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The master thesis Jan Petránek and his position in media. A biographical study. is describing life and publishing activities of journalist Jan Petránek. Text is dedicated to extensive period of time, from the birth of Petránek in 1931 up to the current year 2016. In each chapter, you can find foreword describing political and social context, which influenced not only Czechoslovakia Radio but the journalist himself. The used key methodology was oral history, conversations with Jan Petránek, research and work with the archived materials from National Archive in Prague and Archive of Czechoslovakia Radio. The biggest emphasis is focused on Petránek's work in Czechoslovakia Radio, he started to work there in 1951 until 1970, when he was fired for his activity in anti-occupation broadcasts in 1968. In the thesis, you can find information about his family, signature of Charta 77, activity in Lidové noviny and in the company Šanson - věc veřejná, established to support self-immolation of Jan Palach. Taking into account, that Jan Petránek until today, 2016, is still external contributor in Czech Radio and often guest in television programs, last chapter is dedicated to his activity after fall of communistic regime in 1989. In the attachments is possible to see wide selection of photos, family letters,...

The diploma thesis analyses news coverage of some of the most important reforms conducted by the Polish conservative government. It focuses on public media services: Czech News Agency and the main news, Události, of the Czech Television, and the time period of years 2015 - 2018. The work consists of two parts. Theoretical part zeroes in on the description of theoretical concepts, general description of mentioned public media services and their foreign news coverage, particular types of agency and TV news. Separate chapter summarizes the differences between the Czech News Agency and the Czech Television, their purpose and news production itself. Another chapter concentrates on Poland - its political system and historical background of the last decades. The current situation in the country since 2015 is also outlined - the results of the last elections, current government and its reforms and intended changes. The reform of justice, reform of media and a plan to almost ban the abortions are described in details. These three reforms are the bases of Author's analysis. The practical part describes in detail results of both quantitative and qualitative methods chosen for this work. It is researched how often the chosen newsrooms were informing about the above mentioned reforms, what priority did they give them,...

Dans un contexte de « mondialisation », les échanges entre cultures différentes favorisent une meilleure compréhension mutuelle entre les peuples du monde. Les correspondants de presse étrangers constituent des acteurs clés dans ce processus de médiation culturelle transnationale. Leur travail journalistique permet en effet à un public national de mieux connaître la culture dans laquelle ces correspondants sont immergés. Et par là contribuer à la compréhension culturelle entre le pays d’origine des correspondants et leur pays d’accueil. Notre recherche s’intéresse aux pratiques journalistiques des correspondants de presse français en Chine. Cet exemple permet de mettre en lumière des logiques de travail et des dispositifs de contrôle qui contraignent, directement ou indirectement, le travail de production de l’information. Nourries de nos enquêtes de terrain et d’approches théoriques, nos analyses permettent de montrer que les journalistes français présents en Chine constituent un microcosme social, à la fois relativement fermé sur lui-même et isolé de la société chinoise. Il s’agit le plus souvent de journalistes professionnels à la fois très diplômés et très expérimentés. Toutefois, en Chine, ils ne peuvent jamais exercer un « journalisme d’immersion » malgré leur présence sur place sur des durées relativement longues. Leur faible maîtrise du chinois opérationnel empêche une bonne partie des journalistes français de communiquer directement avec des Chinois. Ensuite, les conditions de réalisation de reportages subissent souvent des contraintes liées à la politique chinoise de régulation des journalistes étrangers en Chine. Enfin, leur accès aux sources d’information pèse également de manière décisive sur la production de l’information sur place. / In a context of globalisation, cultural exchanges foster and increase a mutual understanding between peoples and cultures, all around the world. Foreign correspondents are key players in the transnational process of cultural mediation. Indeed, their journalistic work helps a national audience to achieve a better understanding of the culture in which these correspondents are immersed, and thereby contributes to cultural understanding between their home country and the host country. Our research focuses on the journalistic practices of French correspondents in China, and highlights the logics of work and the control devices that influence, directly or indirectly, the production of information and, generally speaking, the journalistic practice of foreign correspondents. Based on our field studies and theoretical approaches, our analysis aims at demonstrating that French journalists in China constitute a social microcosm, relatively closed on itself and isolated from the Chinese society. They are often professionals both highly qualified and very experienced. However, they can never really have recourse to the method of "immersion journalism" despite long periods of presence in China. Lots of French journalists cannot directly communicate with the Chinese population, because of their insufficient knowledge of the everyday language. Then their working conditions often face constraints of the Chinese's regulation policy towards foreign journalists. Finally, their limited access to information sources also has a major impact on the process of information production in China.