Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 11, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-20T11:01:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodrigo Antônio de Souza - 2013.pdf: 7884679 bytes, checksum: 3f46d66ae21c1c1457e06e8ab1841fc2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-20T11:02:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodrigo Antônio de Souza - 2013.pdf: 7884679 bytes, checksum: 3f46d66ae21c1c1457e06e8ab1841fc2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-20T11:02:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodrigo Antônio de Souza - 2013.pdf: 7884679 bytes, checksum: 3f46d66ae21c1c1457e06e8ab1841fc2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / The Amazon forest is being cleared, burned, fragmented and over-exploited at unprecedented scales. As important as the punishment for environmental crimes, it is the prevention. This requires the identification of deforestation facilitators and deforestation mitigators, beyond the knowledge of where the combination of these factors makes it more likely the occurrence of deforestation. If there is a combination of conditions that increase the deforestation probability in a particular area, it is possible estimate potential areas of new deforestation using Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM). The main objective of this study is to test the efficiency of ENMs to define potential areas of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. In the last chapters, we raise the factors relevant to the current deforestation and that can be inputs for modeling. For this, we test the relationship between size of farms, government custody areas, agricultural technification and law enforcements with deforestation. In later chapters we use ENMs, first considering an area in western Brazilian Amazon and comparing with other models established in the literature. Subsequently, we consider the entire Brazilian Amazon and check the ENM efficiency along the deforestation frontier gradient of the municipalities. Potential areas created from the ENM, demonstrated great effectiveness in predicting new areas of deforestation, especially in regions where forest loss is very active. Thus, we can to consider these models as a tool for action of command and control planning, reducing money costs and time. Moreover, we find that the presence of the governance in the Amazon region, either by government custody areas, or punitive actions, reduces deforestation. Deforestation continues to happen in large properties, however small farms deforest more than the law allows in its limits. The municipalities with obsolete agricultural practices are the most deforested. / A floresta Amazônica, vem sendo desmatada, queimada, fragmentada e sobre-explorada em escalas sem precedentes. Mais importante que à punição ao ilícito ambiental cometido, é a prevenção deste. Para isso é necessária a identificação dos facilitadores e dos mitigadores do desmatamento, além de conhecer os locais onde a combinação desses fatores torna mais propensa a ocorrência do desmate. Se existe um conjunto de condições que aumenta a probabilidade de desmatamento em determinada area, é possível estimar áreas potenciais de novos desmatamentos usando Modelagem Baseada em Nicho Ecológico (ENM). O principal objetivo desse trabalho é testar a eficiência de ENMs para a definição de áreas potenciais de desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira. Nos primeiros capítulos, levantamos os fatores relevantes para o desmatamento atual e que podem ser insumos para criação de modelos. Para isso, testamos as relações entre tamanho de propriedades rurais, áreas tuteladas pelo estado, tecnificação agrícola e esforços de reeprensão, com o desmatamento. Nos últimos capítulos usamos ENMs, primeiramente considerando uma área na Amazônia ocidental brasileira e comparando com outros modelos consolidados na literatura. Posteriormente, consideramos toda Amazônia Brasileira e verificamos a eficiência dos ENMs nos munícipios amazônicos ao longo do gradiente de pré-fronteira, fronteira, pós-fronteira de desmatamento.. As áreas potenciais criadas a partir do ENM, demonstraram grande efetividade na predição de novas áreas de desmatamento, principalmente nas regiões onde a perda de floresta é mais ativa. Assim, podemos considerar esses modelos ferramentas no planejamento de ações de controle e comando contra o desmatamento, diminuindo custos e tempo. Além disso encontramos que a presença do estado na região Amazônica, seja por áreas tuteladas pelo estado, ou ações punitivas, diminui o desmatamento. O desmatamento continua acontecendo em grandes propriedades, entretanto as pequenas propriedades desmatam mais do que a lei permite em seus limites. Os municípios que apresentam as práticas agrícolas mais obsoletas são os que mais desmatam .

