The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights state that everyone has the right to good health. According to the conventions, the states have obligations to prevent and combat disease, and if necessary, ensure that the conditions for treatment of the disease are appropriate (UDHR 1948, UNCESCR 1966). The broad wording in the conventions on the right to good health includes the right to care of substance use disorders. In the 1960ies the World Health Organization recommended, that people with such disorders should be seen as sick and that the legislation governing such care should be in accordance with special administrative legislations and not criminal legislation. The recommendation indicates WHO:s clear position that persons with substance use disorders primarily should be treated as persons suffering from disease and in need of care, and not primarily as disruptive individuals or criminals who should be disciplined or punished. This applies also to situations when treatment and care cannot be provided on a voluntary basis, but compulsorily. In Swedish context, the most commonly mentioned law in these cases is the social special legislation Law (1988: 870) on care of misusers, special provisions (LVM). Ever since the implementation of LVM in 1982, its legal position as well as application in institutional care has been subject of critical discussions within social work as well as in social science research. Such debate in the Nordic countries has until now mostly been marked by two important limitations. First, most comparisons are restricted to very few countries, e.g. four of the Nordic countries; secondly the notion of involuntary care is often limited to social legislation on compulsory care without taking criminal justice legislation or mental health legislation into account. The present dissertation studies legislations on compulsory commitment to care of persons with substance use problems (CCC), and compares these legislations from a larger number of countries, on global or European levels. This approach makes it possible to explore the great variation in CCC legislation between countries, i.e. type of law (criminal justice, mental health care and social or special legislation),  time limits (maximum duration) as well as levels of ambition, ethical grounds, criteria for admission, and adaption to human and civil rights.  In addition, the comparisons between many countries are used to investigate factors related to different national choices in legislations from country characteristics, e.g. historical and cultural background as well as economic and social conditions, including level and type of welfare distribution. Available datasets from different times permits trend analyses to investigate whether CCC or specific types of such are increasing or decreasing internationally.          Empirical materials: Article I is based on three reports from the WHO on existence of CCC legislation, before the millennium shift, in 90 countries and territories in all populated continents. Articles II and IV are based on own data collection from a survey in 38 European countries. Article III uses a combination of those data and additional information from country reports in scientific and institutional publications in three times of observation during more than 25 years, and including a total of 104 countries. Additional data for Articles I and II are information on various countries' characteristics obtained from different international databases.          Findings based on data from WHO reports at the eve of the millennium show that CCC legislation was very common in the world, since 82 per cent of the 90 countries and territories had such law. Special administrative (“civil”) legislation (mental health or social) was somewhat more prevalent (56 %), but CCC in criminal justice legislation was also frequent and present in half of the countries. The study shows that economically stronger countries in the western world and many of the former communist countries in Eastern Europe, the so-called "first and second worlds" in cold war rhetoric, more often had adapted to the recommendations made by WHO in the 1960ies, with CCC more often regulated in civil legislation. In the so-called "third world" countries, CCC in criminal justice legislation dominated. The new data collection from 38 European countries ten years later confirmed that legislation on CCC is very common, since 74 per cent of the explored countries have some type of legislation. The most common type was now CCC in criminal legislation (45%), although special administrative legislation (mental health or social) was almost equally common (37%). Special administrative legislation on CCC (both acute and rehabilitative), was more common in countries with historic experience of a strong influential temperance movement, and in countries with distribution of health and welfare more directed through the state, while countries with less direct government involvement in distribution of health and welfare and lacking former influence of a strong temperance movement more often had CCC in criminal justice legislation. During all the 25 years period from early 80ies up to 2009, it was more common for countries to have some type of law on CCC than not, although some reduction of CCC legislation is shown, especially during the last decade. But within countries having CCC, more cases are compulsorily committed and for longer time duration. This is related to a global shift from civil CCC to CCC in criminal justice legislation, directly in the opposite direction from what WHO recommended in the 60ies. Changes in CCC legislation are often preceded with national political debate on ethical considerations, and criticisms questioning the efficiency and content of the care provided. Such national debates are frequent with all types of CCC legislation, but ethical considerations seem to be far more common related to special administrative (civil) legislation. National legislations on CCC within Europe should conform to the human and civil rights stipulated in ECHR (1950). There seems, to be some limitations in the procedural rules that should protect persons with misuse or dependence problems from unlawful detentions, regardless type of law. The three types of law differ significantly in terms of criteria for CCC, i.e. the situations in which care may be ensured regardless of consent.        Conclusions: It is more common that societies have legislation on CCC, than not. This applies internationally – in all parts of the world as well as over time, for a period of 25 years, at least. Sweden’s legislative position is not internationally unique; on the contrary, it is quite common. Law on CCC tend to be introduced in times of drug epidemics or when drug-related problems are increasing in a society. Changes in CCC legislation are often preceded by national debates on ethics, content and benefits of such care. These findings here discussed may reflect different concurrent processes. A shift from welfare logic to a moral logic may be understood as more moralization, perhaps due to relative awaking of traditionalism related to religious movements in various parts of the world (Christian, Hindu, Muslim or other). But it may also be understood from more libertarianism that stresses both individual responsibility for one’s welfare and the state´s responsibility to discipline behaviours that inflict negatively on the lives of others. Possibly do these two tendencies work in conjunction to one another. At the same time, however, there is a stronger emphasis on care content within criminal justice CCC, especially in the Anglo-Saxon drug court system. Some shift within Civil CCC is also noticed, i.e. from social to mental health legislation. Thus drug abuse and dependence is increasingly more recognized and managed in the same way as other diseases, i.e. an increased normalization. Since social CCC has been more in focus of research and debates, this may also result in CCC turning into a more hidden praxis, which from ethical perspectives is problematic. The thesis shows that there are examples of focus on humanity and care in all three of the law types, but there are also examples of passive care, sometimes even inhumane and repressive, in all types. Thus, type of law cannot be said to in general correspond to a specific content of care. Although CCC can be delivered in accordance with human and civil rights, there is still a dissatisfying situation concerning the procedural rights that should ensure the misuser his/her rights to freedom from unlawful detention. The possibility to appeal to a higher instance is missing in about 20 percent of European CCC laws, although not differentiating one type of legislation from the others. A clear difference between the three law types concerns criteria that form the basis for who will be provided care according to the laws. This is of major importance for which persons of the needy who will receive care: addicted offenders, out-acting persons or the most vulnerable. The criteria for selecting these relate to the implicit ambitions of CCC – correction, protection, or for support to those in greatest need for care. The question is what ambition a society should have concerning care without consent in case of substance abuse and addiction problems. The trend that CCC according to special administrative legislation is declining and criminal legislation increases in the world should therefore be noticed.     Keywords: Alcohol, drugs, substance misuse, coercive care, compulsory commitment to care, involuntary care, mandatory care, legislation, human and civil rights, comparative analysis, prediction models, and trend analysis / <p>Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 4 inskickat.</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 4 submitted.</p>

