos e pouco relacionados ao contexto urbano no qual estão inseridos, concebidos por investidores imobiliários que atribuem pouca relevância ao valor autoral do arquiteto como forma de contribuição a seus empreendimentos. Com base neste cenário, a pesquisa partiu de uma pergunta ampla e direta: Onde estão os bons projetos em meio a tanta mesmice? Habitar Coletivo: obras diferenciadas contemporâneas em São Paulo apresenta um estudo das atuais obras de habitação coletiva localizadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo, do início do século XXI, pois, ao que parece, foi um período em que se construiu muito, porém, não necessariamente se construiu bem. Denominar esses estudos de casos como diferenciados, revela-se positivo pelo fato das obras contribuírem com novas possibilidades de agentes, de ocupação de lote urbano, novas técnicas construtivas, novas maneiras de agenciamento do programa, entre outras possibilidades reveladas, muitas vezes rebaixadas na produção comercial usual. Os projetos selecionados foram organizados em três grupos principais: Conjuntos horizontais, Edifícios pouco verticalizados com unidades habitacionais sobrepostas e Edifícios verticalizados com unidades habitacionais sobrepostas. Na segunda parte da pesquisa, Leitura dos projetos selecionados, foram realizadas as análises específicas a partir de dados obtidos primordialmente nos importantes canais de divulgação da produção arquitetônica, como as revistas ProjetoDesign e Arquitetura e Urbanismo; visitas realizadas às obras; conversa e coleta de dados com os escritórios de arquitetura; e redesenho dos projetos. Os textos de cada obra foram organizados a partir de assuntos que se repetem nos diferentes projetos: trajetória do arquiteto; agentes; partido de implantação; espaços exteriores; sistema estrutural e técnica construtiva; envoltória e unidade habitacional. Por fim, após cada leitura são expostas as fichas gráficas correspondentes, também organizadas por temas e escalas principais. A sistematização geral em grupos não engessa comparações apenas entre obras de uma mesma categoria, afinal, são vinculadas a múltiplos sistemas de valoração e possuem cada uma separadamente um conjunto de características muito particulares que, em determinados momentos, são comparáveis ou não a outros projetos, tratando-se, portanto, de uma produção heterogênea e singular. Desse modo, na terceira parte, Análise comparativa e considerações finais por temas presentes nos projetos selecionados, é realizado o cruzamento dos diversos assuntos presentes nos projetos, sendo possível perceber que as obras não representam tipos bem definidos, e sim, possuem ideias que ora pertence a um grupo temático e ora pertence a outro. Também foram identificadas situações de projetos onde os agentes empreendedores principais são os próprios arquitetos, ou situações com empreendedores que valorizam a arquitetura autoral de qualidade, entre outros agentes relevantes a pesquisa. O redesenho dos projetos foi de suma importância para algumas conclusões. Também é importante mencionar que não se trata de imaginar que as iniciativas destacadas devam ser entendidas como modelos de \"boa arquitetura\" a serem seguidos exclusivamente, ao mesmo tempo, os projetos selecionados conseguem expor alternativas superiores em qualidade ao que parece ser a regra do mercado imobiliário que rege decadentemente as cidades. / Nowadays, the view in São Paulo and also in other cities is known by a tiring and without creativity production, badly represented for the same habitable buildings which have no connection to the urban context where they belong to, conceived by housing investors who really do not care to the architect\'s authorship value as a contribution to their project. Basing on this picture the research initiates from one question: Where are the good and innovative projects among the usual and traditional proposals? Collective Housing: A Contemporary and Differential Proposal in São Paulo presents a current study of collective habitation essays in São Paulo metropolitan region since the beginning of XXI century that was apparently a period of intense construction, although not necessarily a good quality of construction. Calling this paper a differential proposal is positive for the fact that the buildings here proposed contribute to new agents possibilities, urban lots occupation, new building techniques, other options of heading the program, among many possibilities revealed that often are lowered in a usual commercial production. The selected projects were divides in three principal groups: horizontal residential buildings, medium upright buildings with superposed housing units and upright buildings with superposed housing units. In the second part of the paper, reading of the selected projects, particular analysis were made using information retrieved from respectable media channels of architectural production as ProjetoDesign and Arquitetura e Urbanismo magazines\' articles, while visiting the projects location, interviewing architecture offices\' staff and redrawing the projects. Each proposal text was organized according to the most frequent topics that appear in the different projects: architect\'s career, agents, implantation party, outdoors areas, structural systems and building techniques, envelopment and housing units. At last, after each reading the corresponding graphic card is exposed and also organized by subjects and main scales. The general group systematization doesn\'t obligate one to compare projects among the same category, once they are connected to multiple valorization systems and own individually a group of peculiar characteristics that in certain moments are comparable or not to other projects, being a mixed and singular production at the same time. In this way, the third part, Comparative analysis and final considerations about selected projects\' themes is found a crossing of many projects\' subjects where it\'s possible to notice that the proposals don\'t represent a well-defined type, otherwise they own ideas that in a moment belong to a thematic group and in another doesn\'t. It was observed as well situations where the principal entrepreneur agents were architects or situations where the architect\'s authorship is appreciated by the entrepreneur. The projects\' redrawing were essential to some conclusions. Finally it\'s good to mention that the chosen proposals are not necessarily considered \"good architecture\" to be exclusively followed, at the same time, the chosen proposals can expose superior alternatives regarding to quality which seems to be the housing market rule that guides the cities in a decadent way.

