Im Vorwort zu Terpsichore (1612) schreibt Michael Praetorius, die Melodien und Arien dieser »Französischen Tänze« habe ein Tänzer und sehr guter Geiger aus Frankreich zusammengestellt. Zu einigen Tänzen ergänzte Praetorius Bass- und/oder Mittelstimmen, übernahm aber auch vollstimmige Tanzsätze oft unbekannter Autorschaft aus bereits existierenden Sammlungen. Im Gegensatz dazu komponierte Johann Hermann Schein in seiner Sammlung Banchetto musicale (1617) die Tanzmelodien selbst. Ausgehend von den analytischen Werkzeugen, mit denen Melodietypen solcher Sammlungen in jüngerer Zeit beschrieben wurden, wird gezeigt, welche Unterschiede sich in der Melodiebildung der beiden Sammlungen erkennen lassen. Mit einem Rekurs auf Hugo Riemann wird zudem ausgeführt, welche analogen melodischen Elemente paarig angeordnete Tänze aufweisen und welche rhythmischen und diastematischen Strategien dabei für Variation sorgen. / In the preface to Terpsichore (1612), Michael Praetorius writes that the melodies and arias of these »French dances« were compiled by a dancer and very good violinist from France. Praetorius added the bass and/or middle voices to several dances, but he also adopted fully voiced dance movements of often unknown authorship from already existing collections. In contrast, Johann Hermann Schein in his collection Banchetto musicale (1617) composed the dance melodies himself. Starting from the analytical tools with which melody types from such collections have been described in recent years, this article shows the differences in the melodic design of these two collections. Through reference to Hugo Riemann, analogous melodic elements in coupled dance movements and rhythmic and diastematic strategies used for variation are demonstrated.

<p dir="ltr">The lichen-feeding tiger moth tribe Lithosiini (Erebidae: Arctiinae) represent the largest radiation of invertebrate lichenivory. Caterpillars feed on lichen and as they feed, also sequester lichen polyphenolics, a behavior unique to these insects. The role of these compounds is believed to defend lithosiines against predators as larvae have been found to be protected against predators such as ants and moths to predators such as birds and bats. Experimental testing with controlled diets is necessary to fully make this connection, however little is known about host specifics for lithosiines. Furthermore, although lithosiines are monophyletic, the lack of a fully resolved phylogeny hampers investigation into many of the shallower level relationships, e.g. those among genera and species, within the group.</p><p dir="ltr">I addressed these knowledge gaps using the subtribe Cisthenina. Members of this group have been used to investigate predator-prey interactions and been included in morphological and molecular studies. Thus, while the group still needs attention, there is an ample amount of legacy loci data available for its members. I used these data to investigate the evolutionary relationships at the genus level, but to increase resolution in my analyses I additionally sampled taxa throughout the group with a recently developed anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) probe set. I combined it with the legacy loci to both increase taxon sampling and resolution. I confirmed that trees made strictly from the legacy loci were unsuccessful and resulted in poorly supported relationships that made little sense. The addition of the AHE data greatly helped resolve relationships, however, there remained areas that were poorly supported and they appear to be genera with only a few loci. Thus, there is still room for improvement, but this offers a way for moving forward in lithosiine research, particularly to involve others who may have limited funding, equipment, and/or personnel and may only be able to afford legacy loci in diverse collaborations.</p><p dir="ltr">As the AHE probe set worked well with genus-level relationships I further attempted to use it in species delimitation of the notorious <i>Hypoprepia fucosa</i>-<i>miniata </i>species complex. Members of this group are varying shades of yellows, oranges and reds and have a convoluted taxonomic history. I gathered and organized over 4,000 specimens and using the AHE probe set found support for five distinct species. Interestingly, I used other morphological characters such as genitalia, but found no differences between species and a large amount of intraspecific variation. This suggests other courtship behaviors may be present and external morphology, i.e., color patterns, remain the best way to identify species. As part of this I am describing a new species and raising one from subspecies and as species are now readily distinguishable, they can be used for further investigations into lithosiines.</p><p dir="ltr">I used a member of this complex, <i>H</i>. <i>fucosa</i> to then evaluate the use of species distribution models (SDMs) to better understand their niche and how it relates to plausible lichen hosts. I evaluated 17 lichen species from two lichen genera, <i>Physcia </i>(13 species) and <i>Myelochro</i><i>a </i>(4 species)<i>. </i>These genera were selected based on previous feeding assays and the metabolites found in them have also been found in <i>H</i>. <i>fucosa </i>further suggesting caterpillars may feed on them. SDMs typically only use environmental factors to define and predict species niches. I compared the niches described by traditional SDMs to assess how similar they were, but I also investigated the use of lichens as biotic factors in the models. I assessed the influence each lichen had on the moth’s distribution found the niche of every lichen to be significantly different than that of the moth and their inclusion in SDMs of <i>H</i>. <i>fucosa </i>to improve model performance. This suggests <i>H</i>. <i>fucosa </i>caterpillars to be polyphagous, but to have some connection with these lichens. Further investigation with live specimens is needed, but these results support this as an effective way to describe lithosiine niches to better understand lichen feeding.</p>

No description available.

