As câmaras municipais constituíram-se em um dos mais notáveis mecanismos de manutenção do vasto império ultramarino português. Originavam-se dos antigos conselhos medievais, aglutinavam os interesses das elites coloniais ao serem compostas pelos homens bons da colônia, detinham considerável poder sobre a sociedade local além de terem a liberdade de representar ao rei de Portugal seus anseios ou dificuldades. Paralelo, ao poder do senado da câmara municipal, encontravam-se as autoridades nomeadas pelo rei de Portugal: governadores coloniais. Este compartilhamento do poder na colônia gerava, muitas vezes, conflitos entre a câmara municipal e os funcionários régios. No Rio de Janeiro, setecentista, vários fatores internos e externos à colônia deterioraram as relações entre os governadores coloniais e os membros do senado.Tal situação agrava-se com as incursões corsárias francesas de 1710 e 1711 que demonstraram a fragilidade do império português que há muito deixara de ter um poder naval significativo, perdendo espaços para potências como a França, Inglaterra e Holanda. Incapaz de conter os inimigos no vasto oceano, desprovido de meios navais capazes de patrulhar os litorais de suas colônias na África, Ásia e América, em especial o do Brasil, o império português dependia cada vez mais dos recursos humanos de suas colônias para a manutenção do seu território ultramarino. A corte portuguesa sofreu duro impacto com a conquista da cidade do Rio de Janeiro por Duguay-Trouin e, ao longo dos próximos anos, procurou fortalecer o sistema defensivo de sua colônia com o envio de tropas e navios além da construção de novas fortalezas e o reaparelhamento do sistema defensivo já existente.Todo este esforço para a guerra era bancado, em sua maior parte, com recursos da própria colônia do Rio de Janeiro. Obviamente este ônus não agradava a incipiente elite mercantil que florescia na colônia resultando no fato de que a política de enclausurar o Rio de Janeiro entre muralhas e fortificações, ás custas da economia colonial, colocou em campos opostos os funcionários do rei e os membros do senado por várias vezes nas primeiras décadas do século XVIII. Surgiram inevitáveis conflitos pelo uso e posse do território urbano do Rio de Janeiro cada vez mais pontilhado por fortalezas, sulcado por extensas valas e trincheiras a impedir-lhe o crescimento urbano. Além do conflito territorial, em função da expansão da atividade mercantil desenvolvida pelos colonos, as disputas comerciais envolveram as elites locais, ávidas por lucros e impulsionadas ao comércio devido à descoberta do ouro na região das Minas, e as autoridades e comerciantes lusos, uns querendo controlar a atividade comercial que crescia em acelerado ritmo, outros querendo lucrar e disputar espaços com as elites coloniais locais. No meio destes embates encontrava-se a Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro, objetivo maior desta pesquisa, a defender os interesses das elites da colônia, pois delas era representante. Era uma disputa em que, muitas vezes, seus membros pagaram com a perda da liberdade e dos seus bens frente a governadores coloniais mais intolerantes / he municipal councils constituted into one of the most important mechanisms for maintaining the Portuguese overseas empire. It stemmed from the ancient medieval councils, accumulated the colonial elites interests which were written by good men of the colony, and held considerable power over local society, as well as the freedom to represent the concerns and difficulties of the Portuguese king. Parallel to the senate power of the city council, the authorities were appointed by the king of Portugal: colonial governors. This share of power generated in colony many conflicts between the colonial governors and senate members. In Rio Janeiro, during the eighteenth century, several internal and external factors to the colony deteriorated relations between the colonial governors and members of the senate. This situation is aggravated by the incursions of French corsairs in 1710 and 1711 and it demonstrated the fragility of the Portuguese empires that had long ceased its significant naval power, losing the power over France, England and Holland. Unable to control the enemies in the vast ocean and devoid of naval able to patrol the coasts colonies in Africa, Asia and America, especially the Brazil, the Portuguese empire depended increasingly on the resources of colonies to maintain the overseas territory. The Portuguese court has suffered a hard impact with the conquest of Rio de Janeiro by the Duguay-Trouin, and over the next few years it tried to strengthen the defensive system of the colony by sending troops and ships as well as building new fortifications and refitting of the existing defensive system. All this effort for the war was financed, in most part, with resources from the own Rio de Janeiro. Obviously, this burden did not appeal the emerging mercantile elite that flourished in the colony resulting in the fact that the policy of locking up the Rio de Janeiro between walls and fortifications with the money of the colonial economy placed on opposing sides of the king and the staff members of the senate several times in the first decades of the eighteenth century. Arose conflicts for