Networks of maliciously compromised computers, known as botnets, consisting of thousands of hosts have emerged as a serious threat to Internet security in recent years. These compromised systems, under the control of an operator are used to steal data, distribute malware and spam, launch phishing attacks and in Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks. The operators of these botnets use Command and Control (C2) servers to communicate with the members of the botnet and send commands. The communications channels between the C2 nodes and endpoints have employed numerous detection avoidance mechanisms to prevent the shutdown of the C2 servers. Two prevalent detection avoidance techniques used by current botnets are algorithmically generated domain names and DNS Fast-Flux. The use of these mechanisms can however be observed and used to create distinct signatures that in turn can be used to detect DNS domains being used for C2 operation. This report details research conducted into the implementation of three classes of classification techniques that exploit these signatures in order to accurately detect botnet traffic. The techniques described make use of the traffic from DNS query responses created when members of a botnet try to contact the C2 servers. Traffic observation and categorisation is passive from the perspective of the communicating nodes. The first set of classifiers explored employ frequency analysis to detect the algorithmically generated domain names used by botnets. These were found to have a high degree of accuracy with a low false positive rate. The characteristics of Fast-Flux domains are used in the second set of classifiers. It is shown that using these characteristics Fast-Flux domains can be accurately identified and differentiated from legitimate domains (such as Content Distribution Networks exhibit similar behaviour). The final set of classifiers use spatial autocorrelation to detect Fast-Flux domains based on the geographic distribution of the botnet C2 servers to which the detected domains resolve. It is shown that botnet C2 servers can be detected solely based on their geographic location. This technique is shown to clearly distinguish between malicious and legitimate domains. The implemented classifiers are lightweight and use existing network traffic to detect botnets and thus do not require major architectural changes to the network. The performance impact of implementing classification of DNS traffic is examined and it is shown that the performance impact is at an acceptable level.

La institución de objeto de estudio tiene como principales responsabilidades la seguridad y defensa nacional, la protección de la infraestructura critica nacional y la gestión del riesgo de desastres, motivo por el cual, requiere una óptima gestión de los recursos asignados para asegurar un funcionamiento eficaz. Sin embargo, se ha identificado que desde una perspectiva táctico militar el problema radica en los procesos de mando y control, debido a la falta de conciencia situacional de las personas a cargo de las operaciones militares y las patrullas desplegadas en una zona de operación, lo cual deriva en una ineficiente e ineficaz toma de decisiones. La presente tesis propone el diseño de una solución informática web y móvil, que automatice el control y monitoreo de las patrullas desplegadas en situación de emergencia, en entornos urbanos, utilizando georreferenciación y base de datos en tiempo real, con el objetivo de brindar a las personas al mando de las operaciones militares y a las patrullas desplegadas, la construcción de una imagen veraz y precisa de lo que está ocurriendo en una determinada zona en tiempo real con la finalidad de efectivizar la toma de decisiones. / The institution under study has as its main responsibilities the national security and defense, the protection of the national critical infrastructure and the disaster risk management, which is why it requires an optimal management of the assigned resources to ensure effective operation. However, it has been identified that from a military tactical perspective the problem lies in the command and control processes, due to the lack of situational awareness of the people in charge of military operations and the patrols deployed in an area of ​​operation, which results in inefficient and ineffective decision making. This thesis proposes the design of a web and mobile computing solution that automates the control and monitoring of patrols deployed in emergency situations, in urban environments, using georeferencing and a real-time database, in order to provide the people in command of military operations and deployed patrols, building a true and accurate image of what is happening in a certain area in real time in order to make effective decisions. / Tesis

Current airspace regulations require the remote pilot-in-command of an unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to maintain visual line of sight with the vehicle for situational awareness. The future of UAS will not have these constraints as technology improves and regulations are changed. An operational model for the future of UAS is proposed where a remote operator will monitor remote vehicles with the capability to intervene if needed. One challenge facing this future operational concept is the ability for a flight data system to effectively communicate flight status to the remote operator. A system architecture has been developed to facilitate the implementation of such a flight data system. Utilizing the system architecture framework, a Phase I prototype was designed and built for two vehicles in the Autonomous Flight Laboratory (AFL) at Cal Poly. The project will continue to build on the success of Phase I, culminating in a fully functional command and control system for remote UAS operational testing.