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:14:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61070100599.pdf: 913078 bytes, checksum: 2e1dc4c65b55c3145bbab188f3146ef0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-20T00:00:00Z / Algumas abordagens recentes chamaram a atenção para a importância das empresas mobilizarem sua capacidade produtiva para solucionar problemas das classes menos favorecidas da sociedade. Especificamente para o caso de serviços financeiros, defende-se que a atuação na baixa renda tem implicações positivas na sociedade como um todo, ao promover sua re-inclusão no sistema tradicional. Dentro desse cenário, as iniciativas de microfinanças parecem jogar luz a esse problema ao tentar levar acesso a serviços financeiros para a população de baixa renda. Porém, tais iniciativas ainda parecem não ter demonstrado o seu real potencial, e prova disso é a persistência dos crônicos indicadores de pobreza e de desigualdade social. Isso acontece porque as abordagens atuais de microfinanças apresentam limitações, dentre as quais as tecnológicas são uma das mais importantes. Por outro lado, existe um fenômeno que se manifesta especificamente no Brasil e que se refere ao grande crescimento dos chamados correspondentes bancários (CBs), em que o correspondente, que, na maior parte das vezes, é um varejo, oferta serviços em nome do banco. Alguns estudos relacionam esses dois conceitos, microfinanças e CBs, e propõem o CB como um canal tecnológico para a promoção das microfinanças. Dentro desse cenário, uma pergunta pertinente e ainda pouco explorada na literatura é: como ocorrem a adoção, implementação e uso das tecnologias de correspondentes bancários na oferta de serviços financeiros para a população de baixa renda no Brasil? De posse dessa pergunta de pesquisa, procedeu-se a um estudo de caso em profundidade e o objeto de estudo foi a forma de atuação do Banco Lemon, em especial, por possuir uma extensa rede de CBs, ser baseado exclusivamente em CBs (não tem agências físicas) e estar focado na baixa renda. A partir de uma abordagem que inclui contribuições das escolas do estruturacionismo, do construtuvismo e do contextualismo, foi possível entender como ocorreu o processo de negociação entre dois grupos relevantes, o Banco Lemon e o gestor de redes, que é um intermediário entre o banco e o varejo, na formação da tecnologia que foi adotada, implementada e usada. Os principais achados da pesquisa referem-se ao entendimento de como a tecnologia é usada para prover os serviços que o Banco Lemon quer ofertar e como dois grupos relevantes interagem, negociam e produzem a tecnologia na prática. / Recent approaches highlighted the importance of companies to redirect their productive capacity in order to meet the needs of lower-income people. When it touches financial services, some advocate participating in the lower-income segment has positive impacts on the whole society, since it brings them back to the formal market. In this context, since microfinance initiatives try to deliver financial services to the poor, they seem to throw light on this issue. On the other hand, these initiatives have not yet shown their full potential– persistent chronic poverty and inequity indicators are still at high rates. This may happen because the current microfinance initiatives have limitations, and the technological aspects are among the most important ones. At the same time, another phenomenon that takes place in Brazil is the great growth of the so-called correspondent banking (CB), where the correspondent, most of it retail shops, offer services on behalf of the bank. Some recent studies relate these two concepts–microfinance and CB–, and propose the CB as a technological channel to foster microfinance. In this regard, there is a pertinent but still scarcely developed question in the literature: how do adoption, implementation and use of the correspondent banking technology take place in the supply of financial services to the lowerincome population in Brazil? Taking this research question into account, a deep case study was conducted and its object was Banco Lemon’s way of running businesses, mainly, because it possesses a large CB network, it is based exclusively on CBs–no branches–and it is focused on the lower-income population. Using an approach that included contributions from the body of knowledge of structuralism, constructivism and contextualism, it was possible to understand how was the negotiation held between two relevant groups–Banco Lemon itself and the network integrators, which are intermediaries between Banco Lemon and the retail–in the formation of the adopted, implemented and used technology. Main findings of this research refer to the understanding of how technology is used to provide the services Banco Lemon wants to deliver and how two different relevant groups interact, negotiate and produce the technology in the practice.

