<p>Omvänd skattskyldighet för byggsektorn tillämpas i Sverige sedan den 1:e juli 2007. Tilllämpningen omfattar endast tillhandahållande av tjänster som ur ett allmänt perspektiv bedöms vara byggtjänster. Varuleveranser är uteslutna från tillämpningen. Omvänd skattskyldighet innebär att, istället för att tillhandahållaren av en byggtjänst fakturerar förvärvaren med moms för att sedan redovisa denna till staten, är det numera förvärvaren av byggtjänster som är skattskyldig för moms. Syftet med omvänd skattskyldighet för byggsektorn är att omöjliggöra momsfusk i entreprenadkedjor där oärliga företag, som bland annat ägnar sig åt att ställa ut falska fakturor som underlag för avdragsrätt för ingående moms, är inblandade. Påföljden vid undlåtenhet att tillämpa omvänd skattskyldighet är skattetillägg.</p><p>Utformningen av lagens rekvisit är synnerligen vag. För att omvänd skattskyldighet ska aktualiseras, ska förvärvaren av en byggtjänst vara en sådan förvärvare som själv i sin verksamhet inte endast tillfälligt tillhandahåller byggtjänster eller vara en förvärvare som tillhandahåller förstnämnda förvärvare sådana tjänster. Denna formulering har, i kombination med avsaknaden av praxis på området, resulterat i en avsevärd svårighet att i gränsfallen avgöra om omvänd skattskyldighet ska tillämpas eller inte. Gränsdragningar som är aktuella är bland annat mellan leverans av vara och tillhandahållande av tjänst, mellan byggtjänster och andra tjänster samt mellan att endast tillfälligt tillhandahålla byggtjänster och att mer än tillfälligt göra detta. Därtill kommer bedömningen av hur länge en förvärvare ska anses omfattas av reglerna om denne helt bytt verksamhetsinriktning och inte längre är i byggbranschen. Fråga uppstår också om huruvida det, förvärvare och tillhandahållare emellan, föreligger en upplysnings- respektive undersökningsplikt rörande förvärvarens status. Skatteverket har stor betydelse för utformningen av riktlinjer och för lagens tillämpning, en uppgift som lämpligtvis borde anförtros åt domstolsväsendet.</p><p>Uppsatsen behandlar gränsdragningsproblem som uppstår till följd av rekvisitens utformning. Dessa leder i sin tur till exempelvis ökad administration och felaktigt debiterad moms. Ur rättsäkerhetsaspekt kan påpekas att den enskilde i gränsfallen har mycket liten möjlighet att förutse beskattningskonsekvensen av en transaktion och tenderar därför att tillämpa omvänd skattskyldighet för säkerhets skull, snarare än för att bedömning gjorts att transaktionen faller inom ramen för tillämpningen av omvänd skattskyldighet. Den rättsosäkerhet som gränsdragningsproblemen för med sig, framstår därför som den mest anmärkningsvärda konsekvensen av rekvisitens utformning.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda rättsläget, analysera gränsdragningsproblematiken och att lämna förslag på riktlinjer för vad som kan tänkas vara mer än tillfälliga tillhandahållanden av byggtjänster, för att lättare kunna avgöra om omvänd skattskyldighet ska tillämpas eller inte. Möjliga bedömningsgrunder för att fastställa vad som menas med att inte endast tillfälligt tillhandahålla byggtjänster, anser vi vara regelbundenhet, tjänstens omfattning och tjänstens värde i förhållande till övrig omsättning. Bedömningsgrunderna har sin förankring i Tysklands utformning av reglerna om omvänd skattskyldighet för byggsektorn och i ett av de få uttryck Skatteverket har lämnat för vad som skulle kunna tänkas tjäna som vägledning för vad som ska betraktas som inte endast tillfälligt.</p> / <p>Reverse charge is, since 1 July 2007, applicable in the construction sector. The application comprises the supply of construction services and thus, all delivery of goods is excluded. Only services which, from a general point of view, appear to be construction services fall within the scope of application of reverse charge. Reverse charge mean that the taxable person to whom the supply of services is made is the person liable for Value Added Tax (VAT) instead of the supplier. The purpose of reverse charge is to preclude tax evasion in contractor chains where dishonest contractors supply others with false invoices to serve as a basis for deduction of input VAT. The penalty for not applying reverse charge when obligated is tax fine.</p><p>The wording of the requisite of the law is remarkably vague. In order for reverse charge to be applicable, the taxable person to whom the construction services are supplied must himself, more than temporarily, supply such services or be a taxable person who supplies such services to such taxable person. The unclear wording, in combination with the lack of case law on the subject, has led to considerable difficulty to determine whether to apply reverse charge or not in borderline cases. Establishing boundaries is necessary when determining whether a transaction constitutes sale of goods or supply of services, construction services or other services as well as when determining what constitutes temporarily respectively more than temporarily supplies of construction services. If a taxable person who supplies construction services changes his business and thus ceases to supply such services, an additional assessment on how long after the change of business the taxable person should be considered to supply construction services must be made. The uncertain conditions also raise the question whether there is a mutual obligation between parties to inform each other of their status when supplying and purchasing constructing services. Swedish Tax Authorities have become the leading maker of guidelines for the application of reverse charge in the construction sector. This is a task best left to the courts.