Command and control (C2) environments are complex, dynamic and rich in information. Thus, measuring the performance of an agent in a C2-system, in this case a platoon commander, poses a challenging task for the researcher. To measure the performance of a platoon commander in this thesis, the OODA loop is used as a model for representing the four processes in which the platoon commander is engaged in during a military C2 mission. In accordance with these processes, performance measurements for the platoon commander are identified. The relevance of the performance measurements, to the C2 tasks and goals of the platoon commander, are tested through three studies conducted in a simulated warfare scenario, and two workshops, one with a platoon commander and one with two scientists. As a result of the studies and workshops, an assessment tool for measuring the C2 tasks and goals of the platoon commander, is developed. This assessment tool consists of modified versions of the Crew Awareness Rating Scale (CARS), the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and the NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), as well as generic performance measurements measuring fratricide, deaths and completion of overarching goal.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the emissions from the Swedish truck fleet between 2007- 2014. By descriptive analysis the emissions of NOx, PM, HC and CO are found to decrease at the truck level, the firm level and municipal level. A difference-in-difference analysis is performed to Stockholm municipality where a low emissions zone (LEZ) is located. Heavy trucks in the transportation sector are examined. Emissions are found to decrease more outside of the LEZ than within. This contrasts to other studies on LEZs and to the political goal of the zone. These results indicate that a green transition is occurring in the Swedish truck fleet. Moreover, the adjustment to the LEZ appears to mainly force the firms with dirty trucks located outside of Stockholm municipality to switch to cleaner vehicles / Målet med denna uppsats är att undersöka utsläpp från den svenska lastbilsflottan mellan 2007- 2014. Med hjälp av deskriptiv analys, visas att utsläppen av NOx, PM, HC och CO minskar på lastbils, företags, och kommunnivå. En difference-in-differences analys görs på Stockholms kommun där en miljözon (LEZ) finns. Tunga lastbilar i transportsektorn är undersökta. Utsläpp minskar mer utanför miljözonen än inuti. Detta står i kontrast till andra studier, samt till det politiska målet med miljözonen. Dessa resultat indikerar att en grön övergång sker i den svenska lastbilssektorn. Dessutom är anpassningen till miljözonen verkar främst påverka företag med smutsiga lastbilar som är lokaliserade utanför Stockholms kommun att byta till renare fordon.

Ett allt vanligare fenomen är att civila samhällsaktörer använder drönare i arbetet. En av dem är Polismyndigheten vars förmåga benämns UAS, en akronym för Unmanned Aircraft System. UAS används bland annat för ledning av operativa insatser. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur användningen av UAS påverkar polisens ledning av insatser. Den polisiära UAS-användningen har för avsikt att höja polisens ledningsförmåga. Enligt tidigare forskning kan detta normativa påstående tolkas som ett designförslag. Med denna utgångspunkt undersökte studien empiriskt hur UAS-användningen påverkar polisens möjligheter att nå önskade effekter av insatser. Undersökningen genomfördes med stöd av Brehmers (2013) designlogik bestående av fem analysnivåer. Designlogiken applicerades på primärt på ledningssystemet i relation till insatssystemet.  Empirin utgjordes av sju individuella och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna analyserades med deduktiv tematisk analys. Resultaten visar att det finns effekthöjande faktorer, effekthämmande faktorer och effektsänkande (risk)faktorer gällande polisens UASanvändning vid insatsledning. Studiens slutsats är att det är hur relationen mellan dessa faktorer ser ut vid varje unik insats som påverkar vilken betydelse UAS-användningen får för ledningsförmågan, och därmed också vilka effekter som kan uppnås med insatsen som helhet. Det finns därmed en riktighet, men inte en garanti, i påståendet att UAS-användning genererar ökad ledningsförmåga vid ledning av operativa insatser. Att UAS-användningen höjer ledningsförmågan förutsätter att omständigheterna är gynnsamma/hanterbara och att de effektsänkande (risk)faktorerna kan undvikas/hanteras. / An increasingly common phenomenon is that civil society actors utilizes drones in work-related situations. Amongst them is the Swedish Police Authority, whose capability entitles UAS, an acronym for Unmanned Aircraft System. One way in which the Swedish police uses UAS is for command and control (C2) of operations. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the UAS-usage affects the management of C2 operations. Through UAS-usage, the Swedish police intends at increasing the police's C2 ability. According to previous research, this normative statement could be interpreted as a design proposal. Following this, the study investigated empirically how the UAS-usage affects the police's ability to achieve desired effects of C2 operations. To conduct the research, the study used Brehmer's (2013) design logic consisting of five levels of analysis. The design logic was applied primarily to the C2-system in relation to the mission respondent system.  The empirics consisted of seven semi-structured interviews, which all took place individually. The interviews were analyzed with deductive thematic analysis. Results are showing that UAS-usage in C2 operations has effect-enhancing factors, effect-inhibiting factors and effect-reducing (risk) factors. The study states that the relationship between these factors in each unique C2 operation affects how UAS-usage influences the C2 ability, and hence which effects the operation as a whole produces. There is thus an accuracy, but not a guarantee, in the claim that UAS-usage generates increased C2 ability. The achievement of increased C2 ability through UAS-usage is dependent on favorable/manageable circumstances and the fact that the effect-reducing (risk) factors can be avoided/managed.

[ES] Esta tesis se ha desarrollado dentro del marco de la interoperabilidad de seguridad, enfocándose en la colaboración de los proyectos CAMELOT y PREVISION, financiados por la Comisión Europea dentro del programa Horizonte 2020. Estos proyectos se han ejecutado en el grupo de investigación de Sistemas y Aplicaciones de Tiempo Real Distribuido (SATRD) del Departamento de Comunicaciones de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV). La libre circulación de personas y mercancías en la Unión Europea (UE) y la eliminación progresiva de los controles fronterizos, en virtud del acuerdo de Schengen, han presentado desafíos significativos en la seguridad de las fronteras exteriores europeas. Incidentes recientes, incluyendo oleadas de inmigración ilegal, la crisis de refugiados y ataques terroristas, han intensificado la necesidad de un control y vigilancia eficaces. Esta tesis propone una arquitectura de interoperabilidad genérica, diseñada para integrar sistemas existentes y permitir el intercambio de datos a través de una plataforma unificada. Se ha prestado especial atención a la utilización de adaptadores para la conversión de datos entre los sistemas originales y la plataforma adoptada. Posteriormente, la implementación de la arquitectura se ha validado en dos contextos distintos: el proyecto CAMELOT, centrado en la mejora de la gestión y control de las fronteras, y el proyecto PREVISION, enfocado en crear un entorno de respuesta rápida para la detección de amenazas como actos terroristas. Ambos proyectos se han validado mediante simulaciones en entornos reales, evaluando situaciones como el contrabando ilegal y la detección de tráfico con inmigrantes ilegales en CAMELOT, y el seguimiento de actividades terroristas en PREVISION. Las demostraciones han mostrado mejoras significativas gracias a las arquitecturas desarrolladas, recibiendo una valoración excelente y destacando su potencial para futuras implementaciones en diversos ámbitos. / [CA] Aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat dins del marc de la interoperabilitat de seguretat, centrant-se en la col·laboració dels projectes CAMELOT i PREVISION, finançats per la Comissió Europea dins del programa Horitzó 2020. Aquests projectes s'han dut a terme en el grup de recerca de Sistemes i Aplicacions de Temps Real Distribuït (SATRD) del Departament de Comunicacions de la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV). La lliure circulació de persones i mercaderies a la Unió Europea (UE) i l'eliminació progressiva dels controls fronterers, en virtut de l'acord de Schengen, han presentat desafiaments significatius en la seguretat de les fronteres exteriors europees. Incidents recents, incloent onades d'immigració il·legal, la crisi de refugiats i atacs terroristes, han intensificat la necessitat d'un control i vigilància eficaços. Aquesta tesi proposa una arquitectura d'interoperabilitat