« Comic book » est un terme anglo-saxon, plus spécifiquement américain, employé pour désigner les fascicules de bande dessinée. Il a trouvé son autonomie en 1938 avec la création de « Superman » qui a amorcé l'hégémonie de la figure du « super-héros » dans la production. Au cours du vingtième siècle, éditeurs et auteurs ont eu recours à des stratégies de conquête et de fidélisation du lectorat dont le procédé de la réécriture est le plus significatif. Le super-héros fut alors soumis à l'interprétation de nombreux créateurs et devint le témoin à multiples facettes de l'Histoire des États-Unis. Il s'est dessiné à partir des années quatre-vingt une tendance réflexive qui prend cette figure comme objet critique et qui a donné naissance à ce qu'on appelle ici le « metacomic ». À partir d'un corpus représentatif, cette thèse est consacrée aux stratégies qui fondent cette réflexivité et aux discours qu'elle véhicule dans les œuvres. Elle se divise en quatre chapitres. Le premier est un descriptif de l'industrie du comic book qui explique ses particularités et l'hégémonie en son sein du genre « superhéroïque ». Le second est dédié aux processus formels qui permettent de justifier la constitution du corpus en définissant la réflexivité des œuvres. Le troisième est voué à une analyse du caractère idéologique de cette métafiction, afin de montrer en quoi la mise en crise du super-héros sert un discours sur l'Histoire et la politique américaines. Le dernier s'intéresse à la manière dont les œuvres consacrent le super-héros comme figure de l'imagination : adoptant une approche fictionnaliste, on y démontre comment transfictionnalité et univers fictionnels sont utilisés pour revisiter / “Comic Book” is the Anglo-Saxon, more specifically American term employed to describe a specific material medium for comics. The epochal moment in the history of the comic book was the 1938 publication of « Superman », which marked the starting point of the hegemony of the figure of the superhero in comic production. Over the course of the twentieth century, authors and publishers have used various strategies for winning over readers and securing their loyalty. Among these, the technique of rewriting is the most significant. Thus, the superhero has been the subject of many reinterpretations, and consequently, has born witness to many facets of the United States’ history. The publications of the 1980s have seen the rise of a reflexive approach in which the superhero becomes an object of critique himself. This new genre is here referred to as Metacomic. Drawing on a representative body of works, the doctoral thesis at hand examines the strategies that constitute this reflexivity, as well as the multiple discourses that it gives rise to. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter gives an account of the comic book industry and explains its particularities, as well as the hegemonic position of the superhero genre in the industry. The second chapter attempts a definition of reflexivity in comic books, which permits to establish a body of works to be examined. The third chapter attempts an analysis of the ideological aspects of this metafiction in order to show how the crisis of the superhero reflects on a certain discourse on American history and politics. The fourth and last chapter examines how the analysed comics establish the superhero as an agent of imag

Esse estudo busca realizar reflexões sobre os significados, sentidos, tensões e contradições relacionados ao termo “independente” e sua contraparte, o termo “mainstream”, ligados ao processo de desenvolvimento das histórias em quadrinhos enquanto formação cultural. Essas reflexões são orientadas pelo conjunto de ideias de Raymond Williams, especialmente os conceitos de tecnologia, hegemonia e culturas alternativas, opositoras, residuais e emergentes. O trabalho está estruturado em cinco momentos. Primeiro as histórias em quadrinhos são abordadas como forma cultural e observamos as relações entre cultura e tecnologia no seu processo de formação. A seguir observamos particularidades desse processo dentro do contexto brasileiro. O terceiro momento apresenta os conceitos de Williams sobre culturas alternativas e antecipa a parte voltada para as intensas manifestações culturais da década de 1960 e seus desdobramentos. Finalmente, busca-se traçar uma visão geral do cenário de mudanças que se desenvolve a partir da década de 1980, enfatizando as histórias