</p><p>This paper considers problems which emerge because of the wording of the requisites. In turn, these problems lead to an increased level of administration as well as to wrongly collected VAT. It should be noticed, that from the aspect of legal certainty, the individual has very little ability to foresee the taxation consequences of a transaction. Therefore the individual may tend to apply reverse charge to be on the safe side, rather than because it has been established that the transaction fall within the scope of application of reverse charge. This legal uncertainty is the most notable consequence of the wording of the requisites.</p><p>The aim of this paper is to examine the actual meaning of the law, analyse the problems resulting from the insufficient wording of the requisites, as well as presenting possible guidelines on what should be considered as more than temporarily supplies of construction services. The guidelines aim to facilitate the conclusion on whether or not reverse charge is applicable. Possible grounds of assessment for determining when a taxable person should be considered to more than temporarily supply construction services are regularity, the extent of the construction service, as well as the value of the construction service in comparison to the overall turnover. The grounds of assessment are influenced by the application of reverse charge in German law and by one of the few guiding principles presented by the Swedish Tax Authorities concerning the meaning of the expression more than temporarily.</p>

The waste energy is a very important factor that affects environmental crisis in the world. Buildings have been consuming nearly 40% global energy production, and the building industry has been identified as a sector where substantial savings may occur. In residential buildings, the energy consumption is strongly related to air conditioning systems. In Maceio, the use of passive strategies as natural ventilation seems irrelevant by construction sector. This case results in well, fair, bad or very bad residential apartments in relation to climatic conditions. The apartments located in west quadrant have smaller price than apartments located in east quadrant. It is an attractive factor to the consumer purchase apartments badly adapted to climate. This situation contributes with wild use of air conditioning systems. The use of these equipments results in costs of purchase, operation and maintenance. Not always the accounting oh these values are properly considered in the moment of apartment s acquisition. Facing this context, the present work intends to evaluate the economical impact of air conditioning systems use in residential apartments in Maceio city, Brazil. Emphasize the link between waste energy and financial costs in long term involving this question. By case study, be adopted one methodology that analyze: apartment s energy performance in some variable using the EnergyPlus software; natural ventilation performance in some orientation, by qualitative analysis in water table models; economic analysis based on monthly consumption of energy for different situations simulated, accomplish comparison between energy costs for air conditioning system use and the price of apartments. The analysis have shown the energy costs in long term for all situations simulated represent large portion of integral apartment s value. When the monthly cost is applied in savings account, most situations pay total value of apartments. In all cases, this investment overcome the economy make possible in acquisition of west apartment invest in same circumstances. Results lead to the conclusion that the use of passive strategies of thermal comfort is a very good economics strategy for the consumer, and the purchase of badly adapted apartments is very expensive, above all when be considered the economical impacts for air conditioning systems use in long term. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O desperdício energético é um dos fatores de maior impacto sobre o desequilíbrio ambiental enfrentado pelo planeta. As edificações respondem pelo consumo de aproximadamente 40% da energia gerada no planeta, sendo o setor da construção civil identificado como uma área de grande potencial para combater o desperdício energético. Nas edificações residenciais, o consumo energético está fortemente relacionado aos sistemas mecânicos de controle térmico como os sistemas de ar condicionado, por exemplo. Em Maceió, o Mercado Imobiliário parece não buscar soluções arquitetônicas que se aprofundem no uso de estratégias passivas de conforto térmico, como a ventilação natural, por exemplo. Na referida cidade, é identificada a existência de apartamentos residenciais bem, razoavelmente, mal ou pessimamente orientados frente aos condicionantes climáticos. Os apartamentos voltados para o quadrante oeste (posição poente) possuem preço menor que aqueles voltados para o quadrante leste (posição nascente), sendo esse um atrativo para o consumidor adquirir apartamentos mal adaptados ao clima. Essa situação contribui com o uso desenfreado de aparelhos de ar condicionado. O uso destes equipamentos acarreta em custos de aquisição, operação e manutenção dos mesmos. No entanto, a contabilização destes valores nem sempre é devidamente considerada no momento da aquisição dos