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra C.S. Lewis bok Kung Caspian och skeppet Gryningen och filmen med samma namn för att se vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan båda medierna. En narrativ analys och en komparativ analys har genomförts. Fyra frågeställningar har varit underlag för analysen, vilka är:• Vad har förändrats, lagts till eller tagits bort vid filmatiseringen av boken som är mest uppenbart?• Vilka skillnader och likheter finns mellan karaktärerna i bok och film?• Vilka skillnader och likheter finns mellan tre utvalda scener i bok och film?• Hur påverkar förändringarna berättelsens tematik?Resultaten visar att den mest uppenbara skillnaden mellan de olika medierna är att bokens huvudsyfte är att finna de sju försvunna riddarna medan filmen har vinklat det till att finna de sju svärden som tillhört riddarna. Karaktärernas framställning liknar varandra med en liten avvikelse på Lucy och Ripipip och att de tre scenerna utspelar sig i olika ordning jämfört med boken. Berättelsens tema är dock detsamma i både boken och filmatiseringen. I undervisningssyfte är både boken och filmen användbara i undervisningen för årskurs 4-6 i det svenska språket. / The aim of this study is to compare C.S. Lewis's book Voyage of the Dark treader and the movie with the same name to see what differences and similarities there is between both medias. A narrative analysis and a comparative analysis have been implemented. Four issues have been the basis for the analysis, which are:• What has been the most obvious change when filming the book?• What are the differences and similarities between the characters in the book and the movie?• What differences and similarities exist between three selected scenes in the book and in the movie?• How do the changes affect the story's theme?The results show that the most obvious difference between the various media is that the main purpose of the book is to find the seven lost knights while the movie has angled it to find the seven swords that belonged to the knights. The characters' portrayal is similar to each other with a slight divergency from Lucy and Ripipip and the three scenes take place in different order compared to the book. However, the theme of the story is the same in both the book and the movie. For educational purposes, both the book and the movie are useful in teaching in the school subject Swedish for grades 4-6.

[ES] La eco-innovación se define como el desarrollo de productos y procesos que contribuyen al respeto y avance en ámbito medioambiental, aplicando estrategias hacia la búsqueda de soluciones de diferenciación y posicionamiento en el mercado de manera sostenible. La eco-innovación en clústers industriales tiene como objetivo unir competitividad y sostenibilidad, convirtiendo a los agentes del clúster en unidades vivas de la economía. Entre las ventajas del clúster se denota la especialización y efecto derrame que, al introducir la eco-innovación, logra mucho más rápido la expansión de ventajas ambientales y beneficios a todas las empresas integradas en este, logrando un equilibrio entre la competencia y la colaboración de actividades eco-innovadoras. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar cuáles son esos determinantes o factores que generar eco-innovación en los clústers industriales. Para el estudio empírico, se escogió el clúster metalmecánico de la ciudad de Barranquilla en Colombia, considerado un clúster artificial o iniciativa clúster, siendo su reto principal mejorar la integración, especialización y competitividad por su carácter único y su importancia en la región. Para desarrollar esta tesis doctoral, tras una detallada revisión de la bibliografía, se plantearon 15 hipótesis, que se analizaron a través de la regresión multivariante y de productos cruzados. Se diseñó y aplicó un cuestionario a 40 empresas del clúster industrial metalmecánico compuesto por 44 preguntas, divididas a su vez en 8 factores. La aplicación de los modelos de regresión permitió comprobar la fiabilidad y validez de los constructos establecidos, pero no la comprobación de las hipótesis propuestas, ya que la consistencia era muy débil; es decir se contaba con resultados asimétricos. Se recurrió entonces al análisis de productos cruzados hacia delante para intentar mejorar la asimetría en el análisis de variables, aunque los resultados seguían siendo poco significativos. Finalmente, se aplicó el análisis cualitativo comparativo FsQCA, que trabaja datos asimétricos y relaciones causales. La aplicación de la técnica FsQCA, permitió establecer un conjunto de combinaciones causales que logran generar altos niveles de eco-innovación. Utilizando el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo de Conjuntos Difusos (FsQCA), se persigue identificar si existe algún factor que sea condición necesaria para la eco-innovación, así