Atualmente a paisagem de São Paulo, e também de outras cidades, é marcada por uma produção repetitiva e sem criatividade, mal representada por edifícios habitacionais parecidos e pouco relacionados ao contexto urbano no qual estão inseridos, concebidos por investidores imobiliários que atribuem pouca relevância ao valor autoral do arquiteto como forma de contribuição a seus empreendimentos. Com base neste cenário, a pesquisa partiu de uma pergunta ampla e direta: Onde estão os bons projetos em meio a tanta mesmice? Habitar Coletivo: obras diferenciadas contemporâneas em São Paulo apresenta um estudo das atuais obras de habitação coletiva localizadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo, do início do século XXI, pois, ao que parece, foi um período em que se construiu muito, porém, não necessariamente se construiu bem. Denominar esses estudos de casos como diferenciados, revela-se positivo pelo fato das obras contribuírem com novas possibilidades de agentes, de ocupação de lote urbano, novas técnicas construtivas, novas maneiras de agenciamento do programa, entre outras possibilidades reveladas, muitas vezes rebaixadas na produção comercial usual. Os projetos selecionados foram organizados em três grupos principais: Conjuntos horizontais, Edifícios pouco verticalizados com unidades habitacionais sobrepostas e Edifícios verticalizados com unidades habitacionais sobrepostas. Na segunda parte da pesquisa, Leitura dos projetos selecionados, foram realizadas as análises específicas a partir de dados obtidos primordialmente nos importantes canais de divulgação da produção arquitetônica, como as revistas ProjetoDesign e Arquitetura e Urbanismo; visitas realizadas às obras; conversa e coleta de dados com os escritórios de arquitetura; e redesenho dos projetos. Os textos de cada obra foram organizados a partir de assuntos que se repetem nos diferentes projetos: trajetória do arquiteto; agentes; partido de implantação; espaços exteriores; sistema estrutural e técnica construtiva; envoltória e unidade habitacional. Por fim, após cada leitura são expostas as fichas gráficas correspondentes, também organizadas por temas e escalas principais. A sistematização geral em grupos não engessa comparações apenas entre obras de uma mesma categoria, afinal, são vinculadas a múltiplos sistemas de valoração e possuem cada uma separadamente um conjunto de características muito particulares que, em determinados momentos, são comparáveis ou não a outros projetos, tratando-se, portanto, de uma produção heterogênea e singular. Desse modo, na terceira parte, Análise comparativa e considerações finais por temas presentes nos projetos selecionados, é realizado o cruzamento dos diversos assuntos presentes nos projetos, sendo possível perceber que as obras não representam tipos bem definidos, e sim, possuem ideias que ora pertence a um grupo temático e ora pertence a outro. Também foram identificadas situações de projetos onde os agentes empreendedores principais são os próprios arquitetos, ou situações com empreendedores que valorizam a arquitetura autoral de qualidade, entre outros agentes relevantes a pesquisa. O redesenho dos projetos foi de suma importância para algumas conclusões. Também é importante mencionar que não se trata de imaginar que as iniciativas destacadas devam ser entendidas como modelos de \"boa arquitetura\" a serem seguidos exclusivamente, ao mesmo tempo, os projetos selecionados conseguem expor alternativas superiores em qualidade ao que parece ser a regra do mercado imobiliário que rege decadentemente as cidades. / Nowadays, the view in São Paulo and also in other cities is known by a tiring and without creativity production, badly represented for the same habitable buildings which have no connection to the urban context where they belong to, conceived by housing investors who really do not care to the architect\'s authorship value as a contribution to their project. Basing on this picture the research initiates from one question: Where are the good and innovative projects among the usual and traditional proposals? Collective Housing: A Contemporary and Differential Proposal in São Paulo presents a current study of collective habitation essays in São Paulo metropolitan region since the beginning of XXI century that was apparently a period of intense construction, although not necessarily a good quality of construction. Calling this paper a differential proposal is positive for the fact that the buildings here proposed contribute to new agents possibilities, urban lots occupation, new building techniques, other options of heading the program, among many possibilities revealed that often are lowered in a usual commercial production. The selected projects were divides in