Este trabalho trata da elaboração e encaminhamento de uma proposta de reestruturação do sistema de tratamento de esgoto da comunidade do Marujá PEIC –SP. A comunidade caracteriza-se pela tradicional cultura caiçara, atividades de pesca artesanal e ecoturismo como fonte de renda, entre outros aspectos. A iniciativa do trabalho partiu da solicitação pelos próprios moradores, por meio da Associação de Moradores do Marujá (AMOMAR), e pela direção do parque, da realização de estudos que viabilizassem a solução de problemas advindos das estações de tratamento de esgoto existentes na comunidade. Sendo um assunto multidisciplinar, o trabalho envolveu etapas com diferentes enfoques para atingir seu objetivo. Foi realizado um diagnóstico para identificação dos problemas existentes nas pequenas estações de tratamento através de análises laboratoriais, entrevistas com moradores e levantamento do histórico de implantação destes sistemas. A partir disso foram pesquisadas alternativas de tratamento de esgoto condizentes com a realidade local com base em parâmetros para projeto previamente estabelecidos. Chegou-se a conclusão de que sistemas combinados de alagados construídos compõem a alternativa mais indicada para o local. Foi feito um breve estudo de caso sobre a utilização desta técnica na Comunidade de Serviços – Emaús-Ubatuba/SP, que apresenta características semelhantes a comunidade do Marujá. Durante todo o trabalho foram feitas discussões com moradores locais do Marujá e membros de instituições governamentais e não governamentais a fim de consolidar o envolvimento de diferentes grupos na resolução do problema. Finalmente, foi elaborado um projeto, com fins de encaminhamento para uma instituição financiadora, prevendo atividades de implantação de um novo sistema de tratamento e de envolvimento comunitário em todas as etapas do projeto, visando sua auto-sustentabilidade / This essay is about the elaboration of a proposal for restructuring the sewage system treatment in the comunity of Marujá, State Park –Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC) - São Paulo. The comunity is known by its traditional “caiçara" culture, fishing handmade and ecoturism as income and they are part of an association of local residents (AMOMAR). The initiative of the proposal was from the local residents together with the direction of the park in order to study the possibilities of adopting solutions for the problems originated in sewage treatment stations which already existed in the comunity. As it is part of a multidisciplinary topic, the work deals with different focuses and phases to reach its objective. A diagnosis was made to identify the problems in the small treatment stations through laboratorial analyses, interviews with the comunity and a historical research on the implement of those systems. Then, a search for alternative sewage tretment was done, adequate to the local reality of the population, stabilishing parameters for the project. It was concluded that the combined system of constructed wetlands are the most adequate alternative for the area. So, a brief study was made about the technique implemented on the Service Comunity – Emaús/Ubatuba/SP. During the project, discussions were carried on with the local residents and members of governamental institutions and ONGs, looking for a better participation of different groups in the solution of the problems. Finally, a project was elaborated to be sent to a financial institution, foreseeing activities to implement a new system of treatment with the involvement of the comunity in all the phases

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-05T13:18:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Müller Timm.pdf: 22708335 bytes, checksum: 0e6767a349a961cd7763953f3abd4e6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-05T13:18:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Müller Timm.pdf: 22708335 bytes, checksum: 0e6767a349a961cd7763953f3abd4e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / Na busca por sistemas de tratamento de esgotos domésticos que atendam os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável, os Wetlands Construídos apresentam-se como tecnologias de interesse. Esse trabalho avalia o desempenho de seis diferentes configurações de Wetlands Construídos descentralizados no tratamento de efluentes domésticos na região do Vale do Sinos e Serra gaúcha. Foram estudados dois wetlands de fluxo horizontal (WFH) comunitários, três wetlands de fluxo vertical (WFV) residenciais e um wetland de pré-tratamento com macrófitas flutuantes (WMF) Comunitário. Este trabalho avalia o desempenho dos sistemas, a eficiência na remoção da carga orgânica e desinfecção do esgoto frente à legislação, clima, cenário e condições de operação. Após 5 meses de monitoramento, todos os sistemas se mostraram eficientes na remoção da carga orgânica e turbidez, atendendo a legislação brasileira e apresentando concentrações médias na saída das unidades para DBO de 26,3; 12, 5 e 134,0 mg/L nos WFH, WFV e WMF, respectivamente. Em termos de DQO os resultados médios na saída das unidades foram de 160, 5 mg/L; 156, 5 mg/L e 134,0 mg/ L para os WFH, WFV e WMF respectivamente. Os WFH e WFV apresentaram remoção superior a 70% da carga orgânica mesmo nos sistemas saturados. Os WFV atenderam às necessidades de remoção da carga de nutrientes e apresentaram médias de 0,6 mg/L e remoção de 72% para fósforo total e 7,8 mg/L e 7,7 mg/L para nitrogênio total e amoniacal, respectivamente e remoção superior a 90% da carga nitrogenada. Os WFH não atenderam a legislação na remoção de nutrientes, diminuindo em média 39% da carga de fósforo, 52% de nitrogênio total e 37% de nitrogênio amoniacal, com médias de 5,8; 52,9 e 50,1 mg/L respectivamente no efluente tratado. Somente os WV1 e WV3 atenderam a legislação na desinfecção de E.coli e somente o WV3 para Coliformes Totais. O decréscimo de Coliformes totais foi de 73% nos WFH e 87% nos WFV, com médias na saída das unidades de 2,97E+04 e 3,38E+04 NMP/100 mL, respectivamente, nos WFH e WFV. Em termos de E. coli o decréscimo médio foi de 90% nos WFH e 84% nos WFV, com resultados de 2,86E+04 e 2,58E+03 nas saídas das respectivas unidades estudadas. Os fatores climáticos indicaram influência na dinâmica de funcionamento dos wetlands. Todos os WFV se mostraram efetivos para o fim a que se destinam e se mostraram adequados como sistemas de tratamento de esgoto on site. Os WFH evidenciaram a necessidade de um correto dimensionamento, acompanhamento técnico e manutenção dos sistemas coletivos. / In the search for treatment systems for domestic sewage that attend to principles of sustainable development, the Constructed Wetlands present itself as technologies of interest. This study evaluates the performance of six different configurations of decentralised constructed wetlands in domestic effluent treatment in the region of Sinos Valley and Rio Grande do Sul's Sierra. There were two community systems of horizontal flow (HFWs), three residential systems of vertical flow (VFWs) and a community system of pre-treatment with floating macrophytes (FMW). This work evaluates the performance of the systems, the efficiency in the removal of organic load and disinfection of sewage relative to legislation, climate, scenery and operation conditions. After 5 months of monitoring, all systems were shown to be effective in the removal of organic load and turbidity, attending to brazilian legislation and presenting mean concentrations at the outlet of the units for BOD of 26,3; 12,5 and 134,0 mg/L in HFWs, VFWs and FMW, respectively. In terms of COD average results in the outlet of the units were 160,5 mg/L; 156,5 mg/L and 234,2 mg/L for the HFWs, VFWs and FMW respectively. The HFWs and VFWs presented removing greater than 70% of organic load, even in saturated systems. The VFWs reached the needs of removing of nutrients load and presented an average of 0,6 mg/L and removal of 72% for total phosphorus, and 7,8 mg/L and 7,7 mg/L for total and ammoniacal nitrogen, respectively, removing over than 90% of nitrogen load. The HFWs operated with overload of application and did not attending the legislation in the removal of nutrients, decreasing on means of 39% of phosphorus load, 52% of total nitrogen and 37% of ammoniacal nitrogen, with averages of 5,8; 52,9 and 50,1 mg/L respectively in the treated effluent. Only the VW1 and VW3 attended to the legislation for the disinfection of E. coli and only the VW3 for total coliform. The mean removal of total coliforms was 73% in HFWs and 87% in VFWs, with means at the outlet of the units of 2,97E+04 e 3,38E+04 NMP/100 mL, respectively, in HFWs and VFWs. In terms of E. coli the average efficiency was 90% in HFWs and 84% in VFWs, with results of 2,86E+04 e 2,58E+03 in the respective outputs of the studied units. The climatic factors indicated influence in dynamic operation of wetlands. All VFWs were effective for the purpose for which it is intended and showed itself appropriate as systems of sewage treatment on site. The HFWs showed the need for a correct dimensioning, technical monitoring and maintenance of collective systems.