como combinaciones de antecedentes causales capaces de explicar la eco-innovación en clúster industriales. Los resultados conducen a que no existe una condición necesaria por sí misma y que existen diversos conjuntos de soluciones suficientes que conducen a niveles altos y bajos de eco-innovación y varían conforme a lograr resultados de tipo económico, ambiental y de acceso a nuevos mercados para las empresas del clúster. Así, los resultados indican que: demanda, presión competitiva y las políticas, son ingredientes importantes para lograr efectos de innovación ambiental en el clúster, atendiendo al nivel de consistencia en los resultados (90%). Entre los resultados más destacables se observa que, al combinar los factores de capacidad, presión competitiva y desarrollo e implementación de políticas y regulaciones ambientales, se constata una influencia positiva para las empresas del clúster en los aspectos relativos al acceso a nuevos mercados, siendo esta la combinación con mayor consistencia (con un 91% de las cuatro configuraciones suficientes para lograr acceder a nuevos mercados). Por otra parte, para lograr altos niveles de resultados económicos en el clúster se destaca la combinación causal de ausencia de capacidades, cooperación y ausencia de presión competitiva como factores importantes en esta receta. El análisis arroja una consistencia del 87% y es de notar que, aunque existan niveles bajos de capacidades, y competitividad y poca presión competitiva, basta con que exista alto nivel de cooperación entre las empresa / [CA] L'ecoinnovació es defineix com el desenvolupament de productes i processos que contribueixen al respecte i avanç en l'àmbit mediambiental, aplicant estratègies cap a la cerca de solucions de diferenciació i posicionament en el mercat de manera sostenible. L'ecoinnovació en clústers industrials té com objectiu unir competitivitat i sostenibilitat, convertint als agents del clúster en unitats vives de l'economia. Entre els avantatges del clúster es denota l'especialització i efecte vesse que, en introduir l'ecoinnovació, aconsegueix molt més ràpid l'expansió d'avantatges ambientals i beneficis a totes les empreses integrades en aquest, aconseguint un equilibri entre la competència i la col·laboració d'activitats eco-innovadores. L'objectiu d'aquest estudi és determinar quins són aqueixos determinants o factors que generar ecoinnovació en els clústers industrials. Per a l'estudi empíric, es va triar el clúster metalmecánico de la ciutat de Barranquilla a Colòmbia, considerat un clúster artificial o iniciativa clúster, sent el seu repte principal millorar la integració, especialització i competitivitat pel seu caràcter únic i la seua importància a la regió. Per a desenvolupar aquesta tesi doctoral, després d¿una detallada revisió de la bibliografia, es van plantejar 15 hipòtesi, que es van analitzar a través de la regressió multivariant i de productes creuats. Es va dissenyar i va aplicar un qüestionari a 40 empreses del clúster industrial metalmecánico compost per 44 preguntes, dividides al seu torn en 8 factors. L'aplicació dels models de regressió va permetre comprovar la fiabilitat i validesa dels constructes establits, però no la comprovació de les hipòtesis proposades, ja que la consistència era molt feble; és a dir es comptava amb resultats asimètrics. Es va recórrer llavors a l'anàlisi de productes creuats cap avant per a intentar millorar l'asimetria en l'anàlisi de variables, encara que els resultats continuaven sent poc significatius. Finalment, es va aplicar l'anàlisi qualitativa comparativa FsQCA, que treballa dades asimètriques i relacions causals. L'aplicació de la tècnica FsQCA, va permetre establir un conjunt de combinacions causals que aconsegueixen generar alts nivells d'ecoinnovació. Utilitzant l'Anàlisi Qualitativa Comparativa de Conjunts Difusos (FsQCA), es persegueix identificar si existeix algun factor que siga condició necessària per a l'ecoinnovació, així com combinacions d'antecedents causals capaços d'explicar l'ecoinnovació en clúster industrials. Els resultats condueixen al fet que no existeix una condició necessària per si mateixa i que existeixen diversos conjunts de solucions suficients que condueixen a nivells alts i baixos d'ecoinnovació i varien conforme a aconseguir resultats de tipus econòmic, ambiental i d'accés a nous mercats per a les empreses del clúster. Així, els resultats indiquen que: demanda, pressió competitiva i les polítiques, són ingredients importants per a aconseguir efectes d'innovació ambiental en el clúster, atés el nivell de consistència en els resultats (90%). Entre els resultats més destacables s'observa que, en combinar els factors de capacitat, pressió competitiva i desenvolupament i implementació de polítiques i regulacions ambientals, es constata una influència positiva per a les empreses del clúster en els aspectes