em quadrinhos publicadas no Brasil. A partir da observação do surgimento e consolidação de eventos como o Troféu HQ Mix e as feiras e bienais de quadrinhos, relacionados a novos processos de publicação e distribuição, buscamos analisar as obras e perfis de quatro autores contemporâneos de quadrinhos e compreender melhor os significados de termos como “independente”, “autoral”, “comercial”, “mainstream”, “alternativo” e outros, de uso comum nas diversas práticas das histórias em quadrinhos. Entre os resultados obtidos, notamos que: muitas das produções “independentes” contemporâneas apresentam características temáticas, estilísticas e materiais praticamente indistinguíveis das produções “mainstream”; algumas produções “mainstream” incorporam temas e propostas de culturas alternativas à hegemonia; o uso termo “independente” muitas vezes encobre as condições desfavoráveis de produção e sustento de diversos profissionais; considerando rigorosamente as culturas opositoras como um conjunto de ações de dimensão revolucionária, é difícil encontrar obras que efetivamente atendam a essa condição. / This study seeks to reflect on the meanings, senses, tensions and contradictions related to the term “independent” and its counterpart, the term “mainstream”, connected to the process of development of comics as a cultural formation. These reflections are guided by Raymond William’s set of ideas, especially the concepts of technology, hegemony and alternative, oppositional, residual, and emerging cultures. We structured the work in five moments. First, we approach comics as a cultural form and observe the relations between culture and technology in its process of formation. Next, we observe particularities of this process within the Brazilian context. In a third moment, we present Williams’ concepts on alternative cultures and anticipate the part devoted to the intense cultural manifestations of the 1960s and their unfolding. Finally, we attempt to give an overview of the scenario of changes that develops from the 1980s, emphasizing the comics published in Brazil. From the observation of the emergence and consolidation of events such as the HQ Mix Trophy and the comics fairs and biennials related to new publication and distribution processes, we sought to analyze the works and profiles of four contemporary comic authors and to better understand the meanings of terms such as "independent", "authorial", "commercial", "mainstream", "alternative" and others, commonly used in various comic book practices. Among the results obtained, we noticed that: many contemporary "independent" productions present thematic, stylistic and material characteristics practically indistinguishable from "mainstream" productions; some "mainstream" productions incorporate themes and proposals of cultures that are alternatives to hegemony; the use of the term “independent” often covers the unfavorable conditions of production and livelihood of several professionals; rigorously considering the opposing cultures as a set of actions of a revolutionary dimension, it is difficult to find works that effectively meet this condition.

The doctoral thesis The World of Italian Comic-Realistic Poetry maps in a mostly chronological order the type of Italian poetry that is often referred to as 'giocosa' or 'comico- realistica' - in Czech translation, this best corresponds to 'poezie komicko-realistická'. The principal themes and individual topoi within the genre are analysed one by one, and examples are introduced to demonstrate the propositions related to the existence, characteristics and quality of the genre and the comic contained therein. The introduction is followed by an analysis of comic-realistic poetry of the first period which saw its heyday, namely, the first half of the 14th century, roughly comprising the years 1280- 1340. Following an analysis of sonnets by Rustico di Filippi, who is considered the emblematic founder of the genre in Italy, various topics are gradually analysed such as Bakhtinian reversal in values and seeming protest against the world, poverty and money, woman and anti-stilnovismo in sonnets of a great number of poets of the time, the most typical of them being Cecco Angiolieri. Topics with a more realistic background are also included, religious and political sonnets in particular. The issue of autobiography or pseudo- autobiography in comic-realistic texts is also covered in detail. Based on the...