O líquido denominado “lixiviado”, formado pela disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários e lixões, apresenta composição complexa, dada principalmente pela presença de compostos orgânicos extremamente recalcitrantes. O tratamento consorciado deste efluente com esgotos domésticos em ETE’s municipais carece de estudos, tendo em vista que são líquidos com características diferentes. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho de um processo biológico de tratamento de efluentes, composto por 3 sistemas de banhados construídos (B1, B2 e B3) operados em paralelo, tratando a combinação de esgoto doméstico (90%) + lixiviado de aterro sanitário (10%), no que diz respeito a remoção de matéria orgânica de lenta degradação. Cada sistema foi composto por 4 leitos cultivados com as macrófitas emergentes Luziola peruviana e Typha latifolia, recebendo afluente proveniente de diferentes níveis de pré-tratamento, nomeadamente: B1 - processo biológico anaeróbio (UASB) seguido de aeróbio (CBR); B2 - processo biológico aneróbio (UASB) e B3 - sem prévio tratamento. Para tal, além das análises da matéria orgânica pelos parâmetros não específicos, foi também empregada análise de absorbância e fluorescência para analisar a presença de substâncias húmicas e o uso da respirometria para avaliação da DQO lentamente biodegradável. As eficiências médias de remoção dos sistemas B1, B2 e B3 foi de 97,4, 96,1 e 96,6 % para DBO5, 66,9, 70,9 e 80,6% para DQOT, 61,9, 69 e 62,8 % para DQOFil e de 60,3, 72,8 e 72 % para COT, respectivamente. A avaliação destes parâmetros permitiu inferir que o nível de pré-tratamento não influenciou na eficiência de remoção pelos sistemas de banhados. Os espectros de absorbância foram marcados por maior absorbância na região λ < 400 nm, com diminuição progressiva até 700 nm. A aplicação de coeficientes de absortividade indicaram a predominância de matéria orgânica dissolvida proveniente de esgoto doméstico, com pouca influência de SH’s. Nos espectros de emissão de fluorescência, o aparecimento de bandas na região de 450 nm indicou a presença de substâncias húmicas no afluente e efluente do sistema de banhados construídos, sem diferença significativa entre a intensidade de fluorescência emitida em 450 nm nas amostras analisadas, indicando que a substância em questão passou pelo tratamento sem ser degradada. Os resultados observados pela análise de fluorescência sincronizada do B1 apresentaram contribuição positiva do pré-tratamento (menor concentração de DQOFil) para o desempenho do banhado, devido a menor presença de ácidos húmicos no efluente. / The liquid known as "leachate", produced by the disposal of waste in landfills and dumps, has a complex composition, characterized mainly by the presence of recalcitrant organic compounds. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the co-treatment of leachate with municipal wastewater in WWTP's, considering that these are effluents with different characteristics. This study evaluated the performance of a biological treatment process of wastewater consisting of 3 constructed wetlands systems (B1, B2 and B3), operated in parallel, treating a combination of domestic sewage (90%) + landfill leachate (10 %). Each system was comprised of four beds cultured with emerging macrophytes Luziola peruviana and Typha latifolia receiving affluent from different levels of pre-treatment, namely: B1 - anaerobic biological process (UASB) followed by aerobic biological process (CBR); B2 - anaerobic biological process (UASB). B3 received the untreated effluents. The content of organic matter and humic substances was analyzed by non-specific parameters, absorbance and fluorescence methods. Respirometry test were conducted to evaluate the content of slowly biodegradable COD. The average removal efficiencies of systems B1, B2 and B3 was of 97.4, 96.1 and 96.6% for BOD5, 66.9, 70.9 and 80.6% for CODT, 61,9, 69 and 62.8% for CODFil and 60.3, 72.8 and 72% of TOC, respectively. The evaluation of these parameters allowed to infer that the level of pre-treatment did not influenced the removal efficiency by wetland systems. Absorbance spectra were marked by greater absorbance in the region λ = <400 nm with progressive decrease up to 700 nm. Absorptivity coefficients indicated the predominance of domestic sewage, with little influence of SH's. In the fluorescence emission spectra, the appearance of bands in the 450 nm region indicated the presence of humic substances in the influent and effluent of the constructed wetland systems without a significant. This indicates that the substance in question went through the treatment without being degraded. The results obtained by synchronous fluorescence analysis showed a positive contribution of the B1 pretreatment (lowest concentration DQOFil) to the observed performance due to less presence of humic acids in the effluent. The authors did not have success during evaluation of the slowly biodegradable COD using the method proposed before.

