2023 kunde Aftonbladet avslöja en granskning med motsägande information kring H&Ms annars utstickande hållbarhetsarbete. Det framkom i granskningen att H&Ms klädinsamling som har kommit till att bli den största i världen inte återanvänder eller återvinner kläderna på det sättet som utlovas och att flera av plaggen hamnar på platser, som världens värsta dumpningsplats i Benin. Krisen utifrån ett kommunikationsperspektiv blir således intressant att undersöka för att se hur ett multinationellt företag som H&M kriskommunicerar när deras annars utstickande varumärkesprofilering som grön ledande aktör på marknaden ifrågasätts. Följande studie syftar därav till att undersöka varumärket H&Ms kriskommunikation via tre uttalanden kring denna kris av vdn Helena Helmersson. Detta kommer göras med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att besvara studiens två forskningsfrågor och uppfylla studiens syfte. Analysen använder Image repair theory och Situational crisis communication theory för att analysera studiens material genom att koda och kategorisera. Begreppet greenwashing applicerades vidare för att kunna synliggöra kommunikationens budskap. Studien kom fram till att Helmersson inte använder sig av de rekommenderade försvarsstrategierna utan använder sig istället av enkelt förnekande, goda avsikter, bolstering, hänvisa till ett högre syfte och attack. Vidare kom studien vidare fram till att Helmerssons kriskommunikation kan förstås i dimensionera av greenwashing som ett underliggande budskap.

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In the 10s, the researcher and surgeon Paolo Macchiarini was employed at Karolinska Institutet and the Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden. When Swedish Television published a documentary series in 2016 about Paolo Macchiarini, it revealed several scandals linked to his activities at the units that led them to crisis. Shortly thereafter, suspicions were raised against Paolo Macchiarini for research fraud and unethical operations, which he was later convicted for in the Supreme Court in 2023. This study aims to investigate Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital's external crisis communication regarding the Macchiarini case through a rhetorical content analysis. The purpose of the study is to find out whether the units communicated during the crisis to repair their trust through the defense strategies Image Repair Theory, apologia, situational crisis communication theory and the rhetorical appeal forms ethos, pathos and logos. The analysis will be based on all articles published by the units via their own websites between 2017 and 2024, with the study's theoretical framework as a basis. The study's analysis and results show that Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital have largely used various crisis management strategies in the published articles in accordance with Image Repair Theory, apologia, situational crisis theory as well as the forms of appeal. The result of the study shows that Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital frequently use strategies to repair their reputation by separating themselves from Macchiarini and use fact-based arguments such as external investigations as a base for their facts in their crisis communication. Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, at the same time show several actions taken within Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital to improve and ensure that something similar does not happen again. The results of the study also show that Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital have been open and transparent in their communication. / Under 10-talet anställdes forskaren och läkaren Paolo Macchiarini vid Karolinska Institutet samt Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset i Stockholm, Sverige. När Sveriges Television publicerade en dokumentärserie 2016 gällande Paolo Macchiarini avslöjades flertalet skandaler kopplade till hans verksamhet vid enheterna som ledde dem till kris. Det uppdagades kort därefter misstanke gentemot Paolo Macchiarini för forskningsfusk samt oetiska operationer, vilket han senare under 2023 kom att dömas för i Högsta Domstol. Denna studie ämnar således att undersöka Karolinska Institutet samt Karolinska Universitetssjukhusets externa kriskommunikation gällande Macchiarinifallet genom en kvalitativ retorisk innehållsanalys. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på huruvida enheterna kommunicerat under krisen för att reparera sitt anförtroende genom försvarsstrategierna Image Repair Theory, apologia, situational crisis communication theory samt de retoriska appellformerna ethos, pathos och logos. Analysen kommer baseras på samtliga artiklar som enheterna publicerat via deras egna webbsidor mellan perioden 2017 till och med 2024, med studiens teoretiska ramverk som grund. Studiens analys samt resultat visar på att Karolinska Institutet samt Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset till stor del använt sig av olika krishanteringsstrategier i de publicerade artiklarna i enlighet med Image Repair Theory, apologia, situational crisis theory såväl som appellformerna. Studiens resultat visar på att Karolinska Institutet och Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset använder sig frekvent av strategier för att reparera deras anseende genom att särskilja sig själva från Macchiarini, och använder sig av faktabaserade argument som exempelvis externa utredningar som grund till sin fakta i sin kriskommunikation. Karolinska Institutet och Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset visar samtidigt på en rad åtgärder som införts inom Karolinska Institutet samt Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset för att förbättra samt att se till att något liknande inte händer igen. Studiens resultat visar även på att Karolinska Institutet och Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset varit öppen och transparant i sin kommunikation.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die inhoud en vorm van 'n preek is 'n eenheid. Beide aspekte vorm deel van die teologiese teorie van die prediking. In hierdie studie word daar teoreties besin oor 'n bepaalde vorm van prediking. Dit behels 'n ondersoek na die literere vorm waarin die boodskap gestruktureer en verwoord word. Die Skrif bevat 'n verskeidenheid literere vorme wat deur Bybelskrywers aangewend is om die intensie van die teks effektief te kommunikeer. Elk van hierdie vorme besit 'n eiendomlike kommunikatiewe aard. Die ontwikkeling van die moderne literatuurwetenskap sedert die tagtigerjare van die twintigste eeu het stukrag verleen aan die insig dat die Bybel ook as 'n versameling godsdienstige literatuur bestudeer kan word. Dit het meegebring dat die intensie van die teks van die Bybel op 'n teologies verantwoordbare wyse, met inagneming van die historiese verbande, beter begryp kan word deur die gebruikmaking van insigte uit ander literatuur. As sodanig word erkende literere kunsvorme wat naas die logies-analitiese ook die emotiewe betrek, aanvaar. Die resultaat van hierdie ondersoek dui aan dat die preek as kunsvorm geevalueer en in die moderne preekteorie geregverdig kan word. Die proses van transformasie wat die moderne hermeneutiese benadering kenmerk; die veranderde beleweniswereld en verstaanshorison van die huidige hoorders asook die eiesoortige aard van Bybelse literatuur is vanuit 'n kommunikatiewe aanname in 'n kunsvorm binne die moderne homiletiese teorie haalbaar. Die teorie orienteer binne die kommunikatiewe handelingsteorie as meta-teorie wat ingestel is op dialogiese kommunikasie wat betekenisgewing deur waarnemerbetrokkenheid bevorder en 'n bepaalde denkwyse by die hoorders tot gevolg het. Die tradisionele vorm van prediking, gekenmerk deur absolute dominasie van die rede en intellektualisme uit die modernistiese tydvak, het teen die einde van die tweede millennium in ernstige diskrediet gekom. Die radikale verandering in die samelewing deur die moderniseringsproses met gepaardgaande paradigma verskuiwinge dwing die homiletiek om teoreties te herbesin. In hierdie studie word die preek as kunsvorm afgebaken tot die verhalende preekvorm, konseptueel ontwikkel en teoreties omskryf asook geplaas binne die moderne homiletiese teorie as komponent wat daarby pas. Die resultaat is verkry deur 'n vergelykende studie van gemeenskaplike wesenstrekke wat voorkom by erkende kunsvorme in die moderne kunsteorie; die verhalende kunsvorm in die moderne literere teorie met spesifieke verwysing na die Afrikaanse roman asook die verhalende preekvorm in die moderne homiletiese teorie. Deur hierdie vorm van prediking in die moderne preekteorie op te neem, kan 'n sinvolle bydrae gemaak word om die Christelike boodskap deur oortuiging sander enige vorm van dwang te kommunikeer. / In a sermon form and content are one. Both aspects form part of the theological theory of preaching. This theoretical survey investigates one of the various literary forms through which the biblical writers attempted to communicate the intention of the biblical text in the most effective way. Each of these forms possesses a distinctive communicative character. The development of modern literary theory since the eighties of the twentieth century was a propulsive force