three principal groups: horizontal residential buildings, medium upright buildings with superposed housing units and upright buildings with superposed housing units. In the second part of the paper, reading of the selected projects, particular analysis were made using information retrieved from respectable media channels of architectural production as ProjetoDesign and Arquitetura e Urbanismo magazines\' articles, while visiting the projects location, interviewing architecture offices\' staff and redrawing the projects. Each proposal text was organized according to the most frequent topics that appear in the different projects: architect\'s career, agents, implantation party, outdoors areas, structural systems and building techniques, envelopment and housing units. At last, after each reading the corresponding graphic card is exposed and also organized by subjects and main scales. The general group systematization doesn\'t obligate one to compare projects among the same category, once they are connected to multiple valorization systems and own individually a group of peculiar characteristics that in certain moments are comparable or not to other projects, being a mixed and singular production at the same time. In this way, the third part, Comparative analysis and final considerations about selected projects\' themes is found a crossing of many projects\' subjects where it\'s possible to notice that the proposals don\'t represent a well-defined type, otherwise they own ideas that in a moment belong to a thematic group and in another doesn\'t. It was observed as well situations where the principal entrepreneur agents were architects or situations where the architect\'s authorship is appreciated by the entrepreneur. The projects\' redrawing were essential to some conclusions. Finally it\'s good to mention that the chosen proposals are not necessarily considered \"good architecture\" to be exclusively followed, at the same time, the chosen proposals can expose superior alternatives regarding to quality which seems to be the housing market rule that guides the cities in a decadent way.

La vida universitaria es una etapa de cambios y nuevas experiencias, donde además de enfrentarse a la vida académica, una gran cantidad de jóvenes que encuentran en Lima las oportunidades que buscaban, deben empezar a vivir solos, alejados de su casa y familia natal. La experiencia universitaria no se da solamente en las aulas, sino que se da en gran parte en casa, y es por esto que las condiciones de la vivienda tienen un rol muy importante para el rendimiento de los estudiantes, ya que o brindan un ambiente que propicie el estudio, o son un obstáculo para que esto se dé. Estas condiciones impulsaron a proponer una residencia estudiantil para el alojamiento de estudiantes de Lima Norte, con el objetivo de ofrecer vivienda de calidad, con espacios que fomenten una vida de estudio. Para esto se utilizaron los espacios comunes como los espacios principales del proyecto, tanto públicos como privados. Es un proyecto de vivienda colectiva que integra a todos de manera directa (espacios de encuentro e interacción), e indirecta (integración visual) desde donde estés, en el que los estudiantes no vivirán aislados, sino como una comunidad que influya positivamente en su vida académica. / University life is a stage of changes and new experiences, where in addition to facing academic life, a large number of young people who find the opportunities they where looking for in Lima, must begin to live by themselves, away from their home and family. The university experience doesn’t only take place in the classrooms, but it takes place largely at home, and that is why housing conditions play a very important role in the performance of students, since they provide an environment that encourage the study, or are an obstacle for this to happen. These conditions prompted the proposal of a student residence for the accommodation of students in the north of Lima, with the aim of offering quality housing, with spaces that promote a life of study. For this, the common spaces will be the main spaces of the project, integrating everyone directly (spaces for meeting and interaction), and indirectly (visual integration) from wherever you are, where students won’t live isolated, but as a community that positively influences their academic life. / Tesis