[pt] A presente dissertação trata da análise do tratamento de efluentes de esgotos domésticos, processado na ETE Ponte dos Leites, município de Araruama, Rio de Janeiro, que se destaca-se por seu enfoque ecológico. A escolha dessa ETE se deu por ser exemplo brasileiro de utilização de recursos naturais na purificação de esgotos, os wetlands construídos, nos quais as macrófitas absorvem nitrogênio e fósforo do efluente, elementos que constituem sua fonte de nutrição. Tal tratamento imita o ciclo natural, recuperando flora e fauna, preservando o meio ambiente. Os resultados da pesquisa a qual foi baseada no exemplo que ilustra esta pesquisa e que permitiram listar vantagens e desvantagens. As primeiras reúnem aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais enquanto que as desvantagens se referem à ausência de conhecimento acerca da comercialização do reúso do efluente tratado, da disponibilidade de áreas, da necessidade de manejo frequente para não comprometer os resultados e evitar a contínua geração de resíduos sólidos de origem vegetal. A pesquisa de campo sublinhou que a implantação de plantas no processo contribui economicamente e promove resiliência do ambiente. Pode-se concluir que é a tecnologia mais adequada a fim de reaproveitar todo resíduo sólido gerado e favorecer o reúso da água, pois permite a possibilidade de preservação da água desde que o reúso seja empregado para fins que não envolvam o consumo humano. / [en] The biggest problem of cities, as they reach the 21st century, is to meet the basic needs of their inhabitants. Population growth increasingly requires areas for housing and food production, and a site devoted to the waste generated by this population. With multiplication, the need for natural resources increases. The most discussed subject in this century is the water crisis. Added to the disastrous consequences that have led to the lack of appeal. The question of water needs to be rethought in relation to traditional management. That is, the capture and availability still come using molds from the beginning of the last century, which have contributed to increase environmental and financial losses, and above all contribute to poor quality of life. What this research intends to emphasize is the urgency of a change in the concept of treatment of domestic sewage, in order to reach the reuse of the treated effluent, which is the reuse. The hypothesis that it brings is to point out as a possible solution - constructed wetlands. The constructed wetlands is a type of sewage treatment that allows the reuse of water. The technology is simple, easy to maintain and economically favorable. The environmental advantages are representative with added social aspects. Household effluents are treated by plants known as: macrophytes, these mimic the cycles of nature, are the most appropriate for the purification process, do not use chemicals, nor anthropize areas for the implantation of the treatment plant, and waste generated are totally reused. The research focuses on the applicability of constructed wetlands, exemplifying architectural and urban design, which served to recover degraded urban areas, restoring natural life. The most relevant point is the resilience of the natural urban environment, of areas that have been degraded. The wetlands favor thermal equilibrium, which evidently represents the life value of the planet s species.

Cette thèse présente divers aspects du polissage des eaux usées de galvanoplastie par des zones humides artificielles : analyse de la performance, étude de la configuration et de la mise en œuvre, influence de différentes sources de carbone, évolution du substrat, l'analyse des plantes et des problèmes de conception.Les objectifs de ce travail sont triples: (i) étudier la faisabilité du polissage des effluents de la galvanoplastie, (ii) étudier l'influence des systèmes opérationnels, des plantes, du substrat et de la charge des eaux usées, (iii) comprendre les mécanismes conduisant à une diminution de la charge métallique dans des microcosmes de zones humides construites.Ce travail a fourni de nouvelles informations et élargi les connaissances actuelles sur le traitement des eaux usées industrielles dans les zones humides artificielles. En fait, il s'agit, à notre connaissance, de la première étude concernant l'élimination des métaux et du cyanure d'eaux usées par des zones humides artificielles en écoulement de sub-surface. / This thesis presents various aspects of polishing the electroplating wastewater in constructed wetlands: analysis of the performance, study on the operation and configuration effects, effects of various carbon sources, analysis of the substrate (bed media), analysis of plants, and design issues.The goals of the experiment were to: (i) study the feasibility of polishing electroplating effluent, (ii) study the effect of operating schemes, plants, bed media and wastewater strength, (iii) to elucidate metal removal mechanisms in the CW microcosms.This study furnished new information and expanded the existing knowledge on industrial wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands. In fact, this is, to the best knowledge, the first publication studying the removal of metals and cyanide from electroplating wastewater in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The aim of this study was to study the polishing of the electroplating wastewater pretreated using physical-chemical methods.

