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Doctor of Philosophy / Curriculum and Instruction Programs / Kay A. Taylor / Angola began as a Portuguese colony in 1655. All of its social structures and associated sectors, including education, were influenced drastically by this initial Portuguese colonization. This research concerns Angolan education from the years 1930-1980. Two distinct periods are addressed: the colonial period from 1930 to 1975 and the post-colonial period from 1975 to 1980. In both periods, education was provided by the state and by different religious denominations. However, the main argument for this research is that a general comprehensive history of education in Angola has not yet been written, in part due to the character of its colonization and decades of social instability related to its War of Independence, 1961-1975, and the Civil War, 1975-2002. In Angola under the Salazar and Caetano regime, provision for education was made according to the Colonial Act of 1930, the new state, and the rule of the Roman Catholic and Protestant missions. Despite the concourse of these institutions staging events that influenced education and the whole culture, few Angolans were allowed to attend school and participate as citizens in society. The post-colonial period from 1975 to 1980 is characterized by the foundation of a socialist educational system. Most of the existing documents concerning Angolan education were written by the colonizers or by those who regard history from a colonial perspective. Therefore the history of education in Angola, as the convergence of colonialism, religion, and decree, needs to be rewritten.

abstract: The life of Jean-Michel Basquiat is often misinterpreted in artistic discourse. From a social justice perspective, Basquiat's work is not merely art. Despite the symbolism and subject matter open for analysis, Basquiat articulated the self in relation to nuances of race, socio-economy, and historical scripts based upon real relations and conditions. Of the genre of Neo-Expressionism without a disciplined schooling in art, Jean-Michel is categorized as 'primitive' in style and form, labeled the "first black artist." Beyond the art world's possessive confines and according to post-colonial aesthetics, Jean-Michel articulates the existence of a learning self. With a pedagogical lens, a process of becoming an "artist" deepened Basquiat's expressions of self in relation to a “white” art world, which typically restricted the artist to specific categories and definitional parameters. While recognition of the "artist" highlights the limitations of 'public' and 'self' in pedagogy, learning of the self through Neo-Expressionism is contingent upon articulating a situated existence among particular "publics," with regard to time and place. Variable dimensions of recognition create a fragmented self with transitional 'stages' and a series of acute shifts re-establish the definitional boundaries of art, definers, and ultimately the self and “Other”. These shifts continuously create new margins of the avant-garde and the self is redefined by art and discourse to sustain capital inflow, thereby replicating the colonial nature of capitalism with regard to communication, material and discovery, and “Other”. The process eschews a realized finality while expression as a relational communication of the situated persona redefines one's identity and demarcates a value of the self. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social and Cultural Pedagogy 2017

Le roman postcolonial relève de l’interprétation de l’Histoire inhérente à l’écrivain d’origine africaine. En l’absence de sens acceptable pour les intéressés, la fiction interroge et met en exergue les aspects occultés de l’Histoire. L’étude s’attache à mettre en évidence des grilles de lecture autres qu’occidentales permettant de comprendre l’Histoire immédiate, thématique de plus en plus marquée chez les romanciers contemporains de Côte d’Ivoire. L’on se propose d’analyser la façon dont les romanciers ivoiriens des années quatre-vingt-dix à nos jours problématisent le thème de l’Histoire, comment ils l’intègrent à la trame narrative et pourquoi. La gestion d’une Histoire européo-centrée est un exercice délicat mais essentiel pour sortir de l’impasse. Les écrivains cherchent à doter leur peuple d’une Histoire à l’africaine ; Histoire compliquée par le colonialisme. L’étude vise à montrer comment cette évolution correspond à une urgence pour les auteurs : ceux-ci tentent en effet, à travers l’écriture romanesque, de trouver des réponses à la fragilisation des structures étatiques et de conjurer le spectre de la guerre civile amorcée par l’instrumentalisation du concept de l’Ivoirité. L’analyse porte sur les représentations mentales et culturelles, et l’on interrogera les catégories littéraires de façon à rendre compte de la façon dont elles induisent une vision de l’Histoire. / The postcolonial novel is linked to the interpretation of History inherent to the african native writer. Without any acceptable understanding for the people concerned, fiction examines and brings out various occulted aspects of History. This study' s purpose is to underline some ways to interpret History other than from a western point of view, allowing the understanding of present History, a theme more and more present with contemporary Ivorian novelists. We propose to analyze the way Ivorian novelists, from the 90's until today, are treating History and how and why they integrate it into their fiction. The management of a european-centered History is a touchy but essential exercise to break the deadlock. Writers are willing to give their people an african History, complicated by colonialism. The study's goal is to show how this development is an urgency for the authors: in fact they try, through fiction, to find answers to the weakening of state structures and to ward off the specter of civil war initiated by the manipulation of the concept of "Ivoirité". The analysis focuses on the mental and cultural representations and we will go through the various literary categories, in order to summarize the way they induce a vision of History.