La tesi propone una lettura multilivello e situata delle dinamiche di genere e ha l’obiettivo di studiare, attraverso un approccio comparativo, il cambiamento degli atteggiamenti degli europei nei confronti dei ruoli femminili nella sfera pubblica, intesi come indicatori dei valori di parità. Lo studio utilizza dati di indagini transnazionali come l’European Values Study e l’Eurobarometro. Gli strumenti di rilevazione degli atteggiamenti inclusi in tali indagini sono stati valutati criticamente, testandone l’adeguatezza per l’analisi comparativa. L’analisi multilivello, condotta in 22 paesi europei, evidenzia il diverso apporto esplicativo dei fattori individuali e contestuali. Il cambiamento degli atteggiamenti dal 1988 al 2008, in 7 contesti culturali (tra cui le “Tre Italie”), si è concentrato sull’analisi dei trend, osservando le differenze di genere e generazione, sui meccanismi del cambiamento e i suoi predittori. I risultati confermano la rilevanza del contesto nello sviluppo di valori di parità e, per promuovere una cultura paritaria, invitano a fare leva sull’istruzione e sulla partecipazione al mercato del lavoro delle donne. Per poter ottenere questo, le società necessitano di riorganizzarsi soprattutto in termini di servizi e benefit a favore delle famiglie, in modo che il modello di relazione tra i generi basato sulla reciprocità sia effettivamente possibile. / The thesis studies the gender dynamics as a multilevel and situated concept. It aims to investigate, by a comparative perspective, the change of attitudes toward female roles in the public sphere, here assumed as indicators of egalitarian values. The study uses data from cross-national surveys as the European Values Study and the Eurobarometer. The scales included in these surveys are critically evaluated in order to test their adequacy for comparative analysis. The multilevel analysis, performed in 22 European countries, shows the different contributes of individual and contextual factors. The attitudinal change from 1988 to 2008, in 7 cultural contexts (included the “Three Italies”) focused on the trend analysis, observing gender and generations differences, mechanism of change and its predictors. The results confirm that the context is relevant in the development of egalitarian values and, to promote an egalitarian culture, they invite societies to increase the educational level and the female economic participation. To get this, societies need to re-organize themselves in terms of services and benefits for families, in order to get the model of relationship based on the reciprocity between gender really possible.