Submitted by Alexandro Moreira (alexandro.moreira@gvmail.br) on 2011-07-29T22:17:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira, Alexandro.pdf: 2044119 bytes, checksum: ea8835311f96dff6ab95623b343eb59f (MD5) / Rejected by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br), reason: Você deve protocolar carta do orientador em 01/08 na Secretaria de Registro para uma nova avaliação. on 2011-08-01T12:24:24Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexandro Moreira (alexandro.moreira@gvmail.br) on 2011-08-21T15:18:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira, Alexandro A.pdf: 2066166 bytes, checksum: 59f6f81a56737cb643765f4723edcdc2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-08-22T12:36:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira, Alexandro A.pdf: 2066166 bytes, checksum: 59f6f81a56737cb643765f4723edcdc2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-08-22T12:38:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira, Alexandro A.pdf: 2066166 bytes, checksum: 59f6f81a56737cb643765f4723edcdc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-08-22T13:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira, Alexandro A.pdf: 2066166 bytes, checksum: 59f6f81a56737cb643765f4723edcdc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-07 / Na última década tem-se observado grande interesse no estudo do canal chamado “Correspondente Bancário” como parte do processo de inclusão bancária, ampliação do acesso a crédito e entrega de serviços bancários em comunidades isoladas e/ou carentes do país. Dentre esses estudos podemos depreender a importância do canal para a universalização do acesso a serviços bancários no contexto brasileiro e uma taxonomia dos modelos de operação via “gestores de redes”, empresas voltadas a operacionalização da cadeia de valor que se forma para viabilizar o negócio do correspondente bancário em escala comercial. Considerando os correspondentes bancários como canal de entrega de diversos serviços financeiros ou não, fortemente apoiados no uso de tecnologia da informação, o trabalho teve como principal interesse de pesquisa, expandir o conhecimento a respeito dos arranjos tecnológicos que suportam a operação do canal e dos tipos de serviços ofertados pelas instituições financeiras e gestores de rede, lacuna ainda existente nos estudos sobre o tema. Estes objetivos foram atingidos através da apresentação da tipologia dos arranjos tecnológicos e tipos de serviços atualmente disponíveis no canal de correspondente bancário no contexto brasileiro. Adicionalmente novas classes e tipos de serviços foram definidas e podem ser adicionados ao canal de correspondente bancário. O trabalho utilizou os pressupostos do modelo conceitual multinível estruturacionista que combina moldagem social da tecnologia e contextualismo, incorpora indissociáveis níveis de análise: individual, do grupo e da comunidade local, combinando quatro conceitos fundamentais: a tecnologia-na-prática, a negociação, os grupos sociais relevantes e frames tecnológicos.

Médecins Sans Frontières is one of the most respected humanitarian organisations in the world, they focus mainly on providing medical care in places of emergency and war. These places are also interesting for journalists who can take advantage of the protection on the missions while also acquiring unique stories. Working in conflicted areas under a protection of an organisation is called embedded journalism. This concept has been until now studied in connection with army when journalists travel with soldiers. Therefore, their view of war can be distorted. However, a journalist who travels with Médecins Sans Frontières may also have a distorted view of world. Twelve journalists from around the world, who visited the missions and documented the work of doctors, gave interviews for this diploma thesis. In the interviews, they described their experiences, the advantages and disadvantages of being embedded, and how the organisation may have influenced their work. Several Médecins Sans Frontières workers have also shared their experience. The interviews were put in context by a content analysis that focused on the articles and photographs made on missions by these journalists.

