Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Wireless mesh mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) provide the military with the opportunity to spread information superiority to the tactical battlespace in support of network-centric warfare (NCW). These mesh networks provide the tactical networking framework for providing improved situational awareness through ubiquitous sharing of information including remote sensor and targeting data. The Naval Postgraduate School's Tactical Network Topology (TNT) project sponsored by US Special Operations Command seeks to adapt commercial off the shelf (COTS) information technology for use in military operational environments. These TNT experiments rely on a variety of airborne nodes including tethered balloon and UAVs such as the Tern to provide reachback from nodes on the ground to the Tactical Operations Center (TOC) as well as to simulate the information and traffic streams expected from UAVs conducting surveillance missions and fixed persistent sensor nodes. Airborne mesh nodes have unique requirements that can be implemented with COTS technology including single board computers and compact flash. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis analyzes the feasibility, functionality, and usability of Ultra Wideband technology as an alternative to 802.11 in wireless mesh networks for multiple DoD contexts. Ultra wideband and wireless mesh network technologies and applications are researched and analyzed through multiple field and lab experiments for usability in current, real-world situations. Hardware and software investigations are conducted to determine any implementation issues between ultra wideband and wireless mesh networks. A detailed assessment is conducted of the various elements and operational constraints for developing an ultra wideband mesh network that can be utilized to improve situational awareness in network-centric operations. Through joint research with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, various hardware and software components are developed to create a test bed for tactical level ultra wideband and mesh networking experimentation in a highly mobile environment. This thesis also lays the groundwork into future ultra wideband and mesh networking applications. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Este trabalho estuda o instituto das medidas compensatórias como uma nova obrigação imposta pelo direito aos empreendimentos com potencial de causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa do tema se deu de forma crítica, enfrentando as contradições do sistema econômico vigente. Verificou-se que as medidas compensatórias emergiram da mais evidente crise ambiental ou à crescente escassez dos recursos naturais, buscando, ao mesmo tempo, a proteção ambiental e a manutenção do sistema de mercado. Procurando a melhor funcionalidade das medidas, pretendeu-se demonstrar que elas não se equiparam a uma forma de reparação por dano futuro, tampouco se enquadram necessariamente em uma espécie tributária; podem, como quis o Supremo Tribunal Federal, ser chamadas de compartilhamento de despesas entre o Poder Público e os empreendedores pelos custos da utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo. Na verdade, em razão de serem dotadas das características da transversalidade e da interdisciplinaridade, as medidas compensatórias apresentam-se com diversas facetas, podendo mostrar características predominantes de mecanismos de comando e controle, como também de instrumentos econômicos. Assim, concluiu-se nesta tese ser um instituto híbrido, não enquadrável em uma categoria jurídica estanque. Verificou-se, ainda, ser necessária uma análise estrutural a fim de serem eficazes. Nesse sentido, propôs-se a sua instituição por normas primárias, nas quais se fixem padrões mínimos e com critérios objetivos de aplicação. Para tanto concluir, o estudo partiu dos debates já travados, tanto pela jurisprudência quanto pela doutrina, acerca da constitucionalidade, metodologia de cálculo e natureza jurídica de uma das medidas compensatórias, chamada compensação ambiental, instituída pela Lei nº 9.985/2000 (Lei do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC). A partir daí, buscou-se demonstrar o processo subjacente à edição de normas ambientais, recaindo nos princípios do Direito Ambiental, dentre eles o importante princípio do poluidor-pagador, cuja premissa é internalizar os custos pela utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo, para não serem assumidos pelo Poder Público e por toda a coletividade. Ainda, buscou-se diferenciar os conceitos de dano ambiental e de impacto negativo ao meio ambiente, porquanto as medidas compensatórias visam a compensar o meio ambiente pelos impactos negativos, significando uma perda aceita, prevista e gerenciada; o dano ambiental, por sua vez, é algo intolerável, indesejado e, por isso, objeto de reparação civil objetiva, de responsabilidade administrativa e, ainda, da penalização criminal / This paper studies the institution of compensatory measures, considered as a new obligation imposed by law for projects with the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts. The theme was investigated critically, facing the contradictions of the current economic system. In this regard, we verified compensatory measures instituted to cope with an increasingly apparent environmental crisis and the growing shortage of natural resources, while seeking environmental protection and maintenance of the market. In the search for a better functionality of the measures, we sought to demonstrate that they do not represent a form of compensation for future damages, nor do they necessarily fall within the range of any legitimate taxation. In fact, these measures were adopted by the Supreme Court more as a sharing of costs between government and entrepreneurs for the use of natural resources in the production process. Fundamentally, the compensatory measures of this instrument, equipped with characteristics of transversality and interdisciplinarity, present different aspects, which can deploy features to carry out command and control mechanisms, as well as economic instruments. Our thesis has therefore led us to the conclusion that this instrument is not readily classifiable under any isolated legal category, and should be looked upon as a hybrid mechanism. Nevertheless, we considered that a structural analysis was necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the measures. In this respect, we proposed it be instituted on primary norms, with the establishment of minimum