the use and ownership of urban territory of Rio de Janeiro increasingly dotted with forts, trenches and furrowed by long trenches to prevent the urban growth. As well as the territorial conflict, due to the expansion of commercial activity developed by settlers, trade disputes involving local elites, eager for profit and boosted trade to the discovery of gold in mines region, and Portuguese officials and traders, each wanting control the business activity grew at accelerated pace, others wanting to profit and dispute spaces with the local colonial elites. In the midst of these struggles was the municipal council of Rio de Janeiro, the main objective of this research, to defend the interests of the elites of the colony, as was their representative. It was a dispute in which, many times, members paid with the loss of liberty and their property against colonial governors more intolerant

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La juridicité des droits de solidarité, en l’occurrence les droits à la paix et au développement, est une problématique qui agite les controverses doctrinales en droit international. Contrairement aux droits civils et politiques, voire aux droits sociaux, économiques et culturels, les droits à la paix et au développement, symboles des droits de solidarité, sont renvoyés aux sphères axiologiques et du non-droit. Il est fait grief à ces droits de ne pas respecter les caractéristiques normatives nécessaires à l’octroi de la juridicité. Ils n’auraient donc pas d’objets, de titulaires et de fondements juridiques établis. Ce faisant, leurs effectivité et justiciabilité sont remises en question. Cette approche est contestable. Les droits à la paix et au développement sont de véritables droits subjectifs. Ayant un fondement juridique conventionnel et coutumier, les droits à la paix et au développement sont reconnus à l’État et à l’individu. Primo, le droit de l’individu et de l’État à la paix renvoie au droit d’être protégé contre les violences inhérentes au conflit armé, lequel se définit comme l’ensemble des violences armées collectives, intenses et prolongées. Secundo, le droit au développement de l’individu et de l’État équivaut au droit au bien-être et à l’épanouissement. Partant, en plus des mécanismes de protection non juridictionnelle dont ils bénéficient, il est possible de mobiliser ces droits devant le juge international en vue d’en assurer l’effectivité et la justiciabilité. / The justiciabilty of solidarity rights, especially the right to peace and the right to development, remains a controversial issue in international law scholars. Unlike the civil and political rights or even social, economical and cultural ones, the rights to peace and development, symbols of the solidarity rights are generally relegated to mere axiological and lawlessness aspects. Indeed, they are alleged to not be consistent with the normative features that determines the justiciability. From this point of view, they have been denied any object, neither holders, nor established legal basis. Hence their justiciability has been persistenly challenged. However, we argue that this approach is questionable, because the rights to peace and development are true subjective rights. Based on conventional and customary legal foundations, the rights to peace and development are recognized for both states and individuals. Firstly, the right of individuals and states to peace refers to the right to be protected against inherent violences of armed conflict, which is defined as all forms of collective, intense and protracted armed violence. Secondly, the right to development of the individuals and the state is equivalent to the right to well-being or to a full personal development. Therefore, in addition to non-judicial protection mechanisms, it is possible to claim those rights before international courts in order to ensure their effectiveness and their justiciability.

Busca a presente dissertação examinar a regra de competência do ISSQN e os principais conflitos de competência tributária que podem surgir entre o aludido imposto municipal e o IPI, o IOF e o ICMS - como também os conflitos existentes entre dois municípios que detenham a pretensão de tributar o mesmo serviço. Visando alcançar tal objetivo, examina a estrutura, função e hierarquia das normas de competência dos impostos, o modo de interpretação do texto constitucional, o método pelo qual devem ser construídas as regras de competência tributária e a autonomia dos municípios diante do federalismo brasileiro. / The current dissertation intends to examine the rule of competency of ISSQN (Services Tax) and the main conflicts over tax jurisdiction that may emerge between the said municipal tax and the IPI (Excise Tax), the IOF (Tax on Financial Operations), and the ICMS (Value-Added Tax on sales and services) – as well as the conflicts that may arise between two municipalities that detain the intention to tax the same service. To attain such goal, the research examines the structure, the function and the hierarchy of the rules of tax competency, the means of interpretation of the constitutional text, the method by which the rules of tax competency must be built and the autonomy of the municipalities in sight of brazilian federalism.