Dans ce travail nous avons tenu à faire une étude comparée des éléments de la formation ainsi que les procédés de formation des adjectifs qualificatifs en français et en lituanien. Nous avons analysé et établi les parentés ainsi que les différences de la formation de l’adjectif dans les deux langues. Ce travail consiste également à faire une petite revue des caractéristiques classificatoires, morphologiques, sémantiques, des nuances de la traduction de l’adjectif français et lituanien. / Šio darbo tikslas buvo ištirti bei palyginti kokybinių būdvardžių darybos elementus prancūzų ir lietuvių kalbose. Norėdamos palyginti šias abi kalbas mes padarėme prielaidą, kad prancūzų kalboje kokybiniai būdvardžiai turi panašių darybos bruožų kaip ir lietuvių kalboje. Tyrimui buvo pasirinkti šie prancūzų rašytojų kūriniai: Albert Camus «L'étranger» («Svetimas»), Honoré de Balzac «Le Père Goriot» («Tėvas Gorijo») ir Gustave Flaubert «Madame Bovary» («Ponia Bovary»). Prancūzų kalbos kokybiniai būdvardžiai buvo lyginami su lietuviško vertimo atitikmenimis. / Objective of this work was to investigate and compare the elements of the formation of Qualitatif adjectif in French and Lithuanian languages.We revewed also the parameters of word's formation and translation specificities in both languages.

This thesis explores textual and visual images of the EU in South Korea's three prestigious popular newspapers - Chosun Ilbo, Dong A Ilbo and Joong Ang Ilbo - and compares them to the imagery created by the internet versions of these newspapers. In recent years, much scholarly work has been done on the topics of EU imagery in print media, but no systemic attempt has yet been made to EU imagery in internet media. The thesis analyses EU news monitored daily in 12 months of 2008 (a year of the first G20 Summit in Washington and the 6th and 7th rounds of EU-Korea FTA negotiations). This study is interdisciplinary. The thesis draws on several significant theories and concepts from the media studies and linguistics. On top of this, a wide range of approaches of content and visual analysis were reviewed. The study then considers and adopts a multimethodological approach of content analysis (studies by Chaban and Holland) and of visual analysis (by Bain) based on visual semiotics. However, to cope with internet media it also adds several categories which add the notion of interactivity to the original content analysis. It incorporates categories originating from a social semiotic approach (elements of interactive and compositional meta-functions) into the original visual analysis. The results of this study are presented in three case studies. In the first section of each case study the thesis provides a comprehensive overview featuring the latest information and various perspectives (political, economic, social, environmental and developmental). The second section presents formal characteristics of EU images in print newspapers and their internet versions. The third section covers substantive characteristics in both versions. The last section suggests the results of visual analysis. The results of this thesis contribute to two areas of studies: EU external perception studies and internet communication studies: as well as enhancing a deeper understanding of EU-Korea relations.

Vzrůstající nedostatek pohybu dětí a mladistvých v průmyslových státech se v minulých desetiletích rozvinul ve zdravotně-politický problém. V souladu s touto problematikou zároveň klesá i úroveň motorických schopností a dovedností, což představuje citelné omezení dětského vývoje, fyzické i psychické komponenty. Důsledkem jsou rostoucí náklady na zdravotní péči, které posléze výrazně zatěžují zdravotnictví v jednotlivých zemích. Cílem vědeckých týmů Západočeské Univerzity v Plzni a Technické Univerzity Chemnitz je v rámci pilotní studie pod názvem „Přeshraniční srovnávací analýza motorických schopností dětí mladšího školního věku“ stanovit a porovnat aktuální zdravotní situaci školáků v České republice a Německu. / Der gestiegene Bewegungsmangel der Kinder und Jugendlichen in den Industriestaaten hat sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten zu einem gesundheitspolitischen Problem entwickelt. Das darüber hinaus sinkende Niveau motorischer Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten zieht Beeinträchtigungen der kindlichen Entwicklung auf physischer und psychischer Ebene mit entsprechenden Folgekosten für die Gesundheitssysteme der Länder nach sich. Die Wissenschaftler der Westböhmischen Universität Pilsen und der Technischen Universität Chemnitz haben sich aus diesem Grund zum Ziel gesetzt, in der Pilotstudie „Grenzüberschreitende Vergleichsanalyse der motorischen Fähigkeiten von Kindern des jüngeren Schulalters“ die gesundheitliche Situation von Schulanfängern in der Tschechischen Republik und in Deutschland zu untersuchen und gegenüber zu stellen. / The increased sedentary lifestyle of children and adolescents in industrialized countries has evolved into a public health problem over the past decades. In addition, the declining level of motor abilities and skills draws impairment of children development on physical and psychological level, with appropriate follow-up costs for the health systems of countries. Scientists at the University of West Bohemia Pilsen and the Chemnitz University of Technology have for this reason the goal to investigate and to contrast the health situation of children starting school in the Czech Republic and in Germany with the pilot study "Cross-border comparative analysis of the motor skills of children of younger school age".