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La monnaie est au coeur des rapports de droit et d’obligation qui se créent dans les transactions des plus simples au plus complexes. Cette prépondérance de la monnaie trouve sa justification dans ses fonctions juridiques et économiques d’instrument de mesure, de réserve de la valeur de biens et services, et également de sa fonction de moyen de paiement. Les flux quotidiens de monnaie révèlent cette importance. Si ces rapports de droit doublés d’une dimension économique sont habituellement confinés dans un cadre géographique étatique, ils suivent aujourd’hui une tendance à l’internationalisation. La circulation de la monnaie suit la même tendance en dépassant le simple cadre des États. Pour assurer le transfert de la monnaie par-delà les frontières, diverses techniques ont pendant longtemps été utilisées. Les premières apparurent dans les foires du Moyen Âge avec l’utilisation des effets de commerce (lettre de change et billet à ordre) et plus tardivement du chèque. Ces premières techniques traditionnelles qui ont la particularité de reposer sur du support papier déclinent et cèdent la place à de nouvelles techniques (virement électronique, carte électronique, porte-monnaie électronique). L’exigence de célérité inhérente à l’activité commerciale a fait ressentir un besoin d’innovation qui s’est traduit par la création de nouvelles techniques de transfert de la monnaie voire d’une nouvelle forme de monnaie : la « monnaie électronique ». Une autre innovation majeure réside dans l’émergence grâce à l’informatique des « systèmes de paiement » qui constituent un nouveau cadre de réalisation des transferts de fonds.L’élément d’extranéité inhérent au caractère international de l’utilisation des nouvelles techniques de transfert de monnaie pose la récurrente problématique des conflits de lois. Si pour les techniques traditionnelles de transferts de fonds, des initiatives d’uniformisation (conventions de Genève relatives à la lettre de change et au chèque) ont permis de résoudre à certains égards cette difficulté, il n’existe pas pour l’heure un cadre légal spécifique régissant l’utilisation internationale des nouvelles techniques de transfert de fonds. Il n’existe non plus à l’échelle internationale, de texte législatif régissant les nouveaux systèmes de transferts de fonds. Face à ce vide législatif, ne convient-il pas de prendre en considération la nature contractuelle des relations qui se nouent grâce à l’informatique dans les systèmes de transferts de fonds et de déterminer une « loi contractuelle » qui aurait vocation à régir les nouvelles techniques de transferts de fonds présentant un caractère international ? Cette thèse se propose à cet effet de démontrer la nature contractuelle des divers rapports qui se nouent dans les systèmes des transferts internationaux de fonds. Une telle qualification contractuelle en amont permet de soutenir en aval l’idée d’une applicabilité d’un régime contractuel aux nouvelles techniques de transferts de fonds. / Legal relations are based essentially on the monetary obligations. The dominant role of money is explained by its legal and economic functions. The daily flow of money transfers attest this importance. If those legal and economic relations are usually located in a limited geographical area, they now follow a movement towards internationalization. The circulation of money also follows the same movement beyond the simple framework of a country. To ensure the funds transfer across borders, various techniques have long time allowed to make international money transfers. Early techniques appeared in fairs of the middle Ages, with the use of commercial paper (bill of exchange or promissory note) and later the check. These traditional instruments which have the characteristic of being based on the paper declined to give way to new techniques. The celerity required by business, has created a need of innovation. It explains the creation of new techniques of money transfer and a new form of currency: the "electronic money”. Another important innovation is the emergence through the computing, "systems" that are a new framework of funds transfers.The foreign element related to international nature of the new techniques of money transfer raises the legal problem of conflict of laws. If for traditional techniques of fund transfer, standardization initiatives (Geneva Conventions on bills of exchange and checks) seem to have solved this problem, there is not presently, any uniform law governing the international use of new techniques of funds transfer. So, is it necessary to consider the nature of contractual relationships which are formed thanks to computing in systems in order to determine a “contract law” able to govern the new techniques of international funds transfers.