A perícia médica se constitui em uma avaliação pela qual devem passar todos os que solicitam determinados benefícios previdenciários, como o auxílio-doença, e o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC), vinculado à assistência social. As conclusões dos médicos peritos, emitidas através de um laudo pericial, envolvem decisões quanto a existência ou não de “(in)capacidade para o trabalho” e deficiência, e podem ser determinantes para a concessão ou o indeferimento do auxílio-doença, por exemplo, e do BPC. Quando as decisões são contrárias à concessão, ou seja, quando não há o reconhecimento da incapacidade ou deficiência, tentativas de reverter estas decisões na justiça tem se constituído em uma alternativa, com destaque para a atuação da Defensoria Pública da União (DPU). A exigência da perícia e seus critérios de avaliação tem suscitado diversos debates públicos, conflitos e controvérsias que tornam explícitas moralidades diversas. A partir do trabalho de campo realizado na DPU, nos espaços de debates em torno da prática de perícia, como congressos, e com as pessoas envolvidas no processo pericial (sobretudo, as que solicitam benefícios, médicos e profissionais do campo jurídico), esta tese busca reunir diferentes discursos, concepções e embates em torno da perícia médica previdenciária, demonstrando que há uma disputa em relação a definição de categorias e competências. Também destaca o quanto determinados conceitos, como os de doença, (in)capacidade e (in)validez, deficiência, e mesmo de trabalho e cidadania, acabam sendo constituídos e atualizados, na prática, por moralidades que partem não só dos médicos peritos, mas das próprias pessoas que solicitam esses benefícios, em associação com instituições do judiciário, como a defensoria pública. Em um contexto de distribuição seletiva de direitos, o trabalho retrata um cenário de conflitos e disputas relacionados à própria prática da perícia si, à necessidade desta, suas decisões e implicações. / The medical expertise constitutes an evaluation which the requesters of certain social security benefits must undertake, such as sickness allowance and the Continuous Cash Benefit (BPC), linked to social assistance in Brazil. The findings of the medical experts, emitted through an expert report, involve decisions as to whether or not the worker has "(in)capacity for work" and/or disability, and can be decisive for the granting or refusal of the sickness allowance and the BPC, for example. When decisions are contrary to the concession, i.e. when there is no recognition of disability or impairment, attempts to reverse these decisions in court has been constituted as an alternative, especially through the Public Defender of the Union (DPU). The requirement for expertise and its evaluation criteria has raised several public debates, conflicts and controversies that make explicit different moralities. From my fieldwork in the DPU, in spaces of debate around the practice of medical expertise, such as congresses, and the people involved in the expert process (especially those applying for benefits, and medical professionals in the legal field), this thesis seeks to bring together various speeches, ideas and conflicts around the social security medical expertise to demonstrate that there is a dispute regarding the definition of categories and competences regarding the social security medical expertise. In that sense, certain concepts – such as disease, (in)ability and (in)validity, disability, and even work and citizenship – end up being informed and updated in daily practices by various moralities, not only from medical experts, but from the requesters of the benefits themselves, and also of the judicial institutions such as the Public Defender. In a context of selective distribution of rights, the work portrays a scene of conflicts and disputes related to very practice of medical expertise itself, its necessity, decisions and implications.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-09-01T18:59:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alex Rodolfo Carneiro.pdf: 1186192 bytes, checksum: 7d5d0e8c51625fe45272603fc0a1fb1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T18:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alex Rodolfo Carneiro.pdf: 1186192 bytes, checksum: 7d5d0e8c51625fe45272603fc0a1fb1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present study approaches the implementation of the paradigm of restorative justice in the extent of the schools public inhabitants from São Paulo of the Management of Teaching of the area of São José dos Campos and he/she has as reference the Teacher's School and Community Mediator perspective. The objective consists of to investigate and to contemplate concerning the character of public politics of that movement, the way as PMEC understands that process starting from the own professional performance and in the way as it evaluates the receptivity of the school community to a model of confrontation of conflicts based on the dialogue and in the co-responsability in opposition to methods and punitive beginnings, traditionally employees in the school units. The research based on qualitative methodology by interviews half structured in categories a priori, by which the great level of personal adhesion was verified and of involvement of PMEC with the implementation of the paradigm of restorative justice and the distrust and the uncertainties with respect to the continuity of that public politics on the part of the state government and of the school community's support as a whole. At the end, it was reached the conclusion that, in fact, it governs the discontinuity movement and whithout characterization of that public politics. In compensation, that new model wins adhesion and solidity in the school context because of the performance and of PMEC and of her coherence with the autonomy beginnings and inherent citizenship. / O presente estudo aborda a implementação do paradigma de justiça restaurativa no âmbito das escolas públicas paulistas da Diretoria de Ensino da região de São José dos Campos e tem como referência a perspectiva do Professor Mediador Escolar e Comunitário (PMEC). O objetivo consiste em investigar e refletir acerca do caráter de política pública desse movimento, o modo como o PMEC compreende esse processo a partir da própria atuação profissional e do modo como avalia a receptividade da comunidade escolar a um modelo de enfrentamento de conflitos baseado no diálogo e na corresponsabilidade em oposição a métodos e princípios punitivos, tradicionalmente empregados nas unidades escolares. A pesquisa segue a metodologia qualitativa com base em entrevistas semiestruturadas em categorias a priori, mediante a qual constatou-se o grande nível de adesão pessoal e de envolvimento do PMEC com a implementação do paradigma de justiça restaurativa e a desconfiança e as incertezas no que tange à continuidade dessa política pública por parte do governo estadual e do apoio da comunidade escolar como um todo. Ao final, chegou-se à conclusão de que, de fato, impera o movimento de descontinuidade e descaracterização dessa política pública. Em contrapartida, esse novo modelo ganha adesão e solidez no contexto escolar em virtude da atuação e do PMEC e de sua coerência com os princípios de autonomia e cidadania.