Cette étude se fixe un triple objectif. Il s’agira d’abord de décrire les représentations textuelles du rire dans Le Roman comique de Scarron, en établissant d’une part les conditions de possibilité du comique et, d’autre part, en montrant la dette qu’a contractée le genre de l’histoire comique du XVIIe siècle auprès de la poétique de la comédie classique. Nous préciserons ensuite la nature et le sens à donner aux stratégies dramaturgiques mises en œuvre par Scarron pour rendre compte de l’humanité comique, tantôt disqualifiée, toujours remise en question. Nous mettrons enfin en évidence l’originalité de la structure du roman de Scarron qui accueille contradictoirement des esthétiques ennemies. Expérience de l’insubordination et affirmation d’une conscience critique, le rire de Scarron, en même temps qu’il brouille les hiérarchies culturelles, littéraires et idéologiques de l’âge classique, induit une rhétorique de la lecture comique et délivre une vision sceptique du monde. Innervée par ce rire protéiforme et ambivalent, notre étude propose donc une interprétation globale du roman scarronien à partir de l’analyse détaillée de sa poétique. / The following study has three main goals. We will first describe the textual representations of laughter in Scarron’s Le Roman comique, establishing on the one hand the conditions of possibility of the comic and by showing, on the other hand, the debt that the seventeenth century’s comic novels have contracted towards the poetics of the comedy. We will then identify the nature and meaning of the dramaturgical strategies used by Scarron to represent his comical characters, sometimes disqualified but always questionned. Finally, we will highlight the originality of Scarron’s novel structure that hosts contradictory aesthetics. While it blurs the frontiers of cultural, literary and ideological hierarchies, Scarron’s laughter, an experience of insubordination and an affirmation of a critical consciousness, induces a certain way of reading comedy and delivers a skeptical view of classical age’s world. Animated by this protean and ambivalent laughter, our study proposes a global interpretation of Scarron’s novel based on a detailed analysis of his poetics.

Les premiers comptes rendus de l’histoire du cinéma ont souvent considéré les premiers dessins animés, ou vues de dessins animés, comme des productions différentes des films en prise de vue réelle. Les dessins animés tirent en effet leurs sources d’inspiration d’une gamme relativement différente d’influences, dont les plus importantes sont la lanterne magique, les jouets optiques, la féérie, les récits en images et les comics. Le dessin animé n’en demeure pas moins fondamentalement cinématographique. Les vues de dessins animés de la décennie 1900 ne se distinguent ainsi guère des scènes à trucs sur le plan de la technique et du style. D’abord le fait de pionniers issus de l’illustration comique et du croquis vivant comme Émile Cohl, James Stuart Blackton et Winsor McCay, le dessin animé s’industrialise au cours de la décennie 1910 sous l’impulsion de créateurs venant du monde des comics, dont John Randolph Bray, Earl Hurd, Paul Terry et Max Fleisher. Le processus d’institutionnalisation par lequel le dessin animé en viendra à être considéré comme une catégorie de film à part entière dépend en grande partie de cette industrialisation. Les studios de dessins animés développent des techniques et pratiques managériales spécifiquement dédiées à la production à grande échelle de films d’animation. Le dessin animé se crée ainsi sa propre niche au sein d’une industrie cinématographique dont il dépend toutefois toujours entièrement. Ce phénomène d’individuation repose sur des formules narratives et des personnages récurrents conçus à partir de modèles issus des comics des années 1910. / This dissertation focuses on the institutionalization and industrialization of drawn animation. Animated cartoons are usually seen as being quite different from live action films. They were modelled on traditions found in the realm of magic lantern, opitcal toys, phantasmagoria and comics. Yet, cartoons were fundamentally filmic by nature. Technically and aesthetically, animated films were considered as a category of trick films. In the 1910s, after the pioneering work of Emile Cohl, James Stuart Blackton and Winsor McCay, who were also famous for their work as cartoonists and lightning sketch artists, the nascent industry of animated cartoons recruited talent from the comic strip and the illustration industries, including John Randolph Bray, Earl Hurd, Paul Terry and, later, Max Fleischer. The institutionalization of animated cartoons — that is, the process through which cartoons gained enough visibility so they could be legitimately considered a new category of films — is the result of their industrialization. Animated cartoons studios developed techniques and work management practices that were specific to their needs. While largely dependent on the moving picture industry, animated cartoons created their own niche. This phenomenon of individuation relied heavily on narrative formulas and recurring characters modelled after famous comics of the 1910s.