Au cours d'une transaction portant sur une acceptation bancaire (ci-après «BA» tel que dénommée dans le jargon juridique) différents types de relations peuvent s'établir entre les parties impliquées, certaines plus directes que d'autres. Dans une transaction donnée, à part le client et la banque, on peut trouver une ou plusieurs banques participantes et un ou plusieurs investisseurs, qui deviennent détenteurs de BA. La situation peut devenir complexe et les relations légales risquent de devenir assez compliquées. Cependant, il est important d'identifier si la relation s'est établie à travers l'instrument de BA, si elle existe par le biais d'une relation contractuelle ordinaire ou encore, si elle existe par le fait de la loi. Une bonne analyse des circonstances entourant la transaction, des facteurs connexes à la transaction et des droits et obligations qui existent entre les parties, sera nécessaire pour déterminer laquelle de la loi provinciale ou fédérale s'appliquera, et dans quelle mesure. Une fois accordée, la BA est gouvernée par la Loi sur les lettres de change. Toutes solutions apportées à un problème qui implique des BA, doivent, en principe, respecter la nature inhérente de la BA en tant qu'effet de commerce, gouverné par la loi fédérale. En matière de BA, c'est, soit la Loi sur les lettres de change soit la Loi sur les lettres et billets de dépôt (Depository Bills and Note Act) qui s'appliqueront à l'acte. Comme il existe des lois fédérales applicables à la BA, l'objet de notre étude est de déterminer si, et dans quelle circonstance la loi de la province, tel que le Code civil du Québec, trouvera application et éclaircira dans certains cas la disposition contenue dans la Loi sur les lettres de change, notamment lorsque les dispositions de ladite loi sont silencieuses ou ambigües. La solution la plus simple serait d'appliquer la loi provinciale aux matières qui ne sont pas traitées dans la loi, étant donné que les lois provinciales apportent souvent un complément à la législation fédérale. Cependant, la Loi sur les lettres de change contient des dispositions spéciales, tel que l'article 9 qui stipule : « 9. Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s'appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi. » Cette disposition a crée une certaine confusion relativement à l'application du droit civil du Québec en matière de Lettres de change. En effet, il existe un doute quant à savoir si l'application de l'article 9 est une incorporation par référence qui exclue totalement l'application du droit civil. Cette question continue de se poser inexorablement dans la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Elle a en effet donné lieu à une série de théories quand au degré d'application de la common law en matière de lettres de change. Une revue de la jurisprudence dominante nous permet de conclure que les tribunaux ont accepté l'application du droit provinciale dans certaines questions impliquant les lettres de change. La question essentielle traitée lors de notre analyse est la suivante: lorsqu'un litige prend naissance dans une transaction de BA, quelle est la règle qui devra s'appliquer? Quel sera le droit qui gouvernera les problèmes émergeant dans une BA, celui du Code Civil du Québec ou celui de la common law d'Angleterre? Étant donne le nombre de cas qui sont portés devant les cours de justice en rapport avec des transactions de BA, comprendre quelle sera la loi applicable est d'une importance fondamentale. Pour répondre à cette question, nous commencerons par un examen de l'historique, du développement et de l'évolution de la BA. Afin de mieux comprendre la BA, nous débuterons par un bref survol des origines de cet instrument juridique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous analyserons la nature et le caractère légal de la BA. Cela constituera le cadre aux travers duquel nous pourrons identifier les règles et les principes qui s'appliquent aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Le chapitre trois fera l'objet d'un examen détaillé des mécanismes de l'opération de BA tout en étudiant de près les exigences imposées par la législation applicable. Après avoir examine l'aspect légal de la BA, nous procéderons au chapitre quatre, à l'étude de l'applicabilité de la loi provinciale relativement à certains aspects de la transaction de BA. A cet effet, nous examinerons les différentes approches de compréhension de la Loi sur les lettres de change et plus particulièrement la problématique rencontrée à l'article 9. Nous étudierons aussi l'application et l'interprétation de cette loi par les tribunaux du Québec au cours du siècle dernier. Les juges