standards and objective application criteria. This required starting with debates conducted in jurisprudence and doctrine over the constitutionality, method of calculation, and legal nature of a compensatory measure called environmental compensation, established by Law No. 9.985/2000 (Law of the National System of Conservation Units, SNUC). From there, we sought to demonstrate the process behind the issuing of environmental standards falling within the principles of environmental law; among which the important polluter pays principle, which is premised on the environmental externalities of economic activities that use natural resources, and prevents that pollution costs be borne by Government and, ultimately, by the whole community. We went on by delimiting the concepts of environmental damage and negative environmental impact, considering that compensatory measures aim at providing compensation for adverse impacts, which signify accepted, provided and managed losses. Environmental damage, in turn, is something unacceptable and undesirable, and must therefore be subject to civil liability, as well as criminal penalties.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-05-18T18:07:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adelmar Azevedo Regis.pdf: 1651570 bytes, checksum: fea6985b4a975695e6c1917ebcb65ca8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T18:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adelmar Azevedo Regis.pdf: 1651570 bytes, checksum: fea6985b4a975695e6c1917ebcb65ca8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-05 / This work analyzes the Payment for Environmental Services (PES) as a promising economic instrument to solve some problems related to environmental degradation and the generation of positive externalities. To achieve such goal, firstly the thesis analyzes concepts of externality and public goods and the main existing theories to tackle market failures, citing three specific environmental principles to combat negative and positive externalities: Polluter-Pays Principle, User-Pays Principle and Principle Protector-Receiver, which is the modern promotional function of law. Then, the thesis conducts a comparative analysis between the command and control instruments and economic instruments and their efficaciousness and cost-effectiveness in environmental preservation. With such a basis built, this work then defines environmental services and their types and promotes a literature review on the theoretical aspects that support PES schemes, as well as addresses two foreign case studies of PSA and some experiences in Brazil. This paper contributes to the theoretical development of the subject, still little explored in literature, and intends to demonstrate that the payment of environmental services is not a magical solution to the environmental crisis and did not appear to replace command and control instruments; it has to be added to current instruments of environmental policy, in order to correct market failures, which do not recognize the inherent value of ecosystem services and the benefits they provide to social welfare. / O trabalho analisa os Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) como um instrumento econômico promissor para resolver alguns problemas relacionados à degradação ambiental e à geração de externalidades positivas. Para tanto, parte primeiramente de uma análise dos conceitos de externalidade e de bens públicos e das principais teorias existentes para combater as falhas de mercado, mencionando os três princípios ambientais específicos para combater as externalidades negativas e positivas: Princípio do Poluidor-Pagador, Princípio do Usuário-Pagador e Princípio do Protetor-Recebedor, que representa a moderna função promocional do Direito. Em seguida, promove uma análise comparativa entre os instrumentos de comando e controle e os instrumentos econômicos e sua eficácia e custo-benefício na preservação ambiental. Construída essa base, definem-se, então, os serviços ambientais e seus tipos, e se realiza revisão da literatura sobre os aspectos teóricos que dão suporte aos esquemas de PSA, inclusive abordando dois casos de sucesso de PSA no exterior e algumas experiências no Brasil. O presente trabalho contribui para o desenvolvimento teórico da temática, ainda pouco explorada na literatura, e tem por escopo demonstrar que o pagamento de serviços ambientais não é uma solução mágica para a crise ambiental e não surgiu para substituir instrumentos de comando e controle, mas para se somar aos atuais instrumentos de política ambiental, com a função de corrigir as falhas do mercado, que não reconhece o valor intrínseco dos serviços ecossistêmicos e os benefícios que eles proporcionam ao bem-estar da sociedade.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån Ledarskapsmodellens definitioner undersöka om de organisatoriska förhållandena påverkar plutonchefers möjlighet att utöva ett Utvecklande ledarskap. Undersökningen genomfördes som en kvalitativ studie genom intervjuer med plutonchefer vid Ledningsregementet i Enköping. Resultaten visar att omgivningen påverkar ledarskapet men i både positiv och negativ riktning samtidigt. En omständighet som i ett avseende är en begränsning är i ett annat avseende en möjlighet. Det är upp till ledaren att identifiera dessa möjligheter och utnyttja dem. Flera av de viktigaste slutsatserna återfanns utanför undersökningens syfte och är bland annat att den största påverkan plutonchefen har på sitt ledarskap återfinns i tidsbristen att närvara hos sina underställda. Den påverkan grundar sig i hög arbetsbelastning och indirekta konsekvenser av den generella personalbristen i organisationen. / The purpose of this study is to investigate, based on the Leadership Model definitions, whether the organizational conditions affect pluton managers' ability to execute a Developing Leadership. The survey was conducted as a qualitative study through interviews with platoon commanders at the Command and Control Regiment in Enköping. The results show that the environment affects leadership in both positive and negative directions at the same time. A circumstance that in one respect is a restriction is in another possibility. It is up to the leader to identify these opportunities and make use of them. Several of the key conclusions were found outside the purpose of the survey, and among other things, the biggest impact the pluton manager has on his leadership is found in the shortage of time to attend his subordinates. This impact is based on excessive workload and indirect consequences of the general staff shortage in the organization.