leading to the conviction that the Bible was also a collection of religious literature. This conviction implied that the intention of the biblical text could be more clearly understood in a theological justified manner within the historical context by using insights gained from other literature. Acknowledged literary art forms adhering to the emotive as well as the logic-analytical are embraced as such. In this study the sermon as an art form is limited to narrative preaching, developed as a concept; theoretically described and placed within the modern homiletical theory as a suitable component. Results are obtained by means of a comparative study of mutual features that are distinctive to acknowledged art forms in the modern theory of art; narrative art forms in modern literature theory specifically in the modern Afrikaans novel, as well as the narrative form of preaching in the modern homiletical theory. The modern homiletical theory is orientated within the communicative acts theory as meta-theory focusing on dialogical communication which promotes meaning through the involvement of the observer. The conclusions reached indicate that the sermon as an art form can be evaluated and justified within the modem homiletical theory. Taken up in this theory, it can prove significant in communicating the Christian message to the listeners in a convincing rather than compulsive manner. / Practical Theology / D.Th. (Practical theology)

Mittels einer Untersuchung von standardisierten Praktiken (Stadtrundgängen und Stadtrundfahrten) und Dispositiven (Stadtkarten, Reiseführer) fürs „Touren“ von Städten zeigt diese Dissertation, (1) wie die Stadt Berlin in ein virtuelles Objekt, nämlich, einen touristischen Zielort, transformiert wird, ( 2) wie diese Transformation nicht nur durch die Bewegung von Touristen im Raum und das Unterwegssein ermöglicht wird, sondern durch touristische Kommunikation über die Stadt, und (3) wie diese emergente touristische Stadt in einer multiplen und polykontexturalen städtischen Öffentlichkeit eingebettet ist, wo sie in verschiedenen Typen von Beziehung mit naheliegenden Inszenierungen der Stadt eintritt, wie die der Stadt-Marketing und der kollektiven Erinnerungspolitik. Drei weitere Aspekte sind zu erwähnen, die den gesamten Text subtil anregen. Die Dissertation stellt eine neue Theorie des Tourismus als Kommunikationsform, und nicht als Form des Reisens, auf; sie integriert die Luhmannsche Kommunikationstheorie mit der Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie, und sie ist durchaus empirisch, basierend auf einer jahrlangen ethnographischen Untersuchung (2005-2006) von Praktiken und Dispositiven des „Tourens“ im zeitgenössischen Berlin. / Through the study of standardized practices (walking tours, bus-tours) and devices (maps, guidebooks) for touring cities, this dissertation shows (1) how the city of Berlin is transformed into a virtual object, namely, an urban destination, (2) how such transformation is enabled not simply by tourist movement in space and being away from ‚home‘, but by tourist communication on the city, and (3) how this emergent tourist city is embedded in a multiple and polycontextural urban public sphere, in which it enters into different types of relationship with neighbouring enactments of the city, such as those of city-marketing and collective memory. Subtly informing the whole text there are three aspects to be mentioned: the dissertation proposes a new theory of tourism as a form of communication, not of travel; it integrates Luhmann’s communication theory with actor-network theory; and it is throughout empirical, based on a year-long ethnographic study (2005-2006) of touring practices and devices in contemporary Berlin.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Davio Antonio Prado Zarzana Junior.pdf: 545163 bytes, checksum: 24ed5e49b6e73973d3cf79e7f0d5042d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-26 / This work, focusing on the financing of Social Security, intends to conduct three checks: first, the existence of deviations in the application of the funds raised for this financing, including from a formulation of one concept of deviation. Second, to examine potential imbalances produced by these possible deviations, from the perspective of Systems Theory, using, in addition, terminology from Communicational Theory. And third, to probe the possibility of complementary application of Chaos Theory to the problem of deviations, if found. The overall result of these investigations, through the dialecticalempirical method, will contribute to the perception of the importance of compliance with the constitutional