relatius a l'accés a nous mercats, sent aquesta la combinació amb major consistència (amb un 91% de les quatre configuracions suficients per a aconseguir accedir a nous mercats). D'altra banda, per a aconseguir alts nivells de resultats econòmics en el clúster es destaca la combinació causal d'absència de capacitats, cooperació i absència de pressió competitiva com a factors importants en aquesta recepta. / [EN] Eco-innovation is defined as the development of products and processes that contribute to respect and progress in the environmental field, applying strategies towards the search for differentiation solutions and positioning in the market in a sustainable way. Eco-innovation in industrial clusters has the objective of uniting competitiveness and sustainability, of converting the agents of the cluster into living units of the economy. Among the advantages of the cluster is the specialization and spillover effect, which by introducing eco-innovation achieves much faster the expansion of environmental advantages and benefits to all the companies attached to it, achieving a balance between competition and a high collaboration of eco-innovative activities. The objective of this study is to determine which are those determinants or factors that generate eco-innovation in industrial clusters. For the empirical study, the metal-mechanical cluster of the city of Barranquilla in Colombia was chosen. This cluster is considered an artificial cluster or cluster initiative, its main challenge being to improve integration, specialization and competitiveness due to its unique nature and its importance in the region. To develop this study, an eco-innovation model in industrial clusters was proposed, consisting of 15 hypotheses analyzed by multivariate regression and cross products, a questionnaire was designed and applied to 40 companies of the metal-mechanical industrial cluster with 44 questions, divided into 8 factors. The application of the regression models allowed to verify the reliability and validity of the established constructs, but not the verification (acceptance or rejection) of the proposed hypotheses, since the consistency was very weak. In other words, there were asymmetric results, so forward cross-product analysis was used to try to improve the asymmetry in the analysis of variables, but it was still not very significant. Finally, the FsQCA comparative qualitative analysis was used, which works with asymmetric data and causal relationships. The application of FsQCA allowed to establish a set of causal combinations that in combination manage to generate high levels of eco-innovation. Using the Fuzzy Sets Comparative Qualitative Analysis (FsQCA) an attempt was made to identify whether there is any factor that is a necessary condition for cluster eco-innovation, as well as combinations of causal antecedents capable of explaining industrial clustering eco-innovation. The results lead to the fact that there is no necessary condition by itself and that there are several sets of sufficient solutions that lead to high and low levels of eco-innovation and vary according to achieving economic, environmental and access to new markets results for the cluster companies.The results indicate that demand, competitive pressure, and policies due to their level of consistency in results (90%) are important ingredients to achieve environmental innovation effects in the cluster. By combining the factors of capacity, competitive pressure and the development and implementation of environmental policies and regulations, a positive influence is presented for the cluster companies to access new markets; This being the most consistent combination with 91% of the four configurations sufficient to gain access to new markets. On the other hand, to achieve high levels of economic results in the cluster, the causal combination of the absence of capacities, cooperation and the absence of competitive pressure stands out as important factors in this recipe. The analysis shows a consistency of 87% and it is noteworthy that, although there are low levels of skills and competitiveness and little competitive pressure, it is enough that there is a high level of cooperation between the cluster companies to be able to generate economic results. / Mercado Caruso, NN. (2022). Determinantes de eco-innovación en clústers industriales. Una aplicación empírica en el departamento del Atlántico [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181583