The phenomenon under investigation in this study was the experience of having an Asian identity while in a U.S. counseling psychology graduate/professional-training context. Using a qualitative methodology involving 12 participants, descriptive phenomenological analysis of in-depth interview data illuminated five structures which comprise the essence of the phenomenon. These essential structures include: Need to negotiate or cope with cultural value conflicts, Feeling subtle effects of marginalization, Navigating through unique dynamics in working with ethnically-similar clients, Understanding the strengths afforded by Asian identity, and Desire for increased assistance in the integration of cultural and professional identities. These findings suggest that Asian identity within the context of U.S. counseling psychology professional-training can, at times, be a source of struggle as well as a strength/asset. Recommendations to training programs include suggestions for providing resources that increase the empowering aspects related to Asian identity and reduce any hindering effects. Recommendations to supervisors include suggestions to spend more time discussing how Asian trainees' ethnic/cultural identity may impact their work with clients.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-09T19:21:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tamires Silva Pereira Prazeres.pdf: 910375 bytes, checksum: 982d55415ff4191b071ad2ff48020523 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T19:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tamires Silva Pereira Prazeres.pdf: 910375 bytes, checksum: 982d55415ff4191b071ad2ff48020523 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This search examines the religion in the conflict between Israel and Palestine, especially in the context of implementation of the State of Israel in 1948. The analysis takes as historical definition of conflict the period 1896-1948, when the inmigration of the first groups of Jews to the Palestinian territories. The initial question is how Jews and Muslims were related in the early years of inmigration to the creation of the State of Israel. The main issue to be clarified is how Western cultural building toward the Palestinians interfered in the conflict, especially with regard to the taking of the land and the construction of a new country within an existing, socially, religiously and culturally. Finally, the search asks about the effect of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians in the Protestant religious space, especially among conservative groups and fundamentalists of this branch of christianity. The research is fully literature and refers to postcolonial theories to discuss the history of the territory, with regard to the religious aspects of the conflict / O presente trabalho analisa o papel da religião no conflito entre Israel e Palestina, principalmente no contexto da implantação do Estado de Israel, em 1948. A análise toma como delimitação histórica do conflito o período de 1896 a 1948, quando ocorre a migração das primeiras levas de judeus para os territórios palestinos. A pergunta inicial é sobre como judeus e muçulmanos se relacionavam nos primeiros anos de imigração até a criação do Estado de Israel. O problema principal a ser esclarecido é como a construção cultural ocidental em relação aos palestinos interferiu no conflito, principalmente no que tange à tomada da terra e à construção de um novo país dentro de um já existente, socialmente, religiosamente e culturalmente. Finalmente a pesquisa pergunta pela repercussão do conflito entre israelenses e palestinos no campo religioso protestante, principalmente entre grupos conservadores e fundamentalistas deste ramo do cristianismo. A pesquisa é totalmente bibliográfica e toma como referência as teorias pós-coloniais para debater a história do território, no que se refere aos aspectos religiosos do conflito.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DENISE APARECIDA MANFREDI.pdf: 584340 bytes, checksum: 6479e2643aa18b43c252c711748c1f0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-18 / The interpersonal conflict between two managers of a medium size company served as the basis for this study, which had as its objective the investigation of the influence of mediation on the fluidity of corporate interaction and emotions within the company. This study focused on 19 participants, in three levels: Board of Directors, the Director s staff and Coordinators; and had as its theoretical foundation the mediation approaches: Harvard Traditional, Transformative, Narrative-Circular and Facilitation based on the model of dynamic systems as explained by the Theory of Complexity. Following the initial characterization of the company, the techniques of pre-mediation, mediation and group facilitation were utilized which were analyzed qualitatively. With due care concerning the rationality of the results, a questionnaire was developed to measure the effects