application of resources to finance the Social Security / Este trabalho, focalizando o custeio da Seguridade Social, pretende realizar três verificações: a primeira, a existência ou não de desvios na aplicação dos recursos arrecadados para este financiamento, inclusive a partir da formulação de um conceito de desvio. A segunda, examinar os desequilíbrios que esses possíveis desvios produziriam, sob a ótica da Teoria dos Sistemas, utilizando-se, em adição, terminologia própria da Teoria Comunicacional. E a terceira, perscrutar a possibilidade de aplicação complementar da Teoria do Caos à problemática dos desvios eventualmente encontrados. O resultado global destas investigações, por meio do método empírico-dialético, deverá colaborar para a percepção da importância do cumprimento constitucional da aplicação dos recursos para o custeio da Seguridade Social

The central objective of this thesis is to suggest and develop one simple, unified method for communication over optical fiber networks, valid for all values of dispersion and nonlinearity parameters, and for a single-user channel or a multiple-user network. The method is based on the nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT), a powerful tool in soliton theory and exactly solvable models for solving integrable partial differential equations governing wave propagation in certain nonlinear media. The NFT decorrelates signal degrees of freedom in such models, in much the same way that the Fourier transform does for linear systems. In this thesis, this observation is exploited for data transmission over integrable channels such as optical fibers, where pulse propagation is governed by the nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equation. In this transmission scheme, which can be viewed as a nonlinear analogue of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing commonly used in linear channels, information is encoded in the nonlinear spectrum of the signal. Just as the (ordinary) Fourier transform converts a linear convolutional channel into a number of parallel scalar channels, the nonlinear Fourier transform converts a nonlinear dispersive channel described by a \emph{Lax convolution} into a number of parallel scalar channels. Since, in the spectral coordinates the NLS equation is multiplicative, users of a network can operate in independent nonlinear frequency bands with no deterministic inter-channel interference. Unlike most other fiber-optic transmission schemes, this technique deals with both dispersion and nonlinearity directly and unconditionally without the need for dispersion or nonlinearity compensation methods. This thesis lays the foundations of such a nonlinear frequency-division multiplexing system.

The central objective of this thesis is to suggest and develop one simple, unified method for communication over optical fiber networks, valid for all values of dispersion and nonlinearity parameters, and for a single-user channel or a multiple-user network. The method is based on the nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT), a powerful tool in soliton theory and exactly solvable models for solving integrable partial differential equations governing wave propagation in certain nonlinear media. The NFT decorrelates signal degrees of freedom in such models, in much the same way that the Fourier transform does for linear systems. In this thesis, this observation is exploited for data transmission over integrable channels such as optical fibers, where pulse propagation is governed by the nonlinear Schr\"odinger (NLS) equation. In this transmission scheme, which can be viewed as a nonlinear analogue of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing commonly used in linear channels, information is encoded in the nonlinear spectrum of the signal. Just as the (ordinary) Fourier transform converts a linear convolutional channel into a number of parallel scalar channels, the nonlinear Fourier transform converts a nonlinear dispersive channel described by a \emph{Lax convolution} into a number of parallel scalar channels. Since, in the spectral coordinates the NLS equation is multiplicative, users of a network can operate in independent nonlinear frequency bands with no deterministic inter-channel interference. Unlike most other fiber-optic transmission schemes, this technique deals with both dispersion and nonlinearity directly and unconditionally without the need for dispersion or nonlinearity compensation methods. This thesis lays the foundations of such a nonlinear frequency-division multiplexing system.