<p dir="ltr">In a rapidly changing world, human actions and natural events are reshaping ecosystems and presenting new challenges for conservation efforts. Within this context, unraveling the recent ecosystem transformations and their implications on a fine scale is required. The impacts of such changes are not always sudden but often gradual and sometimes as a result of historical events. With the recent advancement in technologies, the resolution of information by genome sequences spans from millions of years ago (hindcasting) to future generations (forecasting). Aquatic ecosystems pose their own challenges when it comes to ecosystem changes and the types of data required to assess impact and help inform conservation efforts. My dissertation comprises three chapters focused on using genomic techniques to generate data valuable for the conservation and management of aquatic ecosystems. Each of the three chapters is a distinct manuscript in terms of scientific publications, where Chapter 1 has already been published, Chapter 2 has been submitted to a journal, revised, and is now awaiting publication, and Chapter 3 is in preparation for submission to a peer-reviewed journal. In Chapter 1, dietary DNA from harvested North American river otter (<i>Lontra canadensis</i>)<i> </i>was used to determine whether metabarcoding of stomach content could be used to identify fish prey species consumed. In Chapter 2, DNA sequencing of endangered pupfish species in the Tularosa Basin of New Mexico was studied; before my work, it was nominally comprised of a single species, the White Sands pupfish (<i>Cyprinodon tularosa</i>). The results indicate a rapid speciation event occurred within about the last ~5000 years, driven primarily by genetic drift. Chapter 3 extends Chapter 2 by assessing the dynamics of genomic diversity over space and time while evaluating the short-term evolutionary dynamics (~18 generations) of the two native pupfish populations. This temporal study aimed to determine if the extraordinarily rapid evolution over the last ~5000 years (observed in Chapter 2) could be detected over timescales more relevant to conservation and management efforts. Overall, this dissertation used genomic sequence data from metabarcoding of the COI gene region in the otter stomach content as well as pool sequencing and whole genome resequencing of pupfish to provide key biological insights into the conservation of these aquatic species. This dissertation also provides insights into avenues for further study and highlights the significant role that conservation genomics can play in the future. The findings presented in the three chapters are discussed within the context of species’ conservation and management.</p>

Das Thema dieser Arbeit bearbeitet die Schwierigkeit der Übersetzung von Soziolekten, genauer mit der Übersetzung von African American Vernacular English in die deutsche Sprache. Der 1983 erschienene Roman „The Color Purple“ von Alice Walker, der als Briefroman aus der Sicht einer jungen Afroamerikanerin verfasst ist, wird mit Hinblick auf die Verwendung und Übersetzungen von Soziolekten im Mittelpunkt der Analyse stehen. Da Non-standardvarietäten individueller und sozial bzw. kulturell anders markiert sind, sind sie in ihrer linguistischen Gesamtheit, also auf der syntaktischen, semantischen sowie pragmatischen Ebene, schwieriger greifbar und eine adäquate und präzise Übersetzung ist komplizierter zu erreichen. Es wird untersucht in wie fern die Übersetzungen die gesellschaftliche Debatte und den Umgang mit nonstandardvarietäten (der sich sehr gewandelt hat) widerspiegeln. Dabei sollen aus dem Gesamtkorpus Passagen, die exemplarisch das African American Vernacular English aufzeigen, einander gegenübergestellt werden. Dadurch soll durch die Erarbeitung soziolektalen Markierung die Wirkung der Aussagen in dem Originaltext und den Übersetzungen miteinander verglichen werden. Zum einen mit Hinblick auf die Äquivalenz und zum anderen mit Hinblick auf die spezifische Geschichte der Nonstandardvarietät African American Vernacular English.:1. Einleitung und Anliegen…………………………………………………………………3
 2. Nonstandardvarietäten und Soziolekte in der Sprachwissenschaft……………………...6 2.1. Black (Vernacular) English und African American Vernacular English…………..….8 2.2. Soziolekte in der Übersetzungswissenschaft…………………………………………11
3. Rezeption von „The Color Purple“ in der Literaturwissenschaft………………………17
4. Analyseansatz…………………………………………………………………………..26
 4.1. Celies Sprache im Originaltext………………………………………………….……27 4.2. Charakteristika von AAVE im Originaltext………………………………….………28 5. Die deutschen Übersetzungen von „The Color Purple“…………………….