This thesis discusses the comic discourse in Laurence Sterne's novel The life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. It shows the way in which the theories of the comic of Henri Bergson and Sigmund Freud are applied in this novel. In Tristram Shandy, the principles of the comic of Bergson and Freud do not function in their usual manner; they are fulfilled by the structure and the process of narration. The comic in this novel is also enhanced by the fact that aspects of narration that are usually static and unchanging throughout a novel (such as the nature of the narrator) gained dynamism in Tristram Shandy. This dynamism offers a space for the structural comic to origin. The comic of Tristram Shandy also draws from the principle of association. This novel inspired later theories of humour and the comic in general.

Main focus of this work is to compare and map the evolution of primal sources of inspiration in Czech art in the years 1980-2015. It brings the overview of the authors, who adopted the elements of visual reality, and describes the ways how they used it in their works. Highlighted are the authors whose works are influenced by some of the following topics: commerce and kitch, pornography, comic books, graffiti and street art, folklore, culture of natural nation and childs drawings. Reasons and motivation of the authors for using these extraordinary ways of expression are also clarified. The main part of the work is completed by a context of the exhibitions which took place in the defined time period and follow the topic. It is possible to imagine the evolution and the meaning of primal sources of inspiration in the context of post modern art, according to the basis of the discovered findings.

L’étude du fonctionnement des reprises parodiques d’Hernani en 1830 et l’édition de Harnali, N, I, ni et Oh ! Qu’Nenni, établie à partir des manuscrits, des rapports de la censure et de différentes versions imprimées, permettent de constater que les parodies d’Hernani sont à la fois déterminées par la pièce qui sert de modèle référentiel initial et par des intertextes contemporains avec lesquels elles dialoguent. Les conventions des spectacles du temps, le goût du public, font que la parodie sert paradoxalement d’imitation subversive au service d’une norme. En effet, la déconstruction parodique devient une source de construction des pièces qui, à travers les incohérences et les invraisemblances relevées dans Hernani, se positionnent dans un fonctionnement de spectacle qui leur est propre. Au-delà d’une simple critique, satire ou imitation d’une pièce initiale à travers l’écriture, l’intertextualité et les genres, les reprises parodiques renvoient ainsi une image du contexte du temps et des spectacles joués sur les théâtres secondaires. Ces parodies sont donc également des spectacles, qui s’inscrivent dans la contemporanéité de jeux d’acteurs, d’airs et couplets des théâtres secondaires parisiens de 1830. / The study of procedures used in parodies of Hernani in 1830, together with an edition of manuscripts of Harnali, N, I, ni and Oh! Qu’Nenni, of censors’ reports, and of different printed versions, show that parodies of Hernani are at the same time informed by the play that serves as an initial model and by cultural intertexts with which they establish a dialogue. Performance conventions of the time, as well as public taste, create a paradoxical situation in which parodies act as subversive imitation in the service of a norm. Indeed, parodic deconstruction becomes a source of construction of plays which, pointing out the incoherencies and improbabilities in Hernani, create their place in a type of performance that is unique to them. Beyond simple criticism, satire, or imitation of an earlier play through style, intertextuality, and genre, parodies also reflect an image of the context of the times and of plays performed on secondary theatres. These parodies are thus plays in their own right, a part of contemporary style of acting and of the use of airs and refrains in Parisian secondary theatres in 1830.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Roberto da Motta.pdf: 1557848 bytes, checksum: e0115bf4745af6f1d2158a283efea0e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-28 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / In this study, I investigate the mediation of conventional and structural elements of comic strips, that is, the characteristic elements that compose the comic strips genre and their contributions to the reading comprehension process of a beginner and not a proficient reader. So this research is based on concepts of the use of image as proposed by Cagnin (1975), Gubern (1980) and Eisner (1999); and reading strategies used for reading texts as proposed by Coracini (1985); Ramos (1988); Kato (1985, 1986); Solé (1998) e Kleiman (2007).This research also makes some