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die inhoud en vorm van 'n preek is 'n eenheid. Beide aspekte vorm deel van die teologiese teorie van die prediking. In hierdie studie word daar teoreties besin oor 'n bepaalde vorm van prediking. Dit behels 'n ondersoek na die literere vorm waarin die boodskap gestruktureer en verwoord word. Die Skrif bevat 'n verskeidenheid literere vorme wat deur Bybelskrywers aangewend is om die intensie van die teks effektief te kommunikeer. Elk van hierdie vorme besit 'n eiendomlike kommunikatiewe aard. Die ontwikkeling van die moderne literatuurwetenskap sedert die tagtigerjare van die twintigste eeu het stukrag verleen aan die insig dat die Bybel ook as 'n versameling godsdienstige literatuur bestudeer kan word. Dit het meegebring dat die intensie van die teks van die Bybel op 'n teologies verantwoordbare wyse, met inagneming van die historiese verbande, beter begryp kan word deur die gebruikmaking van insigte uit ander literatuur. As sodanig word erkende literere kunsvorme wat naas die logies-analitiese ook die emotiewe betrek, aanvaar. Die resultaat van hierdie ondersoek dui aan dat die preek as kunsvorm geevalueer en in die moderne preekteorie geregverdig kan word. Die proses van transformasie wat die moderne hermeneutiese benadering kenmerk; die veranderde beleweniswereld en verstaanshorison van die huidige hoorders asook die eiesoortige aard van Bybelse literatuur is vanuit 'n kommunikatiewe aanname in 'n kunsvorm binne die moderne homiletiese teorie haalbaar. Die teorie orienteer binne die kommunikatiewe handelingsteorie as meta-teorie wat ingestel is op dialogiese kommunikasie wat betekenisgewing deur waarnemerbetrokkenheid bevorder en 'n bepaalde denkwyse by die hoorders tot gevolg het. Die tradisionele vorm van prediking, gekenmerk deur absolute dominasie van die rede en intellektualisme uit die modernistiese tydvak, het teen die einde van die tweede millennium in ernstige diskrediet gekom. Die radikale verandering in die samelewing deur die moderniseringsproses met gepaardgaande paradigma verskuiwinge dwing die homiletiek om teoreties te herbesin. In hierdie studie word die preek as kunsvorm afgebaken tot die verhalende preekvorm, konseptueel ontwikkel en teoreties omskryf asook geplaas binne die moderne homiletiese teorie as komponent wat daarby pas. Die resultaat is verkry deur 'n vergelykende studie van gemeenskaplike wesenstrekke wat voorkom by erkende kunsvorme in die moderne kunsteorie; die verhalende kunsvorm in die moderne literere teorie met spesifieke verwysing na die Afrikaanse roman asook die verhalende preekvorm in die moderne homiletiese teorie. Deur hierdie vorm van prediking in die moderne preekteorie op te neem, kan 'n sinvolle bydrae gemaak word om die Christelike boodskap deur oortuiging sander enige vorm van dwang te kommunikeer. / In a sermon form and content are one. Both aspects form part of the theological theory of preaching. This theoretical survey investigates one of the various literary forms through which the biblical writers attempted to communicate the intention of the biblical text in the most effective way. Each of these forms possesses a distinctive communicative character. The development of modern literary theory since the eighties of the twentieth century was a propulsive force leading to the conviction that the Bible was also a collection of religious literature. This conviction implied that the intention of the biblical text could be more clearly understood in a theological justified manner within the historical context by using insights gained from other literature. Acknowledged literary art forms adhering to the emotive as well as the logic-analytical are embraced as such. In this study the sermon as an art form is limited to narrative preaching, developed as a concept; theoretically described and placed within the modern homiletical theory as a suitable component. Results are obtained by means of a comparative study of mutual features that are distinctive to acknowledged art forms in the modern theory of art; narrative art forms in modern literature theory specifically in the modern Afrikaans novel, as well as the narrative form of preaching in the modern homiletical theory. The modern homiletical theory is orientated within the communicative acts theory as meta-theory focusing on dialogical communication which promotes meaning through the involvement of the observer. The conclusions reached indicate that the sermon as an art form can be evaluated and justified within the modem homiletical theory. Taken up in this theory, it can prove significant in communicating the Christian message to the listeners in a convincing rather than compulsive manner. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Practical theology)