genèrica, dissenyada per integrar sistemes existents i permetre l'intercanvi de dades a través d'una plataforma unificada. S'ha prestat especial atenció a la utilització d'adaptadors per a la conversió de dades entre els sistemes originals i la plataforma adoptada. Posteriorment, la implementació de l'arquitectura s'ha validat en dos contextos diferents: el projecte CAMELOT, centrat en la millora de la gestió i control de les fronteres, i el projecte PREVISION, enfocat en crear un entorn de resposta ràpida per a la detecció d'amenaces com actes terroristes. Ambdós projectes s'han validat mitjançant simulacions en entorns reals, avaluant situacions com el contraban il·legal i la detecció de tràfic amb immigrants il·legals en CAMELOT, i el seguiment d'activitats terroristes en PREVISION. Les demostracions han mostrat millores significatives gràcies a les arquitectures desenvolupades, rebent una valoració excel·lent i destacant el seu potencial per a futures implementacions en diversos àmbits. / [EN] This thesis has been developed within the framework of security interoperability, focusing on the collaboration of the CAMELOT and PREVISION projects, funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 program. These projects have been carried out in the research group of Distributed Real-Time Systems and Applications (SATRD) of the Communications Department at the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV). The free movement of people and goods in the European Union (EU) and the gradual elimination of border controls, under the Schengen agreement, have presented significant challenges in the security of Europe's external borders. Recent incidents, including waves of illegal immigration, the refugee crisis, and terrorist attacks, have intensified the need for effective control and surveillance. This thesis proposes a generic interoperability architecture, designed to integrate existing systems and enable data exchange through a unified platform. Special attention has been given to the use of adapters for the conversion of data between the original systems and the adopted platform. Subsequently, the implementation of the architecture has been validated in two different contexts: the CAMELOT project, focused on improving border management and control, and the PREVISION project, aimed at creating a rapid response environment for the detection of threats such as terrorist acts. Both projects have been validated through simulations in real environments, evaluating situations such as illegal smuggling and detection of trafficking with illegal immigrants in CAMELOT, and monitoring of terrorist activities in PREVISION. The demonstrations have shown significant improvements thanks to the developed architectures, receiving excellent evaluations and highlighting their potential for future implementations in various fields. / Esta tesis se ha desarrollado dentro del marco de la interoperabilidad de seguridad, enfocándose en la colaboración de los proyectos CAMELOT y PREVISION, financiados por la Comisión Europea dentro del programa Horizonte 2020. Estos proyectos se han ejecutado en el grupo de investigación de Sistemas y Aplicaciones de Tiempo Real Distribuido (SATRD) del Departamento de Comunicaciones de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) / García García, A. (2024). Arquitectura de interoperabilidad para mejorar la gestión y coordinación de múltiples UXV y la toma de decisiones [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/204409

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The need for a well thought out, planned, and rehearsed command and control organization to conduct special operations in the US Northern Command Area of Responsibility is vital to success in defending the Homeland. Currently, USNORTHCOM does not have an apportioned or assigned command and control structure for the conduct of special operations. This thesis analyzes three courses of action to fulfill this requirement: use the current USNORTHCOM battle staff command structure including the integration of the Standing Joint Force Headquarters-North; rely on the newly formed US Special Operations Command's Joint Task Force Structures; and establish a Theater Special Operations Command North assigned to USNORTHCOM. Through the conduct of analysis and research this thesis recommends that The Joint Staff direct the reorganization required to establish a Theater Special Operations Command North to exercise command and control of special operations forces conducting operations in the USNORTHCOM AOR. / Lieutenant Colonel, United States Army