Les zones humides naturelles méditerranéennes sont des écosystèmes rares et vulnérables souvent altérés par les pollutions des milieux adjacents. Le développement de zones humides artificielles (ZHA) servant au traitement secondaire des pollutions permettrait de limiter l’impact des activités industrielles sur les milieux naturels. Pour végétaliser ces ZHA et tolérer les contraintes du climat méditerranéen, l’utilisation d’espèces végétales locales éco-adaptées est recommandée. Toutefois ce type de ZHA, utilisant des plantes locales méditerranéennes, a fait l’objet d’un nombre restreint de travaux. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont donc : - de suivre la biocénose implantée et spontanée d’une ZHA pour évaluer la mise en place de ce nouvel écosystème (suivis floristique, faunistique et phytoplanctonique),- d’évaluer ses fonctionnalités et son efficacité épuratoire (suivis physico-chimique et biologique),- de questionner la pérennité de tels systèmes dans une contexte de changements globaux, notamment climatique. Les résultats montrent qu’un nombre restreint d’espèces végétales locales sélectionnées peut permettre la création d’un nouvel écosystème fonctionnel et durable qui soutient l’enjeu de biodiversité, tout en améliorant le traitement des effluents rejetés par le bassin industrialisé. Ces travaux valident l’intérêt des ZHA à hélophytes locales en méditerranée pour traiter les pollutions de bassins versants industrialisés mais un effort de recherche reste à faire pour adapter la conception aux spécificités des sites dans une véritable démarche d’ingénierie écologique. / Natural wetlands in Mediterranean areas are rare and vulnerable ecosystems, frequently impacted by various pollutants from nearby environments. In order to decrease industrial activities lethal effects on natural areas, constructed wetlands (CWs) are an interesting opportunity to remediate their pre-treated wastewaters. Such CWs would take advantage with using local plant species, well adapted to Mediterranean climate’s rigors. Nevertheless, CWs planted with Mediterranean plant species are still scarce and poorly studied. Aims of this thesis are thus:• to follow up on planted and adventive biocœnosis of a CW (flora, fauna and phytoplankton), in order to assess a novel ecosystem settlement,• to get better knowledge on its functions and remediation efficiency (physico-chemical and biological parameters),• to question durability of such techno-ecosystems in a context of global changes (with focus on climate).Main result let us know that it only takes a few local plant species, wisely chosen, to allow the settlement of a sustainable and fully functional ecosystem, supporting biodiversity stakes while increasing the remediation of pre-treated wastewaters collected from industrialized catchment. This work assess CWs planted with local helophytes as a powerful tool to treat industrialized catchment wastewaters in Mediterranean area, but researches are still needed to fit each design with each site characteristics, following a sustainable ecological engineering approach.

This thesis aims to propose a design of a vertical flow constructed wetland for a village up to 500 PE. The project is conducted for the town of Vlachova Lhota (Zlín district), and two alternatives are presented here. The first is based on mechanical pre-treatment and an intermittently loaded vertical flow constructed wetland. This alternative meets the state limits of wastewater discharge, which was demonstrated by a calibrated model of the effectiveness of an intermittently loaded vertical flow constructed wetland. This model was designed by Ing. Mirka Němcová using Hydrus software. The second alternative includes, in addition to the first design, tertiary sewage treatment. Tertiary treatment was proposed as an effective solution to removing all monitored pollutants in wastewater discharge. A combination of technologies of tertiary sewage treatment has not been put into practice, therefore the outcome and the effectiveness of the process can only be estimated. Tertiary sewage treatment would function as the first operational research unit, which could produce further findings in the field of sewage treatment using nature-based methods.