bens imóveis. Diante desse contexto, o presente trabalho avalia o impacto econômico decorrente da utilização de aparelhos de ar condicionado em apartamentos residenciais de 02 quartos na cidade de Maceió/AL. Busca enfatizar o elo existente entre o desperdício de energia e o custo financeiro em longo prazo envolvido neste processo. Através de um estudo de caso, adotou-se uma metodologia na qual foram analisados: o desempenho energético dos apartamentos sob diferentes variáveis, utilizando o software EnergyPlus; o comportamento da ventilação natural nos apartamentos de acordo com as diferentes orientações geográficas, através de análises qualitativas utilizando maquetes em Mesa D água; análises econômicas baseadas no consumo médio mensal de energia para as diferentes situações simuladas, realizando comparações entre o custo energético para utilização de ar condicionado e o preço de mercado dos apartamentos. Os resultados demonstraram que os custos energéticos em longo prazo de todas as situações simuladas representam uma grande parcela do valor total do imóvel. Quando o custo mensal é aplicado em caderneta de poupança, a maioria das situações paga, com sobras, o valor total do imóvel. A economia possibilitada pela aquisição do apartamento poente aplicada em caderneta de poupança durante longo prazo é superada, em todos os casos, pela aplicação em iguais condições do custo energético mensal para uso de ar condicionado. Desta forma, conclui-se que a utilização de estratégias passivas de controle térmico representa um grande meio de economia para o consumidor, e que a compra de apartamentos mal adaptados ao clima é extremamente dispendiosa, sobretudo quando considerado o impacto econômico derivado do uso de ar condicionado em longo prazo.

Submitted by GUSTAVO DANTAS FALCIN (gustavofalcin@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-27T19:47:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_v11.3.pdf: 1650132 bytes, checksum: 712ff822b40cf5e3fa6ef0f3380c39d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-02-27T19:48:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_v11.3.pdf: 1650132 bytes, checksum: 712ff822b40cf5e3fa6ef0f3380c39d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T21:18:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_v11.3.pdf: 1650132 bytes, checksum: 712ff822b40cf5e3fa6ef0f3380c39d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07 / A crise do subprime no mercado norte americano em meados de 2008 trouxe grande volatilidade ao mercado de capitais global e se caracterizou por ser dado crédito em excesso a tomadores que não apresentavam garantias reais para estas operações. No entanto, até o surgimento de tal crise, o mercado brasileiro vivia um momento de grande expansão no setor imobiliário, impulsionado pelo bom momento econômico do país e pelos avanços no financiamento à habitação implementados pelos governos recentes, o que motivou diversas empresas do setor de construção civil a optar pela abertura de seu capital na bolsa de valores para financiar novos projetos e dar liquidez aos seus acionistas. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as tomadas de decisão destas companhias pela abertura de capital baseado na teoria de opções reais, comparando os valores obtidos em suas avaliações como empresa pública e o valor da opção de abertura de capital utilizando o modelo binomial para incluir nestes cálculos as possibilidades de diversos cenários futuros de alta ou baixa do valor desta companhia. A Teoria de Opções Reais se demonstrou capaz não somente de realizar uma avaliação dos fluxos de caixa destas companhias mais completa decorrente das probabilidades nela utilizadas, como também nos trouxe que apesar das grandes variações de volatilidade ocorridas no período, as decisões de abertura de capital não se alterariam de forma relevante quando esta volatilidade foi bastante modificada. / The subprime crisis in the North American market in mid-2008 brought great volatility to the global capital market and was characterized by being given too much credit to borrowers who did not present real guarantees for these mortgages. However, until the onset of such crisis, the Brazilian market was experiencing a moment of great expansion in the real estate sector, driven by the good economic moment of the country and by the advances in housing financing implemented by the recent governments, which motivated several companies of construction sector to opt to open their capital in the stock exchange to finance new projects and provide liquidity to its shareholders. The object of this paper is to evaluate the decision making of these companies by the stock option based on the real options theory, comparing the values obtained in their valuations as public companies and the value of the option to open their capital using the binomial model to include in these calculations the chances of several future scenarios of high or low of the value of each company. The Real Options theory has demonstrated that it is not only able to carry out a more complete assessment of these companies cash flows due the probabilities used in it, but also that in spite of the large volatility variations occurring in the period, their decisions would not change significantly when this volatility was significantly modified.