Cette recherche est destinée à analyser principalement les KDTM* qui représentent actuellement les nouvelles zones résidentielles de Hanoi et sont aussi un des éléments contemporains très importants de la fabrication du logement planifié en particulier et de la (re)structuration spatiale de Hanoi en général sous les impacts de la tendance de globalisation, de métropolisation et l’ « explosion » urbaine dans le monde. 4 phases (féodale - coloniale - indépendante - ouverte) de l’évolution spatiale de Hanoi sont résumées pour retirer les images caractéristiques de chaque phase de l’urbanisation qui réfléchissent les métamorphoses internes d’une ville orientale millénaire sous les mouvements historiques et les impacts externes : le conflit pour le développement. Les changements stratégiques de planification spatiale dans le schéma directeur actuel (de 2011) par rapport aux schémas directeurs précédents (de 1961, 1976, 1981, 1992 et 1998) concernent le contexte spécifique (géo-historique - géo-politique - géo-social - géo-économique) de Hanoi en transition lorsque les modes de (re)faire la ville en projet deviennent de plus en plus répandus. En répondant à la question de la réalité du logement (planifié), Hanoi montre ses objectifs attachés à la fabrication des typologies différentes de logement sous les impacts socio-économiques et les (nouvelles) idées de planification spatiale. Le mécanisme, le processus de l’apparition et de la création de la modalité de KDTM sont faits référence à ceux de l’autre modalité d’habitat planifié (KTT**) pour trouver les différences réglementaires et pratiques entre ces 2 modalités. Cette recherche choisit et présente la situation de 4 cas d’études en établissant les systèmes des critères de la classification et en montrant la diversité des choix des KDTM typiques à faire un panorama des KDTM à Hanoi. A travers ces 4 KDTM typiques choisies, les rôles, les dynamiques, les modes d’exploitation et les buts d’argent et de profit des acteurs dans la fabrication d’un projet de KDTM sont abordés sur la base des analyses des affaires et des activités financières et économiques. Puis, le fondement et la nature des projets de KDTM sont retrouvés pour (re)confirmer leurs rôles, leurs démarches et pour chercher les outils efficaces, les dimensions attachées et le renouvellement de conception basés sur les modes actuels à organiser et gérer les projets de logement planifié dans la ville. En outre, les KDTM sont également approchées sous l’angle des relations sociales entre les sections spatiales d’une KDTM, entre les KDTM les unes et les autres, et entre les KDTM et les quartiers voisins existants en fonction du fonctionnement gestionnaire et la démarche d’après-projet des KDTM devenues les vrais quartiers de la ville. Enfin, l’imagination pour le futur des villes nouvelles et des espaces urbanisés de Hanoi est inclue dans cette recherche. * KDTM - « Khu Đô Thị Mới » en vietnamien : ce sont les « nouvelles zones résiden-tielles » qui étaient fabriquées sous forme de projet dans les villes vietnamiennes de-puis des années 90 du XXe siècle sur les principes de l’économie de marché. ** KTT - « Khu Tập Thể » en vietnamien : ce sont les « ensembles d’habitation collec-tive » qui ont été fabriqués dans les villes vietnamiennes (du Nord) des années 60 aux années 80 du XXe siècle sur les principes de l’économie de subvention budgétaire. / This research is aimed to analyze KDTM* which is considered as the typical repre-sentative of new residential areas in Hanoi and also a very important contemporary factor of the implementation of centrally planned housing projects in particular and the (re)structure of Hanoi’s space in general under the effects of globalization, metropolization and the « explosion » of urban areas on the world. Four phases (feu-dal - colonial - independent - open) of the development of Hanoi’s space are summa-rized to show the typical image of each phase of urbanization, reflecting the internal movement of the 1000-year-old city of the Orient with the change of the history and external affects: conflict for development. The strategic changes in urban planning in the current master plan (in 2011) compared to the previous ones (in 1961, 1976, 1981, 1992, and 1998) are related to the specific background (geo-history - geo-politics - geo-society - geo-economy) of Hanoi in transition when modes of (re)making city by projects are becoming more common. By settling many (planned) housing is-sues, Hanoi shows its intentions are integrated into producing different types of housing under the influence of socio-economic factors and (new) space planning ideas. The differences in the regulation theory and reality between KDTM entity and another collective housing entity (KTT**) are identified by comparing their appearing mechanism and process as well as production. The research also focuses on studying and choosing the circumstances of 4 sample cases, setting the classification criteria and showing the diversity in sample selection to capture a panorama of KDTM in Ha-noi. By the 4 selected samples, the function, activeness, exploring