et les juristes se sont penchés sur les sens qu'a voulu donner le législateur lorsqu'il a stipulé dans l'article 9 «Le règles de la common law d'Angleterre, y compris en droit commercial, s appliquent aux lettres, billets et chèques dans la mesure de leur compatibilité avec les dispositions expresses de la présente loi ». Cette section doit-elle être appliquée à la lettre, nous obligeant à appliquer la common law d'Angleterre a chaque problème qui peut se poser en relation avec les lettres et les billets? Le Parlement a-t-il l'intention que cette disposition s'applique également au Québec, dont le droit privé est basé sur le système du Code Civil? Notre étude portera sur les différentes approches d'interprétation qui offrent une diversité de solutions au problème posé par l'article 9. Finalement, compte tenu des nouveaux développements législatifs, au chapitre cinq, nous proposons une méthode en vue de déterminer la loi applicable aux différents aspects de la transaction de BA. Notre analyse nous a conduit à adopter la solution proposée par la majorité des juristes, à la différence que notre approche de l'article 9 est basée sur des raisons de politique. Nous avons donc adopté la stricte dichotomie (en tant qu'effet négociable d'une part, et d'une sorte de contrat et de propriété de l'autre) en prenant en compte les difficultés inhérentes à déterminer quand l'un finit et l'autre commence. En conclusion, selon notre opinion, il existe deux solutions. Premièrement, il y a la possibilité que l'article 9 puisse être écarté. Dans ce cas, toutes les matières qui ne sont pas expressément évoquées dans la loi tomberont dans la compétence de la loi provinciale, comme c'est le cas dans d'autres types de législations fédérales. Dans ces situations, le droit civil du Québec joue un rôle supplétif dans les applications d'une loi fédérale au Québec. Deuxièmement, modifier l'article 9 plutôt que d'en écarter son application offre une autre possibilité. Incorporer la large stricte dichotomie dans l'article 9 nous semble être une solution préférable. La disposition pourrait se lire comme suit: « Les règles de la common law d'Angleterre incluant le droit commercial dans la mesure ou elles ne sont pas incompatibles avec les dispositions expresses de la Loi, s’appliquent aux lettres, billets, et chèques au sens stricte. Pour plus de certitude, les lettres et les billets au sens strict, incluent la forme, la délivrance et I’émission des lettres, billets, et chèques.» Ce type de changement se révélera être un pas important dans le but de clarifier la loi et déterminer l'équilibre à trouver entre l'application des lois fédérales et provinciales en matière de BA. / When dealing with a BA transaction several types of relationships may develop, some more direct than others. In any given transaction, aside from the customer and bank, there may be one or more participating banks, investment dealers, or multiple investors, who become holders of the BA. The situation may be complex and the legal relationships may become quite intricate. However, it is important to identify whether the relationship is established through the BA instrument, or whether it exists by ordinary contractual relationship or by operation of law. Proper analysis of the surrounding circumstances, the connecting factors, and the obligations and the rights which exist between the parties, will be necessary in determining whether or not the contractual rules of the provinces, or federal law rules apply, and to what extent. Granted, the BA instrument is clearly governed by the Bills of Exchange Act. Any solution introduced to a problem involving a BA must, in principle, respect the inherent nature of the BA as a negotiable instrument, governed by federal law. In the case of BAs, either the Bills of Exchange Act or the Depository Bills and Notes Act will apply to the instrument. Since there are applicable federal rules to BAs, the purpose of our study is to determine if, and under what circumstances, provincial law, such as the Civil Code of Quebec, would find application with respect to BAs and complement the provisions of the Bills of Exchange Act where the statute is silent or ambiguous. The simple solution would be to apply provincial law to those matters not addressed in the Act, as provincial law typically compliments federal legislation. However, the Bills of Exchange Act contains a peculiar provision, namely section 9, which provides: “9. The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques.” This provision has created confusion as to the appropriate application of Quebec civil law to matters of bills of exchange. Indeed, there is doubt as to