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans l’analyse diachronique et synchronique des liens entre lesformes de capitalisme et leur environnement. Le premier chapitre propose de mettre enlumière la manière dont la coévolution entre le capitalisme et l’environnement a pu s’opéreren croisant les apports théoriques et empiriques de l’école de la régulation avec des travauxdu champ de l’histoire environnementale et de l’économie écologique. Nous montrons que lesdifférentes formes historiques du capitalisme ont généré des conséquences environnementalesimportantes et différenciées. A l’inverse, il s’avère que le rapport à l’environnement a eu uneinfluence primordiale sur les formes de capitalisme, notamment par l’intermédiaire dedispositifs institutionnels environnementaux (DIE). Le second chapitre vise à savoir dansquelle mesure ces dispositifs subissent un processus d’adoption différencié selon les formescontemporaine de capitalisme dans lequel ils s’inscrivent. A cet égard, une certainecorrespondance entre notre typologie des DIE nationaux et la typologie des capitalismesapparaît. Enfin, le troisième chapitre porte particulièrement sur la manière dont les niveauxd’inégalités, en grande partie dépendants des différentes formes de capitalismes, peuventinfluencer l’adoption des DIE. Par le biais d’une analyse économétrique, nous tentons de faireapparaitre les mécanismes les plus à même d’expliquer ce phénomène. / This thesis contributes to the diachronic and synchronic analysis of the linksbetween the forms of capitalism and their environment. The first chapter proposes to highlightthe manner in which the coevolution between capitalism and the environment was carried outby crossing the theoretical and empirical contributions of the régulation school withenvironmental history and ecological economics studies. We reveal that the differenthistorical forms of capitalism have led to extensive and differentiated environmentalconsequences. Conversely, it turns out that the relationship with the environment has had amajor influence on the forms of capitalism, especially through institutional environmentaldevices (EID). The second chapter aims at deciphering in which extent these devices undergoa process of differentiated adoption depending on the contemporary forms of capitalismwithin which they take place. In this framework, some degree of correlation appears betweenour EID based typology of countries and the typology of capitalism. Finally, the third chapterfocuses on how levels of inequality, which are largely dependent on different forms ofcapitalism, can influence the adoption of EID. By means of an econometric analysis, weattempt to determine which mechanisms are most likely to explain this phenomenon.

The scourge of HIV and AIDS can no longer be underestimated. Its devastating effects have been translated into immeasurable monetary and human costs. Women and children, particularly among the rural communities, have borne most of the brunt accruing from the devastating socio-economic consequences of the disease. PURPOSE This study is intended to highlight the plight of rural communities who are constantly besieged by the demand and supply disequilibrium in the provision of primary health care and preventive interventions. OBJECTIVES To describe, compare and analyse HIV / AIDS health care services provided by fixed and mobile clinics in the Madibeng Sub-District of the North West Province. POPULATION The sampled participants were selected from a universal population among pregnant women. SAMPLING A sample of 100 pregnant women from the fixed and mobile clinics participated in answering the questionnaires during their antenatal care visits. RESEARCH SETTING The Madibeng Sub-District in the North West Province been selected as a suitable research site, as it met most of the selection criteria developed by the researcher's judgement sampling. RESEARCH DESIGN The data recorded on the questionnaires by the participants was used to compare and analyse the pregnant women's feelings about HIV / AIDS services of fixed and mobile clinics. Group discussions were also held prior self completion of questionnaires. Questionnaires were administered by the researcher and the two health promoters. FINDINGS It was found that participants in both mobile and fixed clinic have attended HIV / AIDS health care services. Fixed clinic and mobile clinic are respectively viewed as offering better health care services to pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS The research results from this study indicate that HIV / AIDS services provided at both the fixed clinic and mobile service points, including antenatal or prenatal care, are almost similar. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended for improving HIV / AIDS health care services that health care providers at Jericho mobile clinic and Jericho fixed clinic intervene by slowing the progression of HIV infection because it has a negative impact on the lives of women. The Jericho clinic and mobile clinic staff should be encouraged to adopt the perspective that HIV / AIDS is not a death sentence, but a preventable disease, not withstanding its deadly consequences on families and communities. The staff at these clinics is also to be motivated to adopt co-operative health care and psycho-social strategies, in which team work and the involvement and participation of all relevant stakeholders is viewed as an integral part of the struggle against HIV / AIDS and its devastating spread. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