considerations on the teaching of English in Brazil in accordance to Leis das Diretrizes e Bases da Educação (LDB) and the Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters for the teaching of a Foreign Language, (PCN-LE, Brasil, 1998). I present a brief history of the Comic strips, considering Cagnin (1975); Gubern (1980); Eisner (1999) and McCloud (2005), I also review approaches to the comic strips as a didactic resource, in accordance to Vergueiro (2005) and Cortez (2007). To collect the data I adopt the Verbal Protocol methodology, as well as questionnaires administrated to the 7th grade students of a Government Elementary School, considered beginners in reading comprehension. The results revealed that the non proficient reader depends on the image language and on the elements of the comic genre to process his reading comprehension in English when the verbal language is not enough to that, what allows us suppose that the comic strips may bring contributions to the methodology of teaching and learning a foreign language / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar como se processa a mediação dos elementos convencionais e estruturais da História em Quadrinhos, na promoção da compreensão escrita, em inglês, ao leitor iniciante. Para tanto esta pesquisa faz uma conceituação e breve histórico do gênero HQ, de acordo com Cagnin (1975), Gubern (1980) e Eisner (2001); fundamenta-se nos conceitos e estratégias de leitura de imagem, propostos por Cagnin (1975), Gubern (1980), Eisner (1999), McCloud (2005) e Vergueiro (2005), e nos conceitos e estratégias de leitura textual, conforme propostos por Coracini (1985); Ramos (1988); Kato (1985); Solé (1998); Kleiman (2007), entre outros. A pesquisa também se reporta ao ensino de Língua Inglesa (LI) no Brasil, de acordo com as prescrições das Leis das Diretrizes e Base da Educação (LDB) e dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para Ensino de Língua Estrangeira PCN-LE (Brasil, 1998), e consulta literatura que aborda a HQ como recurso didático, conforme Vergueiro (2005) e Cortez (2007). Para se obter os dados desta pesquisa optou-se por questionário e protocolo verbal aplicados a alunos de uma 7ª série do Ensino Fundamental, portanto leitores iniciantes em língua estrangeira (LE). Os resultados revelam que o leitor não proficiente apóia-se na linguagem imagética e nos elementos do gênero HQ para processar a compreensão escrita em língua inglesa na proporção em que a linguagem verbal não o faz, o que permite concluir que a HQ pode trazer contribuições para a metodologia do ensino de leitura em língua estrangeira

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la représentation écrite du « parler jeune » dans la bande dessinée. La représentation de la langue des jeunes dans la bande dessinée est intéressante pour diverses raisons : D’un point de vue sociétal, elle touche à la langue des adolescents qui depuis quelques années attire l’attention des sociolinguistes et du grand public. D’un point de vue linguistique, le « parler jeune » est représenté dans la bande dessinée qui est une forme d’expression très prisée en France, en comparaison avec le français standard et la norme de la langue française. Les résultats trouvés dans la recherche originale sont très importants en ce qui concerne le passage de l’oral à l’écrit. La recherche s’est faite sur le plan phonique en étudiant la manière dont la prosodie et l’intonation sont interprétées à l’écrit ; sur le plan lexical en examinant les mots du corpus ; sur le plan morphologique en analysant la formation des mots du corpus ; sur le plan syntaxique où le besoin d’être bref est présent mais aussi quelle richesse apporte l’utilisation des interjections et des onomatopées dans la bande dessinée. / This thesis deals the written representation of the youth language (slang) in comic books. The representation of the language of the young people in the comic books is interesting for various reasons: from a societal point of view, it relates with the language of the teenagers which for a few years has drawn the attention of the sociolinguists and the general public. From a linguistic point of view, youth language is represented in the comic books that are a form of expression very widespread in France, in comparison with standard French and the standard of French language. The results found in original research are very important with regard to the passage of the oral examination to the writing. Research was done at the phonic level by studying the way in which the prosody and the intonation are interpreted in written at the lexical level by examining the words of the corpus; on the morphological level by analyzing the formation of the words of the corpus; at the syntactic level where the need to be brief is present but also which wealth brings the use of the interjections and the onomatopoeias in the comic book.