Utsläpp av läkemedelsrester till miljön är ett växande problem och negativa effekter på fiskar och vattenlevande djur har observerats vid mycket låga halter. I detta examensarbete studerades fem svenska spillvattenvåtmarkers förmåga att avskilja aktiva läkemedelssubstanser som passerat genom avloppsreningsverket. Halter av 24 läkemedelssubstanser bestämdes i inkommande och utgående vatten till och från spillvattenvåtmarkerna i Eskilstuna, Hässleholm, Nynäshamn, Trosa och Oxelösund. De substanser som generellt sett återfanns i de högsta halterna i inkommande avloppsvatten till våtmarkerna var några vanliga antiinflammatoriska ämnen: naproxen, ibuprofen och diklofenak; några blodtryckssänkande ämnen: atenolol, hydroklortiazid, furosemid och metoprolol; och det lugnande ämnet oxazepam. Dessa ämnen förekom i koncentrationer mellan 0,7 μg/l och 10 μg/l. Resultaten visade att 47 % av de påträffade substanserna reducerades mellan 20 och 80 % och 47 % reducerades 80 % eller mer. Alla våtmarker visade en hög avskiljning av diklofenak, furosemid, hydroklortiazid och naproxen. Avskiljningsgraden för dessa ämnen var 74–100 %. Generellt sett uppvisade alla fem våtmarker en hög reningseffekt på aktiva läkemedelssubstanser men en något högre reningsgrad observerades i Oxelösund, Nynäshamn och Trosa våtmark. En möjlig förklaring till den höga reningseffekten kan vara våtmarkernas karakteristiska hydraulik, där spillvattendammar växelvis fylls och töms, i jämförelse med våtmarkerna i Eskilstuna och Hässleholm som har ett kontinuerligt flöde av spillvatten. En jämförelse gjordes också med tidigare reningsresultat under vinterförhållanden. Resultaten visade att avskiljningen av samtliga substanser var betydligt högre under de nu studerade sommarförhållandena. / The release of pharmaceutical residues to the environment is a growing problem of global concern. Many studies have reported the negative effects of pharmaceutical residues on fish and other aquatic organisms. This master thesis has assessed five constructed wetlands on their removal efficiency of active pharmaceutical substances. Influent and effluent wastewaters were analyzed for 24 common pharmaceutical substances in constructed wetlands in Eskilstuna, Hässleholm, Nynäshamn, Trosa and Oxelösund. The pharmaceuticals found in highest concentration in the influent were some common anti-inflammatory substances: naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac; a few antihypertensive substances: atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide and metoprolol and the sedative substance, oxazepam. The concentrations varied between 0.7 μg/l and 10 μg/l. For 47% of the substances there was an observed removal efficiency of greater than 80% and for 47% of the substances a removal efficiency of 20–80 % was observed. Diclofenac, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide and naproxen showed the greatest removal efficiencies, 74–100 %. In general, all five constructed wetlands showed high removal efficiencies for most pharmaceutical compounds, with greater removal efficiencies observed in Oxelösund, Nynäshamn and Trosa. The higher removal efficiency in these wetlands is believed to be due to their characteristic hydraulics, where wastewater basins are filled and emptied, whereas the basins in Eskilstuna and Hässleholm have continuous flow of wastewater. A comparison of removal efficiencies was also assessed for summer and winter conditions in Eskilstuna, Nynäshamn, Trosa and Oxelösund wetlands. The observed removal efficiencies were significantly greater during summer conditions.

Bibliography: leaves 127-134. This thesis argues for the expansion of ecotourism in the Adelaide metropolitan Barker Inlet Wetlands, currently used for small scale ecotourism. Through analysing current literature and evaluating a range of ecotourism strategies, it demonstrates that the potential for and offers guidelines for ecotourism in the Barker Inlet Wetlands. Opprtunities for expansion lie primarily in environmental education, with a particular focus on Adelaide secondary schools.

<p>The aim of the study was to investigate if methane emission in a constructed wetland changed in a diurnal pattern correlating to temperature, humidity or light conditions. The gas measurements were carried out with a static chamber technique. The wetland (in Nykvarn outside of Linköping, Sweden) takes care of wastewater to reduce the nitrogen loads. Measurements were carried out at three different occasions in the summer of 1998 on two sites in the wetland. One site was close to the inflow, inhabited by Lemnaceae, and another site was located further downstream inhabited by the emergent macrophyte Typha latifolia. The results showed a variation, but no discernible diurnal pattern. The Typha site had a methane emission rate of 166 mg CH₄ m-2d-1 and the Lemnaceae site had an methane emission rate of 712 mg CH₄ m-2d-1. In all experiments at the Typha site, the highest methane emission rate was obtained at sunrise.</p>