methods, economic aims and the profits of all factors related to the manufacture of a KDTM project are also mentioned in the study based on the analyzation of businesses, financial and economic activities. Additionally, the study also refers to the foundation and nature of KDTM projects in order to (re)confirm their roles and movements to seek for effective tools, suitable elements and new designing conception based on the organization and management of current planned housing projects of the city. Moreover, the KDTM are also analyzed in the social connection between internal space elements of a KDTM project, between KDTM, and between KDTM and intangible residential areas moving in accordance with changes and management operation in KDTM post-project stages to become proper new urban residential areas. Finally, the imagination of the future of new urban areas and urbanized spaces of Hanoi are also mentioned in this research. * KDTM - « Khu Đô Thị Mới » in vietnamese, is the acronym of « new urban areas » which are new residential areas formed under the implementation of many plans in some cities of Vietnam since the 90s of the 20th century according to the principles of the market economy. ** KTT - « Khu Tập Thể » in vietnamese, is the acronym of « collective housing estates » which are apartment blocks constructed in many (Northern) cities of Vietnam since the 60s to the 80s of the 20th century according to the principles of the centrally planned economy. / Nghiên cứu này chủ yếu nhằm mục đích phân tích các KDTM* được xem là đại diện cho các khu dân cư mới của Hà Nội và là một trong những yếu tố đương đại rất quan trọng của quá trình sản xuất nhà ở kế hoạch hoá nói riêng và (tái) cấu trúc không gian Hà Nội nói chung dưới ảnh hưởng của xu hướng toàn cầu hoá, siêu đô thị hoá và sự « bùng nổ » đô thị trên thế giới. 4 giai đoạn (phong kiến - thuộc địa - độc lập - mở cửa) của sự tiến triển không gian Hà Nội được tóm tắt lại nhằm rút ra hình ảnh đặc trưng của mỗi giai đoạn đô thị hoá phản ánh các biến đổi nội tại của một đô thị phương Đông nghìn năm tuổi dưới những vận động lịch sử và những tác động ngoại lai : mâu thuẫn để phát triển. Những thay đổi chiến lược về hoạch định không gian trong bản đồ quy hoạch tổng thể hiện tại (năm 2011) so với các bản đồ quy hoạch tổng thể trước đó (các năm 1961, 1976, 1981, 1992 và 1998) liên quan đến bối cảnh đặc thù (địa lịch sử - địa chính trị - địa xã hội - địa kinh tế) của một Hà Nội đang trong thời kỳ quá độ khi mà các cách thức kiến tạo (lại) thành phố bằng các dự án ngày càng trở nên phổ biến. Với việc giải quyết các vấn đề về nhà ở (kế hoạch hoá), Hà Nội cho thấy những mục đích của mình được lồng ghép vào việc sản xuất các loại hình nhà ở khác nhau dưới những tác động kinh tế - xã hội và các ý tưởng (mới) về hoạch định không gian. Cơ chế, quy trình xuất hiện và tạo ra thể thức KDTM được đối chiếu với một thể thức cư trú tập thể khác (KTT**) để tìm thấy được sự khác nhau về quy định và thực tế giữa 2 thể thức này. Nghiên cứu này cũng lựa chọn và giới thiệu tình huống của 4 mẫu nghiên cứu, đồng thời lập nên hệ thống các tiêu chí phân loại và chỉ ra tính đa dạng trong việc lựa chọn nhằm mang đến một bức tranh toàn cảnh về các KDTM ở Hà Nội. Thông qua 4 KDTM điển hình được lựa chọn, vai trò, tính năng động, cách thức khai thác và mục đính kinh tế cũng như lợi nhuận của các nhân tố liên quan đến quá trình tạo ra một dự án KDTM được đề cập trên cơ sở các phân tích về các thương vụ, các hoạt động tài chính và kinh tế. Tiếp theo, cơ sở nền tảng và bản chất của các dự án KDTM cũng được gợi lại nhằm khẳng định (lại) vai trò và sự vận động của chúng, nhằm tìm kiếm những công cụ hữu hiệu, những yếu tố tích hợp và sự đổi mới quan niệm thiết kế dựa trên các cách thức tổ chức và quản lý các dự án nhà ở kế hoạch hoá hiện tại của thành phố. Ngoài ra, các KDTM cũng được phân tích dưới góc độ quan hệ xã hội giữa các thành phần không gian bên trong một KDTM, giữa các KDTM với nhau và giữa các KDTM với các khu dân cư láng giềng hiện hữu chuyển biến theo sự vận động và vận hành quản lý giai đoạn hậu dự án của các KDTM để trở thành những khu dân cư thực sự của đô thị. Cuối cùng, những hình dung về tương lai của các khu dân cư mới cũng như các không gian đô thị hoá của Hà Nội cũng được đề cập đến trong nghiên cứu này. * KDTM - viết tắt của « Khu Đô Thị Mới », là những « khu dân cư mới » được xây dựng dưới hình thức các dự án tại các thành phố của Việt Nam kể từ những năm 90 thế kỷ XX theo các nguyên tắc của nền kinh tế thị trường. ** KTT - viết tắt của « Khu Tập Thể », là những « khu nhà ở tập thể » được xây dựng tại các thành phố (miền Bắc) của Việt Nam từ những năm 60 đến những năm 80 thế kỷ XX theo các nguyên tắc của nền kinh tế tập trung bao cấp.