whether section 9 is in fact an incorporation by reference that effectively precludes the application of civil law. The problem continues to be a contentious issue in the doctrine and jurisprudence. The "inexorable character" of the problem created by the interpretation of this provision has given rise to a number of diverse theories regarding the extent of the applicability of common law to matters of bills of exchange. As we can clearly conclude from a review of the jurisprudence, the courts, for the most part, have been conciliatory to the application of provincial law in issues involving bills of exchange. The majority of judges express a hesitance to jeopardize the integrity of the provincial law as complimentary law in order to accommodate the idea that Parliament's desire was to enact an extensive and far-reaching law of bills and notes. The position of most doctrinal writers is very much the same. The essential question of our analysis is which rules will govern the issues, which emerge within BAs - the Civil Code of Quebec or the common law of England? From a Canadian perspective, understanding which law is applicable to BAs is of paramount importance, since courts are dealing with an increasing amount of banker's acceptance transactions. To answer this question, we will begin with an examination of the origin and evolution of the banker's acceptance. In Chapter Two, we will also analyze the nature and legal character of the BA. This will establish the framework through which we can identify the rules and principles that apply to the various aspects of the BA transaction. In Chapter Three, we examine the mechanics of the BA operation step-by-step, paying close attention to the requirements imposed by legislation. We look at the laws applicable to the BA and describe the various agreements pertaining to the BA. Having examined the legal nature of the BA as being a negotiable instrument governed by federal law and a contract and moveable pursuant to the Civil Code of Quebec, we will proceed in Chapter Four to consider the applicability of provincial law to aspects of the BA transaction. To this end, we examine different approaches to understanding the Bills of Exchange Act, particularly the problematic section 9, as well as the applicable law as understood in Quebec jurisprudence during the past century. Judges and jurists alike have attempted to understand what was meant when the legislator stated in section 9, "[t]he rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques." Is this section to be interpreted literally, requiring us to apply English common law to every issue that might arise in connection with bills and notes? Does Parliament intend this provision to apply equally to Quebec, whose private law is based on the civil law system? Our study will look to interpretive approaches offering a variety of different solutions to the problem of section 9. Finally, given new legislative developments, in Chapter Five, we offer a proposed method to determine the law applicable to various aspects of the BA transaction. Our analysis has lead us to adopt the result advocated by the majority of jurists, but with the recognition that our approach to section 9 is based on reasons of policy. We have adopted the strict/wide dichotomy, (as a negotiable instrument on the one hand, and as a specie of contract and property on the other hand) realizing the difficulties inherent in determining where one ends and the other begins. Therefore, in our opinion there exist two solutions. Firstly, there is the possibility that section 9 could be repealed. In this case, all matters not expressly dealt with in the Act would fall to be governed by provincial law, as is the case with other federal legislation. In these situations, Quebec civil law takes on a suppletive role in applying a federal law in Quebec. Secondly, there is the possibility of modifying rather than repealing section 9. Incorporating the strict/wide dichotomy into section 9 itself seems to us to be a more preferable solution. The provision could read, "The rules of the common law of England, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, apply to bills, notes and cheques in a strict sense. For greater certainty, bills and notes in a strict sense include the form, issue, negotiation and discharge of bills, notes and cheques." Alternatively, a Law Reform Commission could draft an Act that defines section 9 according to the strict /wide dichotomy. These types of changes would prove to be an important step to clarifying the law, and strike the appropriate balance between the application of federal and provincial law to bankers' acceptances.