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and the role that they play in the economy have been widely studied. SMEs are of particular interest because they are seen as greatly contributing to innovation, economic competitiveness, equity and redistribution, employment creation. Given the positive role that they are seen as playing in the economy, the growth and transformation of small enterprises into medium enterprises is welcomed. It is seen as increasing the benefits of the SMEs to the economy and society in general. The research sought to analyze and draw insights on the growth of enterprises from small to medium size. This issue has been widely studied but as late as 2007, reviewing the state of knowledge about growth in small businesses, Dobbs and Hamilton (2007, p.296) observed that despite the growing volume of applied research, our knowledge base still lacks a body of theory capable of explaining the growth of small businesses. This research therefore responds to this call by Dobbs and Hamilton (2007) for new theoretical perspectives and alternative types of research. It does so by focusing on the practical role that the entrepreneur plays in facilitating or hindering growth. It also responds to this call by using a methodological approach that has not been widely used in this field to date. In addition, not sufficient attention has been paid to the role of the entrepreneur as the dynamic element in the growth and transformation process, neither globally but even less so in the Southern African case in general but even less so in the South African construction setting specifically and in Gauteng in particular. The lack of sufficient attention to the role of the entrepreneur in facilitating or hindering the growth and transformation process is very pronounced in the context of the Southern Africa region. This thesis therefore seeks to address this gap. This thesis takes as its departure, the decisiveness of the entrepreneur in the business system. It places the entrepreneur at the centre of the enterprise and analyses the role that the entrepreneur plays in facilitating or hindering the growth of the enterprise from small to medium size. Freel (2000: p.321) observed that more significantly, the internal dynamics of firm growth have remained something of a 'black box'. Focusing on growth, this research seeks to identify the key drivers of why some firms grow and others do not. It seeks to unravel the "black box" of small enterprise growth in the context of South Africa. In this process, the research sought to focus on the role of the entrepreneur in facilitating or inhibiting growth. The main question that this research sought to answer is: Is the entrepreneur the main driver of small enterprise growth and graduation, and what role does he or she play and how does he or she facilitate the growth and graduation of small into medium enterprises in South Africa? Building on the main and sub research questions the research sought and successfully proved the following Propositions: Proposition One (P 1): The entrepreneur is the key driver of small enterprise growth and graduation in South Africa. Proposition Two (P 11): The entrepreneur is the main inhibitor of small enterprise growth and graduation in non- growth small enterprises in South Africa. Proposition Three (P 111): Macro - economic environmental factors are a key but not the decisive driver for growth and transformation of SMEs. Proposition Four (P 1 V): The growth and competitiveness of the industrial sub sector is a key but not decisive driver of growth and competitiveness of SMEs. This research was undertaken within the framework of qualitative research. It was undertaken in four phases, namely: Phase One: Sector and SME Selection Phase Two: Individual Interview Phase Three: Document Analysis Phase Four: Case Study Development focusing on the role of the Entrepreneur in the Growth Process The data analysis was driven by the model of the drivers of SME growth and transformation already outlined above. It sought to apportion qualitative weightings to key already identified drivers of growth and transformation: macro-economic environment, industry sub sector, access to finance, technology, and BDS and the entrepreneur's motivation and skills. The data analysis delved deeper into the last category of drivers, entrepreneur's motivation and skills. It dissected the role that the entrepreneur's skill played in the overall growth and transformation of the enterprise. The data gathered from the three methods, namely individual interviews, follow up telephonic interviews and the document analysis were analyzed to arrive at the role that the entrepreneur's skills played in the growth and transformation process. Qualitative analysis of the entrepreneur's responses was undertaken to apportion the weighting given to the key drivers of the growth and transformation process. The data analysis also sought to unravel the key constituents of the entrepreneur's skills. It identified what constitutes the entrepreneur's skills that are crucial to the growth and transformation process. Focus was on the technical, managerial or leadership aspects. Findings from the data analysis assist in the conclusions and recommendations. This study was limited to Gauteng province of South Africa. It is hoped that this province will represent the best construction macro-economic environment in South Africa. This study concentrated on the sectors that were selected from the sector selection process. The study interviewed entrepreneurs and enterprises that are exclusively in the selected sector. The study was limited to medium sized enterprises that grew out of small enterprises