In this study, I examine pre-Hispanic and European beads from a variety of early Spanish colonial archaeological sites throughout the Peruvian Andes. I situate these materials and interactions within the history of Andean and European social networks. I demonstrate that the presence of European beads at specific archaeological sites —or contexts within sites— does not indicate that they directly belonged to European people, but were often incorporated into traditional Andean practices. Moreover, by engaging with theories of value and colonial hybridity, I argue that pre-Hispanic Spondylus shell and European glass beads were similarly valued due to the action invested in their acquisition from distant and unique places of origin. I further illustrate how the contemporaneous use of European and pre-Hispanic beads in forms of exchange, dress, and burial practices contributed to Andean and European beliefs and practices acquiring distinct meanings. These activities, with their changing significances, influenced the formation of new cultural identities and shaped Andean and European social values. / En este estudio, examino las cuentas prehispánicas y europeas recuperadas de varios sitios arqueológicos ocupados durante el colonialismo español temprano a lo largo los Andes peruanos. Al hacer esto, sitúo tales materiales e interacciones en la historia extensiva de las redes sociales andinas y europeas. Demuestro que la presencia de las cuentas europeas en sitios arqueológicos o en contextos dentro de dichos sitios no indica que directamente estas les pertenecieran a los europeos. Además, a partir de las varias teorías sobre valor por David Graeber, Mary Helms y Karl Marx, junto con ideas acerca del carácter híbrido de lo colonial, argumento que las cuentas prehispánicas de la concha de Spondylus y cuentas europeas eran similarmente valuadas debido a la acción invertida en su adquisición de tierras lejanas y orígenes únicos. Además, sostengo que el uso contemporáneo de las cuentas prehispánicas y europeas en las formas de intercambio, vestimenta y prácticas funerarias contribuyeron con las creencias y prácticas andinas y europeas al adquirir significados distintos. Estas actividades, con sus significados cambiantes, influían en la formación de nuevas identidades culturales, y conformaba los valores sociales de los andinos y europeos en un entorno español colonial emergente en los Andes.

abstract: Este trabajo examina la producción literaria y cultural chicana/méxicosudoesteña de las distintas épocas coloniales del sudoeste: la época colonial española (1521-1821), la época colonial angloamericana (1848-1965) y la época poscolonial (1965-presente) para ver hasta qué punto siguen vigentes los legados coloniales dentro de un contexto contemporáneo. Avanzamos la hipótesis que, de la larga residencia histórica y geográfica de las personas hispanomexicanas en el sudoeste, se han producidos textos simbólicos donde se registran dos o más discursos residuos cuyo origen es una ideología dominante. El capítulo 1 plantea y detalla la hipótesis, reseña los numerosos estudios existentes, describe el marco teórico y da la división en capítulos. En el capítulo 2, se da de manera detallada el método crítico: la definición del colonialismo clásico según la teoría de Mario Barrera, la relación colonizador/colonizado aportada por Albert Memmi y los conceptos del tercer espacio híbrido, el mestizaje y el imaginario decolonial asociados con la época poscolonial como ofrecidos respectivamente por Homi Bhabha, Rafael Pérez-Torres y Emma Pérez. El capítulo 3 ofrece un análisis de la época colonial española vía dos obras nuevomexicanas: el poema épico Historia de la Nueva México (1610) de Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá y el drama Los comanches (c.1779) de anónimo. El capítulo 4 trata la colonización angloamericana en las obras The Squatter and the Don (1885) de María Amparo Ruiz de Burton y Dew on the Thorn (escrita en los 1940; publicada en 1997) de Jovita González de Mireles. El capítulo 5 examina la época poscolonial vía la obra Los muertos también cuentan (1995) de Miguel Méndez. Una lectura de la literatura chicana/méxicosudoesteña revela la presencia de varios personajes típicos asociados cada uno a una diferente época histórica desde el conquistador español hasta un mexicano recién inmigrado, quienes no han podido evadir la correspondiente presencia de un grupo dominante u colonizador. Con base en una investigación de las cinco obras seleccionadas, se muestra cómo las relaciones coloniales se forman y se transforman y luego se manifiestan en un contexto contemporáneo, desplazando por ende nuestro entendimiento de las relaciones coloniales como un simple proyecto binario de dominación y subordinación. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Spanish 2013

abstract: Islamist groups in Somalia define themselves by their opposition. From the pre-Islamist movement of Mohammed Hassan in the nineteenth century to al-Itihaad al-Islaami in the twentieth to al-Shabaab in the twenty-first, Islamism exists as a form of resistance against the dominant power of the era. Furthermore these Islamist groups have all been influenced by the type of state in which they exist, be it colonial, independent, or failed. This work seeks to examine the relationship between the uniquely Somali form of Islamism and the state. Through use of historical records, modern media, and existing scholarship this dissertation will chart the development of Islamism in Somalia from the colonial period to the present and explore the relationship Somali Islamism has with various forms of state. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Religious Studies 2013