CNPq / Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem para a definição automática de bases de regras em Classificadores Fuzzy Probabilísticos (CFPs), um caso particular dos Sistemas Fuzzy Probabilísticos. Como parte integrante deste processo, são utilizados métodos de redução de dimensionalidade como: análise de componentes principais e discriminante de Fisher. Os algoritmos de agrupamento testados para particionar o universo das variáveis de entrada do sistema são Gustafson-Kessel, Supervised Fuzzy Clustering ambos já consolidados na literatura. Adicionalmente, propõe-se um novo algoritmo de agrupamento denominado Gustafson-Kessel com Ponto Focal como parte integrante do projeto automático de CFPs. A capacidade deste novo algoritmo em identificar clusters elipsoidais e não elipsoidais também é avaliada neste trabalho. Em dados altamente correlacionados ou totalmente correlacionados ocorrem problemas na inversão da matriz de covariância fuzzy. Desta forma, um método de regularização é necessário para esta matriz e um novo método está sendo proposto neste trabalho.Nos CFPs considerados, a combinação de antecedentes e consequentes fornece uma base de regras na qual todos os consequentes são possíveis em uma regra, cada um associado a uma medida de probabilidade. Neste trabalho, esta medida de probabilidade é calculada com base no Teorema de Bayes que, a partir de uma função de verossimilhança, atualiza a informação a priori de cada consequente em cada regra. A principal inovação é o cálculo da função de verossimilhança que se baseia no conceito de “região Ideal” de forma a melhor identificar as probabilidades associadas aos consequentes da regra. Os CFPs propostos são comparados com classificadores fuzzy-bayesianos  e outros tradicionais na área de aprendizado de máquina considerando conjuntos de dados gerados artificialmente, 30 benchmarks e também dados extraídos diretamente de problemas reais  como detecção de falhas em rolamentos de máquinas industriais. Os resultados dos experimentos mostram que os classificadores fuzzy propostos superam, em termos de acurácia, os classificadores fuzzy-bayesianos considerados e alcançam  resultados competitivos com classificadores não-fuzzy tradicionais usados na comparação. Os resultados também mostram que o método de regularização proposto é uma alternativa para a técnica de agrupamento Gustafson-Kessel (com ou sem ponto focal) quando se consideram dados com alta correção linear. / This work presents a new approach for the automatic design of Probabilistic Fuzzy Classifiers (PFCs), which are a special case of Probabilistic Fuzzy Systems. As part of the design process we consider methods for reducing the dimensionality like the principal component analysis and the Fisher discriminant. The clustering methods tested for partitioning the universe of input variables are Gustafson-Kessel and Supervised Fuzzy Clustering, both consolidated in the literature. In addition, we propose a new clustering method called Gustafson-Kessel with Focal Point as part of the automatic design of PFCs. We also tested the capacity of this method to deal with ellipsoidal and non-ellipsoidal clusters. Highly correlated data represent a challenge to fuzzy clustering due to the inversion of the fuzzy covariance matrix. Therefore, a regularization method is necessary for this matrix and a new one is proposed in this work. In the proposed PFCs, the combination of antecedents and consequents provides a rule base in which all consequents are possible, each one associated with a probability measure. In this work, the probability is calculated based on the Bayes Theorem by updating, through the likelihood function, a priori information concerning every consequent in each rule. The main innovation is the calculus of the likelihood functions which is based on the “ideal region” concept, aiming to improve the estimation of the probabilities associated with rules’ consequents. The proposed PFCs are compared with fuzzy-bayesian classifiers and other ones traditional in machine learning over artificial generated data, 30 different benchmarks and also on data directly extracted from real world like the problem of detecting bearings fault in industrial machines. Experiments results show that the proposed PFCs outperform, in terms of accuracy, the fuzzy-bayesian approaches and are competitive with the traditional non-fuzzy classifiers used in the comparison. The results also show that the proposed regularization method is an alternative to the Gustafson-Kessel clustering technique (with or without focal point) when using linearly correlated data.