that were formal - registered, licensed and operating within the framework of the law. The medium enterprises that this study focused on were not subsidiaries of larger conglomerates. This study also did not focus on medium enterprises that were created as medium enterprises and did not grow in size. The study is based on three key assumptions: the growth in employment is a sufficient reflection of the growth process, changes in the structure of the business are a direct result of the growth in employment and what the entrepreneur does directly reflects itself in the growth or lack of growth in the enterprise. This study has the following limitations: the peculiarities of the selected sector construction, growth in employment may not capture the entirety of the growth process and the fact that the study was conducted in the period of the Soccer World Cup 2010 affected the perceptions of the owner managers to be more positive than could have been experienced outside of this unique event. This research has proven through the data gathered, presented and analyzed that the owner manager of the respondent enterprises is the fulcrum upon which all the major decisions in the enterprise revolve. It is the quality of these decisions that drive or hinder the growth process. The owner manager makes the key decisions regarding: - the role and nature of interaction with the government, - the structure of the enterprise and the roles and responsibilities of the staff within the enterprise, - the marketing strategy, - the quality and skill level of the staff, - the role information technology, the nature and type of communication within the enterprise and between the enterprise and its external stakeholders, - the culture of the enterprise, - the interaction between the business and family and, - the management of the book of accounts. It is the cumulative impact of these decisions that the owner manager makes that propel the enterprise to growth. This confirms that the entrepreneur is the main driver of enterprise growth and graduation from small to medium enterprise size through the decisions that he or she makes. This research has also identified that it is not only the decisions that the owner manager makes that matter. It is also the management style that the owner manager adopts that facilitates or hinders growth. The owner manager needs to adopt a participatory management style which empowers the staff, to facilitate enterprise growth and transformation. Based on the data gathered this research has dealt with the issue of the impact of the macroeconomic environment on the growth of the owner managed construction enterprises. Focusing on growth, this research has identified the key drivers of why some owner managed construction enterprises firms grow and others do not. The research has identified the macroeconomic environment as a key driver of the performance of the whole economy. A key element of the construction industry which positively benefitted the enterprises in the period 2002 - 2010 is the construction boom experienced because of the Soccer World Cup 2010. The construction bonanza was based on the ten new stadia to be build or renovated and the accompanying road infrastructure. This played a key factor in the positive growth experience by most of the firms in the industry. The South African economy performed well in the period 1994 - 2008. The good performance of the economy in the period 1994 - 2008, had a positive spillover effect on the construction sector and the enterprises in that sector. This proves that the macroeconomic environment is a key driver of growth and competitiveness. However, starting in 2008, the GEFC set in. The impact of the GEFC on the economy was very severe. The GDP declined dramatically and the inflation rose. This impacted the whole economy. Added to this was the impact of the newly introduced National Credit Act. The National Credit Act made access to credit especially for housing loans more difficult. Despite the combined negative consequences of the GEFC and the National Credit Act, the majority of the respondent enterprises continued to experience growth. One respondent enterprise suffered a dramatic decline in sales and growth in this period. This was more because of the 'wrong' marketing strategy it chose to respond to the overall down turn in the economy. Significantly, when the owner manager adjusted the marketing strategy, sales and growth have begun to pick up again. This proves that a positive macroeconomic environment is crucial as a driver of growth but is not a decisive factor because even when the macroeconomic environment turns negative, growth firms are able to maintain their growth path. So, in conclusion, the macroeconomic environment is a necessary but not sufficient condition for enterprise growth. The above conclusion on the macroeconomic environment is also true of the sector competitiveness and growth's impact on the growth of enterprises in that industrial sub sector. As the economy has grown, so has the construction industry. Within the period 2000 - 2008, the construction industry has also been performing well on the back of the good macro economic performance. As a result the RMB / BER and the FNB / BER Business Confidence Indexes have been on a gradual upward trend. The Respondent Enterprises in this research clearly benefited from this gradual upward trend in the economy in general and the construction industry in particular. The Respondent Enterprises experienced