………….35 5.1. Die deutsche Übersetzung von 1984…………………………………………………36 5.2. Die deutsche Übersetzung von 2021…………………………………………………38 6. Vergleichende Gegenüberstellung der drei Fassungen ………………………………..40 6.1. Fingierte Mündlichkeit……………………………………………………………….40 6.2. Systematik und Aufhebung der zeitlichen Trennung…………………………………42 6.3. Soziokulturelle Faktoren……………………………………………………………...45 7. Fazit……………………………………………………………………………………..50 / The topic of this thesis deals with the difficulty of translating sociolects, more precisely with the translation of African American Vernacular English into German. The novel 'The Color Purple' by Alice Walker, which was published in 1983 and is written as an epistolary novel from the perspective of a young African American woman, will be the focus of the analysis with regard to the use and translation of sociolects. Since non-standard varieties are more individual and socially or culturally marked differently, they are more difficult to grasp in their linguistic totality, i.e. on the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic level, and an adequate and precise translation is more complicated to achieve. The extent to which the translations reflect the social debate and the treatment of non-standard varieties (which has changed considerably) will be examined. Passages from the entire corpus that exemplify African American Vernacular English will be juxtaposed. The aim is to compare the effect of the statements in the original text and the translations by working out sociolectal markings. On the one hand with regard to equivalence and on the other hand with regard to the specific history of the non-standard variety of African American Vernacular English.:1. Einleitung und Anliegen…………………………………………………………………3
 2. Nonstandardvarietäten und Soziolekte in der Sprachwissenschaft……………………...6 2.1. Black (Vernacular) English und African American Vernacular English…………..….8 2.2. Soziolekte in der Übersetzungswissenschaft…………………………………………11
3. Rezeption von „The Color Purple“ in der Literaturwissenschaft………………………17
4. Analyseansatz…………………………………………………………………………..26
 4.1. Celies Sprache im Originaltext………………………………………………….……27 4.2. Charakteristika von AAVE im Originaltext………………………………….………28 5. Die deutschen Übersetzungen von „The Color Purple“…………………….………….35 5.1. Die deutsche Übersetzung von 1984…………………………………………………36 5.2. Die deutsche Übersetzung von 2021…………………………………………………38 6. Vergleichende Gegenüberstellung der drei Fassungen ………………………………..40 6.1. Fingierte Mündlichkeit……………………………………………………………….40 6.2. Systematik und Aufhebung der zeitlichen Trennung…………………………………42 6.3. Soziokulturelle Faktoren……………………………………………………………...45 7. Fazit……………………………………………………………………………………..50

Syftet med denna uppsats är att göra en komparativ karaktärsanalys med fokus på genus, genom en närläsning av romanerna The Hunger Games och The Maze Runner. De frågor som ställs fokuserar på vilken syn det finns på könsroller i romanerna, hur protagonisterna Katniss och Thomas framställs ur ett genusperspektiv samt hur tillfällena de axlar sin hjälteroll samt de uppoffringar som görs beskrivs. Den teoretiska grunden fokuserar på genusbegreppet, könstillhörighet hos unga samt maskulinitet och femininitet. Genom att göra en närläsning av romanerna undersöker uppsatsen komparativa anslag, gör en karaktärsanalys med fokus på genusforskning och utgångspunkt i genusteori. Analysen visar att Katniss och Thomas är mångfacetterade karaktärer som naturligt placerar sig i ledarroller samt visar stort mod under pressade och farliga situationer. Genom att fokusera på sina styrkor, snarare än samhällets förväntningar, utmanar protagonisterna de stereotyper som finns inom genusteori. / The purpose of this essay is to conduct a comparative character analysis on the protagonists in the novels The Hunger Games and The Maze Runner, through a close reading and with a focus on gender theory. The questions posed is focused on how gender role is viewed in the novels, how the protagonists Katniss and Thomas are portrayed from a gender perspective, how the situations they become heroes in the story and sacrifices they make are described. The theoretical foundation focuses on the concept of gender and young people's gender identity. Through the close reading of the novels, this essay explores comparative aspects, conducts a character analysis with a focus on gender research, and is based in gender theory. The analysis shows that Katniss and Thomas are multifaceted characters who instantly take on leadership roles and show great courage in dangerous situations. By focusing on their strengths rather than society’s expectations, the protagonists challenge the stereotypes that exist within gender.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / L'objectif de cette thèse était de mieux comprendre ce qui contrôle la spécificité parasitaire dans le système hôte-parasite constitué par les poissons de la famille des Sparidae et leurs monogènes (Plathelminthes ectoparasites) spécifiques du genre Lamellodiscus. En d'autres termes, il s'agissait de comprendre les causes amenant une espèce parasite à utiliser une seule ou plusieurs espèces hôtes. On suppose que la spécificité est soumise à des contraintes écologiques et évolutives. L'hypothèse d'une augmentation de la diversité taxonomique avec la spécificité a également été testée. Cela est basé sur l'idée que les espèces généralistes, plus tolérantes à leur environnement, sont supposées