of mediation on fluidity of corporate interaction and on emotion in the company, (QFI). The results of the questionnaire substantiate those of the mediation analysis, with 51% of the employees indicating positive changes in communication and emotion in the company as a whole. The central points indicated by the participants as being reformulated by mediation are: Authoritarianism, Much Pressure, Lack of Transparency, Co-Responsibility, Administrative and Technical Areas Split, Centralization and Insufficient Listening. The data indicates a systematic awakening of the awareness of conflicts; this associated with a greater collective responsibility in seeking solutions, through the integrated management and the dynamic of individual competencies, both intra and inter corporate groups. The study considers, therefore, that mediation can be viewed as an alternative approach to conflict resolution, with positive results for the organizational environment. Due to the fact that the mediation techniques are still not well known in our reality, the need for additional research with a more diversified focus on companies from several segments and of diffenrent sizes is recommended. / A partir de conflito interpessoal entre gestores de empresa de médio porte, esta pesquisa realiza estudo de caso com objetivo de investigar os reflexos da mediação na fluência de interação e na afetividade dentro da empresa, enfocando 19 participantes, em três níveis: diretoria, equipe da diretoria e coordenadores. Tem como sustentação teórica as abordagens de mediação: Tradicional de Harvard; Transformativa; Narrativo-Circular e Facilitação, delineadas a partir do modelo dos sistemas dinâmicos da Teoria da Complexidade. Após caracterização inicial da empresa, utiliza-se de técnicas de pré-mediação, mediação e facilitação em grupo, analisando-as qualitativamente. Com preocupação sobre a racionalidade dos resultados sobre os reflexos do trabalho de mediação, compõe questionário sobre fluência de interação e afetividade na empresa, QFI. Os resultados do questionário comprovam os da análise da mediação, sendo que 51% dos funcionários assinalam alterações positivas na interação e na afetividade na empresa como um todo. Os pontos nevrálgicos, apontados pelos participantes como reformulados na mediação referem-se a: Autoritarismo; Muita Pressão; Falta Transparência; Co-Responsável; Cisão entre as áreas Administrativa e Técnica (Cisão AA-AT); Centralização e Escuta Insuficiente. Os dados indicam uma abertura sistêmica na tomada de consciência dos conflitos, associada a uma maior responsabilidade conjunta em tentar resolvê-los, através do gerenciamento integrado e dinâmico de competências individuais, intra e inter-grupais na empresa. O estudo considera, portanto, que a mediação pode ser vista como uma abordagem alternativa de resolução de conflitos, com resultados positivos ao meio organizacional. Devido ao fato de as técnicas de mediação não estarem ainda muito difundidas em nossa realidade, recomenda a necessidade de novas pesquisas , diversificando seu foco em empresas de vários tamanhos e segmentos.

The present thesis aims to increase our understanding of the causes of separatism. The inspiration for this topic comes from the fact that separatist conflicts can become extremely destructive, and thus a better understanding of why they emerge may help us prevent much human suffering by pointing to ways in which separatism can be avoided. More specifically, the thesis aims to explain the link between separatism and regional development disparities. The argument presented is that inter-regional economic conflicts (such as about inter-regional fiscal redistribution) easily emerge between regions at different levels of development, and that under certain conditions, particularly prolonged recessions and austerity, such conflicts can become an important driver of separatist aspirations. This can happen in both poorer and richer regions. The thesis further argues that this entire process can only be fully understood if we analyse society through a class prism. Given that regional development disparities often lie at the root of inter-regional economic conflicts, one of the ways of avoiding such conflicts – and thus also separatism – would be to equalize regional development levels. In order to do so, however, we first need to understand why regional disparities emerge and persist. Focusing on capitalist countries, the thesis argues that the disparities emerge as a natural consequence of the operation of oligopolistic markets, which are the dominant market form in capitalism. Regional development policies are explored at length, and it is argued that they are generally insufficient to overcome the tendency of markets to produce regional disparities. All the topics in the thesis are explored at the general level and for a larger number of countries, but the main in-depth case study is of regional disparities in the United Kingdom and how they relate to Scottish separatism.