A presente dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar nos romances O outro pé da sereia (COUTO, 2006) e Yaka (PEPETELA, 2006) a representação da situação colonial e os resultados da dicotomia colonizador e colonizado nas sociedades moçambicana e angolana, ficcionalizadas por Mia Couto e Pepetela nessas obras. Objetiva-se, ainda, verificar a forma como os romances mergulham no passado colonial de seus países de origem para problematizar questões acerca das sociedades citadas, avaliando as perspectivas que figuram no tempo presente. Estabeleceu-se, então, uma leitura a partir de um processo histórico comum, a colonização portuguesa, para explicitar as contradições resultantes desse período. Para tanto, nos apoiamos no diálogo entre literatura e história, presente nos romances estudados, para identificar e destacar as contradições coloniais, sobretudo em relação às representações da violência e do racismo nas duas obras. / This study aims to analyze the representation of the colonial situation and which are the results of the dichotomy colonizer and colonized in Mozambican and Angolan societies through the novels O outro pé da sereia (COUTO, 2006) and Yaka (PEPETELA, 2006). In addition, it aims to examine how the novels rely on colonial past of its countries to discuss issues about the societies mentioned, evaluating the prospects contained in the present. It was established an analysis of the novels from an historical process in common, which is the Lusitanian colonization, to explain the contradictions resulting from this situation. For that, we rely on a dialogue between literature and history, present in the reading of O outro pé da sereia and Yaka, to identify and highlight the colonial contradictions, especially the ones related to the representations of violence and racism in both novels.

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a relevância do conceito de hibridismo cultural para a compreensão dos fenômenos de mudança social e cultural. Pretendo me concentrar nos autores que questionam a homogeneidade das culturas e das identidades, e que em vez disso acreditam que todas as culturas são inerentementes híbridas, sendo a interação entre elas capaz de intensificar essa mistura de formas imprevisíveis. Ao mesmo tempo, analiso o modo como o filme Minha Adorável Lavanderia trata do hibridismo, procurando relacioná-lo com os autores investigados. / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the relevance of the concept of cultural hydbridity to an understanding of the phenomena of social and cultural change. It is my intention to focus on those theorists who question the purity and homogeneity of cultures, and believe instead that all cultures are inherently hybrid, and that intercultural exchange helps to intensify the mixture in unpredictable ways. At the same time, I examine the concept of hybridity underlying My Beautiful Laundrette, trying to relate it to the theories above

A presente tese tem por objetivo examinar a formação da coligação de resistência organizada, no final do século XIX, por chefes de Angoche, Sangage, Sancul e Quitangonha, dos grupos macua-imbamela e namarrais, às interferências da política colonialista portuguesa no norte de Moçambique. Esses chefes efetuaram vários ataques aos postos administrativos e militares portugueses, postergando a ocupação efetiva daquele território até 1910. O principal objetivo da coligação era a preservação da autonomia política, ameaçada pelas iniciativas de ocupação territorial e pela instituição de mecanismos coloniais, como o controle do comércio e da produção de gêneros agrícolas, a cobrança de impostos e o trabalho compulsório. Os participantes da coligação estavam inseridos num complexo de interconexões gerado pelas múltiplas relações estabelecidas por meio dos espaços políticos, culturais, religiosos e de trocas comerciais, que envolviam não apenas as sociedades islâmicas da costa, as do interior e as do mundo suaíli, como o sultanato de Zanzibar, as ilhas Comores e Madagascar, mas também indianos, portugueses, ingleses e franceses. Essas relações eram definidas pelo parentesco, pela doação de terra, pela religião islâmica e pelos contatos comerciais. Essas conexões facilitaram a formação da coligação de resistência no final do século XIX. / The present thesis has as objective to examine the formation of the coalition resistance organized at the end of the nineteenth century, by the leaderships of Angoche, Sangage, Sancul and Quitangonha, and the groups macua-imbamela and namarrais, to the interference of the Portuguese colonialist policy in Northern Mozambique. Those learderships effectuated several attacks to the Portuguese military and administrative posts, postponing the effective occupation of that territory until 1910. The main objective of the coalition was the preservation of the political autonomy, threatened by the initiatives of the territorial occupation and the establishment of the colonial mechanisms, as the control of the trade and the agricultural production, the collection of taxes and the compulsory labor. Participants in the coalition were inserted of a complex of interconnections generated by the multiple relationships established through the political, cultural, religious and trade spaces, which involved not only the Islamic societies of the coast, the interior ones and the World Swahili as Zanzibar Sultanate, Comoros and Madagascar, but also Indian, Portuguese, English and French people. Those relationships were defined by the kinship, the land donating, the Islamic religion and also mercantile contacts. Those connections facilitated the formation of the resistance coalition at end of the nineteenth century.