Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles. / Selon l’université Johns Hopkins, plus de 600 millions de cas de coronavirus 2019 (COVID - 19) infectés par le SRAS-CoV-2 ont été signalés dans le monde depuis décembre 2019. La COVID-19 a causé une catastrophe énorme dans le monde, tuant plus de six millions de personnes. Il est donc essentiel de trouver des médicaments ou des vaccins efficaces. L'ARN polymérase ARN - dépendante (RdRp) joue un rôle clé dans la réplication du virus SARS-CoV-2. Nous avons constaté que la RdRp du SRAS-CoV-2 présentait 98,1% de similitude avec la RdRp du SRAS-CoV, alors que la similitude génomique de virus n'était que de 80%. Les alignements de séquences des coronavirus ont montré une homologie plus élevée entre les RdRps (60% - 98%) et une homologie plus faible entre les protéines Spike (24% - 77%). Les structures 3D de la RdRp et de la nucléotide transférase (NiRAN) ont été rapidement déterminées par modélisation à partir des structures correspondantes du SRAS. Dans le nouveau coronavirus, trois substitutions apparaissent dans le motif RdRp, ainsi qu'une liaison hydrogène supplémentaire, mais la structure des régions des doigts et du pouce est légèrement modifiée. La structure NiRAN est très conservatrice dans le COV. Les homologies de séquence et de structure entre RdRp et NiRAN sont donc supposées être des cibles médicamenteuses potentielles pour le traitement du COV émergent. La protéase principale (Mpro), également connue sous le nom de protéase 3-chymotrypsine-like (protéase 3CL), joue un rôle important dans le clivage des polyprotéines virales pour former des complexes de réplication fonctionnelle. Mpro est donc une cible pharmaceutique prometteuse pour le traitement de la COVID-19. Grâce à la modélisation moléculaire, à l'amarrage et à la détermination de l'activité protéasique, nous avons trouvé quatre nouveaux inhibiteurs ciblant le Mpro avec une affinité de liaison révélée par la moitié de la concentration maximale inhibitrice (IC50) et des constantes de dissociation (KD). Nos nouveaux inhibiteurs CB-21, CB-25, CP-1 et LC24-20 ont des CI50s de 14,88 µM (IC à 95%: 10,35 µM à 20,48 µM), 22,74 µM (IC à 95%: 13,01 µM à 38,16 µM), 18,54 µM (IC à 95%: 6,54 µM à 36,30 µM) et 32,87 µM (IC à 95%: 18,37 µM à 54,80 µM), respectivement. L'évaluation des interactions a montré que chaque inhibiteur avait des liaisons hydrogène ou des interactions hydrophobes avec des résidus importants, y compris les résidus catalytiques les plus importants: his41 et Cys145. La dose létale à 50% (DL50) des quatre inhibiteurs est beaucoup plus élevée que celle de l'inhibiteur bien connu de la Mpro, GC376, ce qui indique une faible toxicité. Ces quatre inhibiteurs peuvent servir de médicaments potentiels pour d'autres études in vitro et in vivo contre la COVID-19. Dans l'ensemble, pour RdRp et Mpro, nos résultats fournissent des informations utiles pour la recherche et le traitement de la COVID-19. / According to the data from Johns Hopkins University, more than 600 million Coronavirus Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases infected by SARS-CoV-2 has been reported worldwide since December 2019. COVID-19 brought huge disaster to the world with more than 6 million death cases. Therefore, finding efficient drugs or vaccines is of vital importance. RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (RdRp) plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 viral replication. We found that SARS-COV-2 RdRp shares 98.1% of similarity with SARS-CoV RdRp while the genome similarity is only 80%. Sequence alignment of coronaviruses demonstrated higher identity among RdRps (60% – 98%) and lower identity among Spike proteins (24% – 77%). The RdRp and nucleotide-transferase (NiRAN) 3D-structures were quickly determined by modelling starting from the SARS counterpart structures. In COVID-19, three substitutions appeared in RdRp motifs with an additional hydrogen-bonding, but slight structural change shown in the finger and thumb domains. The NiRAN structure is well conserved in CoV. The sequence and structural homology among RdRp and NiRAN thus postulate them as potential drug targets to treat emerging CoVs. Main protease (Mpro), also called 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL protease), plays an essential role in cleaving virus polyproteins for the functional replication complex. Therefore, Mpro is a promising drug target for COVID-19 therapy. Through molecular modelling, docking and a protease activity assay, we found four novel inhibitors targeting Mpro with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and their binding affinities shown by the dissociation constants (KDs). Our new inhibitors CB-21, CB-25, CP-1 and LC24-20 have IC50s at 14.88 µM (95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): 10.35 µM to 20.48 µM), 22.74 µM (95% CI: 13.01 µM to 38.16 µM), 18.54µM (95% CI: 6.54 µM to 36.30 µM) and 32.87µM (95% CI: 18.37 µM to 54.80 µM)), respectively. The evaluation of interactions suggested that each inhibitor has a hydrogen bond or hydrophobic interactions with important residues, including the most essential catalytic residues: His41 and Cys145. All the r inhibitors have a much higher 50% lethal dose (LD50) compared with the wellknown Mpro inhibitor GC376, demonstrating its low toxicity. These four inhibitors can be potential drug candidates for further in vitro and in vivo studies against COVID-19.Overall, targeting RdRp and Mpro, our findings provide useful information for the research and treatment of COVID-19.