This research studies and documents the effect of applying business marketing strategies to a small vocational program at a public community college in California. The intent of applying the business marketing strategies is to promote the growth of the program in the areas of: Student Enrollment, Number of Classes Offered, and Number of Degrees and Certificates Awarded. The aim of this research is to provide evidence to support the notion that promoting a vocational program in a public academic institution, using business marketing strategies would indeed produce favorable results as is it commonly does in the case of a commercial business that markets itself. The Hospitality & Restaurant Management (HRM) program at Mt. San Antonio College was the subject of this research. As a case-study, the HRM program was studied for a period spanning six years from 2000 to 2006 using a quantitative research methodology. A comparison was conducted to analyze the performance of the HRM program in terms of student enrollment, classes offered, degrees and certificates awarded for two periods. The first period (2000 to 2003) reflects a time when the HRM program did not actively employ any marketing strategies to promote itself. The second period (2003 to 2006) covers a period when several marketing strategies were employed. / Educational Studies / D.Ed. (Education Management)

This study compares simultaneously interpreted German speech to non-interpreted German discourse in order to determine whether interpreted language is characterised by any of the laws that have been found to feature in translated text, i.e. the law of growing standardisation and the law of interference. It is hypothesised that interpreters typically exaggerate German communicative norms, thereby producing manifestations of growing standardisation. In order to test this hypothesis, comparative and parallel analyses are carried out using corpora of interpreted and non-interpreted discourse. During the comparative phase, two types of interpreted German speech are each compared to non-interpreted language and to each other in order to determine how interpreted speech differs from non-interpreted discourse. During the parallel analysis, the interpreted German segments are compared to their source language counterparts with the aim of determining the reasons for the production of the patterns discovered during the first phase. The results indicate that interpreters do not produce patterns similar to those that characterise translated text: neither the law of growing standardisation nor the law of interference is manifest in the data. Instead, a different feature, namely an increased degree of generalisation, is discovered in the interpreters‟ output. This feature appears to be the result of the use of strategies that enable interpreters to deal with time, memory and linearity constraints inherent in SI. It can hence be confirmed that interpreted German differs from non-interpreted German discourse in certain respects. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

Text in Afrikaans / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 200 of 1993 that took effect from 27 April 1994, gave an accused a constitutional right to legal representation. Although the right of an accused to be legally represented formed an integral part of the South African Law, the Constitution gave him the further right ofbeing provided with legal representation at the cost of the State . For the practical implementation ofthe Constitution extensive changes to the current Legal Aid Scheme are essential . This work is an investigation of the justification of an accused's right to legal representation and the right to be provided with legal representation at the expense of the State . The practical implementation of the Constitution is discussed and suggestions are made that might be a solution to the current problem of the provision of legal aid at the State's expense. / Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika 200 van 1993 wat op 27 April 1994 in werking getree het, het konstitusionele erkenning verleen aan 'n beskuldigde se reg op regsverteenwoordiging . Alhoewel die reg van 'n beskuldigde tot regsverteenwoordiging inherent deel van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg was het die Grondwet verder gegaan en 'n beskuldigde die reg gegee om op staatskoste van regsverteenwoordiging voorsien te word . Om die Grondwet prakties uitvoerbaar te maak sal ingrypende veranderings aan die huidige Regshulpskema noodsaaklik wees . Hierdie werk behels 'n regshistoriese - en regsvergelykende studie van die reg van 'n beskuldigde tot regsverteenwoordiging en die reg om op staatskoste van regshulp voorsien te word . Die praktiese uitvoerbaarheid van die Grondwet word bespreek en voorstelle word aan die hand gedoen om die huidige situasie, wat betref die verskaffing van regshulp op staatskoste, te verbeter . / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.