sustained growth in this period as well. This confirms that growth enterprises benefit from a growing and competitive industrial sub sector. However, the industrial sub sector took a negative turn on the back of the GEFC, the National Credit Act and the end of the 2010 Soccer World Cup construction boom in the pperiod 2008-2010. Despite this, the majority of the respondent enterprises continued to enjoy significant growth. This leads to the conclusion that the growth and competitiveness of the industrial sub sector is a key but not decisive driver of growth and competitiveness of SMEs. This research has therefore unraveled the "black box" of owner managed small construction enterprise growth of the South Africa context by analyzing the role of the macroeconomic environment, the growth and competitiveness of the industrial sub sector and the owner manager. In this process the research has focused on the role of the entrepreneur in facilitating or inhibiting growth and highlighted the entrepreneur's centrality to the growth process. Through the use of the case study method this research has been able to address the how and why of construction enterprises growth in Gauteng. This study has added value to the existing body of literature on enterprise growth by delving deeper into many already known factors driving enterprise growth. This research in most of the identified areas has been to analyze deeply and give greater insight into the dynamics of how growth actually happens within the enterprise through the role of the owner manager. Through this process this research has helped in opening Freel (2000)'s 'black box" of enterprise growth with particular reference to the construction sector in Gauteng, South Africa. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the growth and transformation of SMEs globally. But specifically it makes a contribution to the understanding of the growth and transformation of the construction SMEs in Gauteng province of South Africa where there is a dearth of such studies. In a country and province where the issues of increasing black participation in the economy is topical, this study will increase society's understanding of how construction SME growth and transformation can contribute to the realization of this goal. This study assists in creating awareness within society of how entrepreneurship development can play a major role in achieving the goal of equitable distribution of the region's wealth. It contributes to a realization of a society that is supportive of enterprise development and an enterprise culture. The study contributes to the debate of what policy measures can assist in the development of a construction entrepreneurial class. The BEE policies attempt to create an environment which facilitates the growth and graduation of SMEs. This study will assist in informing how these policies can best be shaped. This study contributes to a greater understanding of this phenomenon in the context of the construction sector in South Africa. By focusing on the qualltative approach this study seeks to bring a different angle to the largely quantitative approach which has dominated the study of SME growth thus far. / Business Management / D.B.L.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Idag är konkurser ett problem då många företag försätts i konkurs samt att de bidrar till konsekvenser som påverkar hela samhället. Byggföretag är hårt drabbade och det finns olika tillvägagångssätt, bland annat att genom olika modeller och nyckeltal, för att beräkna konkurser i förväg och ta åtgärder. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att jämföra och analysera fem olika konkursprognostiseringsmodeller och dess nyckeltal i de svenska byggföretagen, för att se om någon eller några modeller är tillämpbara. Syftet med studien är vidare att jämföra våra resultat med resultatet från den litauiska studien och se om vi får ett liknande resultat. Metod: Studien har använt ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt där data har samlats in från årsredovisningar för att sedan tillämpas i fem konkursprognostiseringsmodeller. Vidare har nyckeltalen granskats bland annat utifrån en regressionsanalys. Resultat och slutsats: Ingen av de fem modellerna är tillämpbara i de svenska byggföretagen då ingen av påvisar en tillräckligt hög träffsäkerhet som anses pålitlig. Med hjälp av nyckeltal kan man till hög grad säga hur väl ett företag mår och därför till viss sannolikhet säga huruvida företaget kommer gå i konkurs. / Background: When companies go bankrupt and they contribute to consequences that affect the entire society from different aspect. The construction sector is very affected line of business but there are different approaches for calculating bankruptcies in advance and measuring how well a business is. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze five different bankruptcy prediction models and their financial ratios in Swedish construction sector, to see if any or some models are applicable. Furthermore, the purpose of the study is also to compare our results with the results from the Lithuanian study and see if we get a similar result. Method: The study has used a quantitative approach where data has been collected from the companies’ annual financial reports and then applied in five bankruptcy prediction models. Results and conclusion: None of the five models are applicable in Swedish construction sector, as none of them shows high accuracy which is considered reliable.