As a result of changes in the society, such as the increasing mobility, increasing spatial demandindgness of inhabitants and the onset of digital technologies, the architects and urbanists have been searching for new ways of urban housing developments. One of these ways is densification, i.e. an intensive use of the urban space. An intensive urban structure uses up the potential of a place to its maximum, solves several issues simultaneously and is a functional hybrid, the home of potential suburbanizers and a place of social contacts. It comes from the efforts to solve the particular issue of an over-populated, collapsing city. The aim of the thesis is to show contemporary approaches to the issue of intensive urban structures and to map out both the built and unbuilt projects. The thesis creates a system of their categorization and taxonomy. There is always a mixture of functions in play from the functional perspective. One can distinguish five categories according to the spacial conception. These categories are as follows: multiplicity, porousness, hybridity, connectivity and verticality. The public and semi-public spaces thus move to the higher levels of the city, into the city level, urban balcony or the hybrid landscape. The built projects usually tend to be impulses, in relation to the original city, to develop and revitalize the devastated city areas, brownfields, even urban sprawls. Based on the findings of this thesis, diploma and pre-diploma project assignments have been created at the architecture department at FAST VUT in Brno and the approaches to the issue have been tested in the pedagogical process. The survey in the second part of the thesis looks for the answer to the question of whether the potential inhabitants of an intensive urban structure exist, and who these people might be.

El trabajo que a continuación se expone tiene el interés de ser la única investigación que recoge la aportación a la vivienda obrera española realizada en las colonias industriales impulsadas durante las primeras décadas de vida de la empresa Hidrola (Hidroeléctrica Española o HE) concretamente en la etapa comprendida entre los años 1910 y 1940, abordando el estudio de las tres unidades situadas a lo largo del Sistema Hidrográfico del río Júcar, en la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla-la Mancha: El Molinar (1910, Villa de Ves), Lucas Urquijo (1914, Enguidanos) y El Tranco del Lobo (1925, Casas de Ves), proyectos de los ingenieros en plantilla de la empresa, principalmente Manuel Cominges y Oscar Laucirica. De entre las soluciones aportadas en estos modestos y autosuficientes asentamientos destaca la ordenación espacial, así como el proyecto de algunos tipos edificatorios, teniendo un especial interés, por sus rasgos de modernidad, la construcción de vivienda colectiva para obreros en la colonia Lucas Urquijo: un bloque lineal exento de viviendas con acceso por escaleras y corredores exteriores de la primera mitad de la década de los años treinta. Se ha realizado un análisis comparativo con otros ejemplos europeos, considerados paradigmáticos y que gozan de reconocimiento internacional, con el fin de reconocer el valor -no sólo arquitectónico, sino también histórico, social y cultural- de las actualmente olvidadas colonias objeto de esta investigación, constituyendo un primer paso hacia su merecida conservación. / Salvador Luján, N. (2014). Las colonias obreras de las primeras décadas de HIDROLA, 1910-1940. Adoptando modelos utópicos del s.XIX; aportando soluciones de vivienda obrera del s.XX [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/39345