être moins sujettes à subir des spéciations après un changement d'hôte, et ainsi être moins diversifiées que les espèces spécialistes. Comme l'histoire évolutive des parasites peut être influencée par celle de leurs hôtes à travers des phénomènes de coévolution, il était nécessaire d'obtenir une phylogénie des hôtes et des parasites. L'étude de la coévolution hôte-parasite dans ce système avait pour but de déterminer si le profil d'association hôte-parasite (et donc la spécificité) est contrôlé par des interactions coévolutives. Des phylogénies ont été élaborées pour les hôtes et les parasites à partir de données moléculaires obtenues par séquençage d'ADN. Cette analyse moléculaire a permis de reconsidérer le statut taxonomique de plusieurs espèces de monogènes : sur la base des sequences obtenues, Lamellodiscus virgula et L. obeliae s'avèrent être une seule espèce (L. virgula), alors que Furnestinia echeneis fait partie du genre Lamellodiscus. Plusieurs méthodes d'étude de la coévolution ont été utilisées dans ce travail. L'une d'elles, ParaFit, a été mise au point pendant la thèse. Toutes les méthodes indiquent que ce système complexe ne semble pratiquement pas être soumis à des phénomènes de cospéciation. Aucun lien entre la diversification taxonoinique et la spécificité n'a pu être mis en évidence chez les Lamellodiscus et la famille qui les contient, les Diplectanidae. Par contre, un tel lien a été mis en évidence au niveau des groupes principaux de parasites. Les déterminants écologiques et phylogénétiques de la spécificité ont ensuite été recherchés à l'aide d'analyses statistiques multivariables. Les variables considérées étaient des caractéristiques des hôtes considérées comme des déterminants écologiques potentiels de la spécificité. La phylogénie des parasites a été prise en compte dans ces analyses à l'aide de méthodes comparatives, comme la méthode des contrastes indépendants. La spécificité apparaît être fortement contrainte par la phylogénie, ce qui suggère l'existence de déterminants génétiquement transmissibles. Les analyses révèlent également que les parasites spécialistes ont tendance à utiliser les hôtes les plus grands. Cela est interprété comme une spécialisation sur une ressource prédictible. / The objective of this thesis was to obtain a better understanding of the factors controlling host specificity in the host-parasite system formed by fish from the family Sparidae and their specific monogeneans parasites from the genus Lamellodiscus (Platyhelminthes). In other words, the goal was to understand the factors determining the number of hosts used by a parasite species. We assumed that specificity is under ecological and evolutionary constraints. The hypothesis of an increase of taxonomic diversity with specificity was also tested. It is based on the idea that generalist species are more tolerant to their environment, and therefore less subject to speciation after a host change event, and are then less diversified than specialist species. Since the evolutionary history of parasites can be influenced by the history of their hosts via coevolutionary interactions, it was necessary to obtain phylogenies for the hosts and parasites. The aim of the study of host-parasite coevolution in this system was to assess if the pattern of host-parasite association (and consequently, specificity) was determined by coevolutionary interactions. Phylogenies were obtained for hosts and parasites from the analysis of DNA sequences. This analysis, carried out at the molecular level, led us to reconsider the taxonomic status of several monogenean species. On the basis of the DNA sequences obtained, Lamellodiscus virgula and L. obeliae appear to form a single species (L. virgula), while Fumestinia echeneis is transferred to the genus Lamellodiscus. Several analytical methods were used to study host-parasite coevolution in this system. Among them, ParaFit was designed during this thesis. All methods agreed that this host-parasite system does not exhibit a general cospeciation pattern. No link between taxonomic diversity and specificity has been found in Lamellodiscus, nor in their family, the Diplectanidae. However, such a link was found when the main groups of parasites were considered. Ecological and phylogenetic determinants of specificity were investigated via multivariate statistical methods. The variables included in the analyses were potential host-related ecological determinants of specificity. The parasite phytogeny was taken into account through comparative methods, including the independent contrasts method. Specificity appears to be strongly constrained by the phylogeny, suggesting the existence of genetically transmitted determinants. The analyses also revealed that Lamellodiscus monogeneans tend to specialize on larger hosts. This is interpreted as a specialization on a predictable resource.