The demands from the outside world that companies should take active responsibility for a sustainable society are constantly increasing. Companies are no longer responsible for just generate a good return to their shareholders but also for acting for sustainable development. EU directive with sustainability reporting that came into force in 2014 in member countries was incorporated into Swedish law on 1 December 2016, starting for the 2017 fiscal year. The sustainability report will describe how companies work with environment, human rights, social conditions, and corruption. This concerns all major companies in Sweden who for each of the last two fiscal years meet two of three criteria to have exceeded; SEK 350 million (EUR 40 million) in net sales, average employees with 250 and a total of SEK 175 million (EUR 20 million).Wastbygg is a construction and project development company that builds and develops logistics facilities, commercial real estate and housing. The company is growing steadily and currently has approximately 230 employees. Net sales amount to just over SEK 2 billion. In the coming years, the law will require sustainability accounting.The purpose of the master's thesis is to help Wästbygg carry out an interest dialogue and essentiality analysis, which is the first initial step in a sustainability report according to the international framework GRI. The result will show which sustainability issues stakeholders consider to be most prioritized and addressed by Wastbygg. This will form Wastbygg first sustainability report with the GRI framework.The stakeholder dialogue was conducted in spring 2017 through web-based surveys, personal interviews, and dialogue with prospective building engineer students. In the material analysis it was unanimous that stakeholders felt that the social aspect of health and work environment should be the highest priority issue for Wästbygg. Already today, the issue is a priority as Wästbygg is ISO-certified according to the OHSAS 18001 standard. Other sustainability issues that stakeholders consider should be prioritized by Wastbygg ecological aspects such as phasing out of environmentally and health hazardous building materials and energy-efficient buildings and construction sites as well as the social aspect ethics and anti-corruption. / Kraven från omvärlden om att företag ska ta ett aktivt ansvar för ett hållbart samhälle ökar hela tiden. Företagen ansvarar inte längre bara för att generera en god avkastning till sina aktieägare utan också för att agera för en hållbar utveckling.EU-direktivet som kom 2014 med krav på hållbarhetsredovisning i medlemsländerna införlivades i svensk lag den 1 december 2016 med start för räkenskapsåret 2017. Hållbarhetsredovisningen ska redogöra för hur företag arbetar med miljö, mänskliga rättigheter, sociala förhållanden och motverkande av korruption. Detta berör alla större företag i Sverige som för vart och ett av de två senaste räkenskapsåren uppfyller två av tre kriterier att ha överstigit; 350 miljoner kronor (40 miljoner Euro) i nettoomsättning, medeltalet anställda med 250 och en balansomslutning på 175 miljoner kronor (20 miljoner Euro).Wästbygg är ett entreprenad- och projektutvecklingsbolag som bygger och utvecklar logistikanläggningar, kommersiella fastigheter och bostäder. Företaget växer stadigt och har idag cirka 230 anställda. Nettoomsättningen uppnår till drygt 2 miljarder kronor. Inom de närmaste åren kommer man enligt lagen att behöva hållbarhetsredovisa.Syftet med magisteruppsatsen är att hjälpa Wästbygg att genomföra en intressentdialog och väsentlighetsanalys som är det inledande steget i en hållbarhetsredovisning enligt det internationella ramverket GRI. Resultatet ska visa på vilka hållbarhetsfrågor som intressenterna anser ska högst prioriteras och adresseras av Wästbygg. Detta kommer ligga till grund för Wästbyggs första hållbarhetsredovisning med ramverket GRI.Intressentdialogen genomfördes under våren 2017 genom webbaserad enkät, personliga intervjuer och dialog med blivande byggingenjörsstudenter.I väsentlighetsanalysen framkom det enhälligt att intressenterna anser att sociala aspekten hälsa och arbetsmiljö bör vara den högst prioriterade frågan för Wästbygg. Redan idag är frågan prioriterad då Wästbygg är ISO-certifierade enligt standarden för arbetsmiljö: OHSAS 18001.Andra hållbarhetsfrågor som intressenterna anser bör prioriteras av Wästbygg är de ekologiska aspekterna utfasning av miljö- och hälsofarliga byggnadsmaterial och energieffektiva byggnader och byggarbetsplatser samt sociala aspekten etik och antikorruption.