Este trabalho estuda o instituto das medidas compensatórias como uma nova obrigação imposta pelo direito aos empreendimentos com potencial de causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa do tema se deu de forma crítica, enfrentando as contradições do sistema econômico vigente. Verificou-se que as medidas compensatórias emergiram da mais evidente crise ambiental ou à crescente escassez dos recursos naturais, buscando, ao mesmo tempo, a proteção ambiental e a manutenção do sistema de mercado. Procurando a melhor funcionalidade das medidas, pretendeu-se demonstrar que elas não se equiparam a uma forma de reparação por dano futuro, tampouco se enquadram necessariamente em uma espécie tributária; podem, como quis o Supremo Tribunal Federal, ser chamadas de compartilhamento de despesas entre o Poder Público e os empreendedores pelos custos da utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo. Na verdade, em razão de serem dotadas das características da transversalidade e da interdisciplinaridade, as medidas compensatórias apresentam-se com diversas facetas, podendo mostrar características predominantes de mecanismos de comando e controle, como também de instrumentos econômicos. Assim, concluiu-se nesta tese ser um instituto híbrido, não enquadrável em uma categoria jurídica estanque. Verificou-se, ainda, ser necessária uma análise estrutural a fim de serem eficazes. Nesse sentido, propôs-se a sua instituição por normas primárias, nas quais se fixem padrões mínimos e com critérios objetivos de aplicação. Para tanto concluir, o estudo partiu dos debates já travados, tanto pela jurisprudência quanto pela doutrina, acerca da constitucionalidade, metodologia de cálculo e natureza jurídica de uma das medidas compensatórias, chamada compensação ambiental, instituída pela Lei nº 9.985/2000 (Lei do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação-SNUC). A partir daí, buscou-se demonstrar o processo subjacente à edição de normas ambientais, recaindo nos princípios do Direito Ambiental, dentre eles o importante princípio do poluidor-pagador, cuja premissa é internalizar os custos pela utilização dos recursos naturais no processo produtivo, para não serem assumidos pelo Poder Público e por toda a coletividade. Ainda, buscou-se diferenciar os conceitos de dano ambiental e de impacto negativo ao meio ambiente, porquanto as medidas compensatórias visam a compensar o meio ambiente pelos impactos negativos, significando uma perda aceita, prevista e gerenciada; o dano ambiental, por sua vez, é algo intolerável, indesejado e, por isso, objeto de reparação civil objetiva, de responsabilidade administrativa e, ainda, da penalização criminal / This paper studies the institution of compensatory measures, considered as a new obligation imposed by law for projects with the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts. The theme was investigated critically, facing the contradictions of the current economic system. In this regard, we verified compensatory measures instituted to cope with an increasingly apparent environmental crisis and the growing shortage of natural resources, while seeking environmental protection and maintenance of the market. In the search for a better functionality of the measures, we sought to demonstrate that they do not represent a form of compensation for future damages, nor do they necessarily fall within the range of any legitimate taxation. In fact, these measures were adopted by the Supreme Court more as a sharing of costs between government and entrepreneurs for the use of natural resources in the production process. Fundamentally, the compensatory measures of this instrument, equipped with characteristics of transversality and interdisciplinarity, present different aspects, which can deploy features to carry out command and control mechanisms, as well as economic instruments. Our thesis has therefore led us to the conclusion that this instrument is not readily classifiable under any isolated legal category, and should be looked upon as a hybrid mechanism. Nevertheless, we considered that a structural analysis was necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the measures. In this respect, we proposed it be instituted on primary norms, with the establishment of minimum standards and objective application criteria. This required starting with debates conducted in jurisprudence and doctrine over the constitutionality, method of calculation, and legal nature of a compensatory measure called environmental compensation, established by Law No. 9.985/2000 (Law of the National System of Conservation Units, SNUC). From there, we sought to demonstrate the process behind the issuing of environmental standards falling within the principles of environmental law; among which the important polluter pays principle, which is premised on the environmental externalities of economic activities that use natural resources, and prevents that pollution costs be borne by Government and, ultimately, by the whole community. We went on by delimiting the concepts of environmental damage and negative environmental impact, considering that compensatory measures aim at providing compensation for adverse impacts, which signify accepted, provided and managed losses. Environmental damage, in turn, is something unacceptable and undesirable, and must therefore be subject to civil liability, as well as criminal penalties.

Lake Okeechobee is the largest lake in the southeastern United States and is a central component of the hydrology and environment of the Everglades ecosystem in South Florida. The natural state of the lake has been degraded as wetlands and natural habitats in the Lake Okeechobee watershed have been replaced with farms, urban areas, and dairy operations. Excessive phosphorus loadings from these diverse sources have been identified as the leading causes of the lake’s impairment. For more than four decades, many resources have been allocated to regional and local restoration efforts to reduce phosphorus loadings into the lake. However, phosphorus loadings have not decreased and the recovery of the lake could take more time, particularly with today’s limited local budgets. Market-based instruments, such as water quality trading programs, have emerged over the past decades to cost-effectively achieve water quality objectives in impaired watersheds. The main objective of this dissertation was to assess the environmental and economic benefits of implementing a phosphorus trading program in Lake Okeechobee watershed, compared to a conventional command-and-control approach. A comprehensive literature overview of nationally and internationally implemented trading programs was conducted to highlight advantages and challenges of these programs towards achieving water quality goals, and to outline the essential elements of a successful program. Furthermore, a modeling framework, integrating a hydrologic-water quality model with an economic model, was developed to assess the potential cost savings that trading might offer over a command-and-control approach. The modeling framework was applied in three priority basins of the Lake Okeechobee watershed. In each case, while developing trading scenarios to achieve phosphorus load reduction targets, the trading program was less expensive than the conventional command-and-control approach. This research provided the foundation for stakeholders to better understand whether water quality trading has the potential to work in the Lake Okeechobee watershed and to facilitate the development of a pilot program. In addition, it offered some insights on the potential economic opportunities that pollution sources would have by participating in the trading program. The modeling framework developed in this dissertation could facilitate the assessment of future water quality trading programs in other watersheds.

This thesis is a study of the Confederate command problem in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1861-1862.

Command and control (C2) and maneuver are basics in the use of tactics and theories about warfare. This study aims to understand them better by conducting a case-study on the battle of Leyte and find if the use of them can explain the outcome of the battle. Wayne P Hughes theory about command and control and maneuver will be used. These variables were found in Hughes theory about C2: distribution of effect, conducting (of C2), aids, planning and time and timing. Regarding maneuver these variables were found: Position, time and speed. The result of the study is that the use of distribution of effect, conducting and planning as C2 and position in maneuver gave a positive outcome for the Americans. The misuse of time and timing in C2 by the Japanese and a misuse of time in maneuver gave a negative outcome.

In a modern world torn apart by war the basic human need to feel safe is threatened. In order to defend and protect this need, technical defense systems solving complex situations are of great importance. As the rate of technological innovation accelerates it is important for companies like Saab to maintain their competitive advantage. One way of doing this is by offering modern systems of high quality with intuitive interfaces increasing the usability. This master’s thesis aims at evaluating Saab Surveillance’s command and control system C2STRIC by an analysis of its user interface. It further aims at identifying usability problems and designing prototypes solving said problems, to increase the system’s usability. The system in question is a safety critical system, meaning that its malfunction might lead to severe consequences or death. This system characteristic permeates the whole thesis, resulting in findings unique for C2STRIC and thus maybe not generalizable. Through a close collaboration and interviews with the users the issues were identified and compiled. Due to secrecy reasons all the interviews were conducted live without recordings. All of them at Saab’s premises, except one which was conducted at “Stridslednings- och luftbevakningsskolan” at Uppsala garrison. Most of the interviews were scheduled while some were spontaneous. With the help of the compilation of identified problems, high fidelity prototypes could be developed in Adobe XD through an iterative user-centered design process. The process provided continuous feedback which helped in delivering prototypes satisfying the needs of the users. The primary problems regarded disturbances of the situational awareness of the user, i.e., issues preventing the user from performing its tasks according to circumstances. These disturbances were caused by ineffective navigation in the interface and poorly optimized object visualization. Prototypes introducing transparency, docking systems, search functions, radial menus and a new main menu solved these problems and increased the usability of C2STRIC - and they will in extension help in defending and protecting the basic human need to feel safe.