The diploma thesis Impact of the economic crisis on the construction market and the current trends in the construction sector focuses mainly on the development of the Czech construction market in relation to the economic crisis of 2008-2009, while looking for conjunctions with macroeconomic indicators. It also describes the following period of development of the construction sector with an emphasis on current trends. Exemplifying how this is implemented into practice, the diploma thesis includes a description of the activities of a group of companies called EBM Group.

The construction sector accounts for about one fifth of Sweden's greenhouse gas emissions. It is also the sector that produces the second most waste in Sweden. Today there is an increased need for housing in Sweden, at the same time as the construction sector must reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Usually when renovating a building, construction products are disposed despite having a remaining service of life. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the reuse of construction products can be increased in the construction sector. And to find out how companies in Växjö work with reusing construction products. The work was based on the project Kv. Stommen, the project was about a new preschool in Vikaholm, Växjö. In the project the buyer had requested that some construction products should be reused. The purpose of the study was addressed by using interview methodology and partaking in focus group discussion with Godahåll during their meeting. According to the results there are seven challenges that must be overcome before the reuse of construction products in the construction sector can increase. The representatives from the companies in Växjö, who were interviewed had a positive attitude towards reuse of construction products. One conclusion is that there is an interest in the construction sector to use reused construction products and that it will increase in the future. Another conclusion is that by using reused construction products, the construction sector´s waste volumes can be reduced and contribute to a circular construction.

Diplomová práce se zabývá komplexním zhodnocením aktuální situace podniku XXX s.r.o. První část práce teoreticky obsahuje jednotlivé analýzy, které jsou využity v analytické části. Analytická část práce zhodnocuje externí, sektorové a interní okolí firmy. Dále stručně analyzuje finanční zdraví podniku. Na základě provedených analýz s přihlédnutím na specifika podniku jsou formulována doporučení a opatření vedoucí ke zlepšení současné pozice na trhu.

La industria de la construcción de viviendas en Lima, tiene como principal característica la aplicación de métodos de construcción tradicionales, basados en construcción in situ. Los procesos constructivos implican una serie de actividades de gran complejidad que muchas veces alteran la producción y dificultan el eficiente empleo de los recursos. Por ejemplo, la alta demanda de mano de obra genera un entorno de incertidumbre en los procesos de producción, por una mayor probabilidad a errores que generan pérdidas. En los últimos años se han hecho importantes esfuerzos para optimizar los recursos y mejorar la eficiencia y el desempeño de la construcción convencional a través de metodologías y herramientas como Lean Construction, BIM, Last Planner entre otros; sin embargo, alcanzados sus máximos posibles, no logran incrementar la productividad ni disminuir los efectos adversos de la construcción tradicional en términos reales a través del tiempo. Por ende, este estudio propone la aplicación de los sistemas constructivos prefabricados altamente industrializados en la construcción del casco estructural de viviendas multifamiliares con el objetivo de elevar la productividad a los estándares internacionales. Del estudio se encontró una reducción del 5% en el costo por metro cuadro de construcción y una reducción en el plazo y el costo de la mano de obra del 26% y 61% respectivamente. Se puede concluir que el método de construcción por prefabricados permite incrementar la productividad dado un eficiente empleo de los recursos como la mano de obra, materiales y el tiempo de construcción. / The main characteristic of the housing construction industry in Lima is the application of traditional construction methods, based on on-site construction. Construction processes involve a series of highly complex activities that often alter production and hinder the efficient use of resources. For example, the high demand for labor generates an environment of uncertainty in the production processes, due to a greater probability of errors that generate losses. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to optimize resources and improve the efficiency and performance of conventional construction through methodologies and tools such as Lean Construction, BIM, Last Planner, among others; however, having reached their maximum possible levels, they fail to increase productivity or reduce the adverse effects of traditional construction in real terms over time. Therefore, this study proposes the application of highly industrialized prefabricated construction systems in the construction of the structural hull of multi-family homes with the aim of raising productivity to international standards. The study found a 5% reduction in the cost per square meter of construction and a reduction in the term and cost of labor of 26% and 61%, respectively. It can be concluded that the prefabricated construction method allows increasing productivity due to an efficient use of resources such as labor, materials and construction time. / Tesis