I början av 2020 spreds sig coronaviruset globalt i hela världen och länder blev tvingade till att göra en omställning för att stoppa coronavirusets framfart. Resultatet av omställningarna sågs även i Sverige där Folkhälsomyndigheten införde rekommenderade restriktioner för den svenska befolkningen. Även i matbutikerna gick det att se spår av dessa.    I denna studie har matvarubutiker legat i fokus. Syftet med uppsatsen var att följa den process ICA har gått igenom från utbrottet av covid-19 till implementering av verkställande inuti butikerna. Undersökningen bygger på åtta intervjuer med olika områden från ICA gruppen och butiker, men även en observation och analys av textdokument.    Studien visar att ICAs centrala enhet har haft liten påverkan på de beslut som togs ute i butikerna. Anledningen till det är att ICA butiker är enskilda bolag, vilket betyder att ICA handlarna har en beslutsfattarposition över sina egna butiker. Den centrala enhetens roll har därav varit att vägleda ICA handlarna så att de kan ta beslut som kunnat påverka butikerna positivt. De åtgärder som har utförts har varit omfattande och med syftet att minska spridningen av covid-19. Denna uppsats har skrivits i samband med covid-19 och därför har det varit svårt att i denna studie dra slutsatser om hur effekterna av åtgärderna tett sig. Styrkan i denna uppsats att den är utformad under pandemins framfart och gör den relevant för framtida forskning om hur covid-19 påverkat matvaruindustrin. / At the beginning of 2020 a global pandemic spread over the world. To reduce the spread of the coronavirus countries had to implement restrictions for their populations to follow. The Swedish public health authority, Folkhälsomydingheten, did also provide the means in form of recommendations for the Swedish population. Remains of these recommendations are also found in grocery stores.    In this essay the main focus was on the grocery stores. The purpose of the study was to follow the process ICA (a swedish grocery retailer) went through from the first signs of covid-19 to the executives of restrictions in the grocery stores. The study is based on eight interviews with informants from three different parts of the organization. The central unit, owners of the stores and store employees. As a complement an observation and text analysis of documents were also made.     What the study shows is that ICA as an organization is not hierarchical, this means that the central unit can´t make decisions over the stores. Every ICA grocery store is a separate company and the owner has a decision-making position. In the case of covid-19 the central unit has worked as guidance for the store owners while making decisions over implementing restrictions in the store. The restrictions have been extensive but made with the purpose of reducing the spread of the coronavirus. This essay is written in connection with covid-19 and therefore it is difficult in this study to conclude how the effects of the measures appear. The strength of this essay is that it is designed during the pandemic's advance and makes it relevant for future research on how covid-19 has affected the food industry.

Genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av artiklar som berör smittade av covid-19 i Kina och Sverige undersöks det om distanserat lidande kan väcka medlidande hos mottagaren på samma sätt som när det sker nära mottagaren själv. Urvalet är artiklar publicerade i Aftonbladet mellan februari till juni 2020 då viruset spred sig globalt och blev en pandemi. Uppsatsen använder sig av Lilie Chouliaraki’s teori om medlidande och Simon Cottle’s teori om mediers kommunikation i kriser. Den tidigare forskningen som belyses i denna undersökning är studier om hur medias rapportering kan påverka mottagaren. Resultatet av analysen visar att informationen inte är lika detaljerat i den distanserade rapporteringen av covid-19, därmed uppstår inte medlidande i samma utsträckning som i rapporteringen geografiskt nära mottagaren. / This essay examines through a quantitative content analysis of articles whether distant suffering can cause the recipient of the news to feel pity for the sufferers in the same way as when it occurs near the recipient. The selection of articles is published in the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet related to sufferers of covid-19, between February through June 2020 when the virus spread globally and became a pandemic. The essay uses Lilie Chouliaraki's theory of politics of pity and Simon Cottle's theory of media communication in crises. The previous research highlighted in this essay consists of studies on how media reporting in crises can affect the recipient of the news. The results of the study show that the information about the sufferer is not as detailed in the distant reporting of covid-19, therefore pity does not arise to the same extent as in the reporting geographically near the recipient of the news.

Background: In 2020 the world was hit by the Coronavirus pandemic and the WHO issued information on how to diminish global virus spreading. In Sweden new rules and regulations concerned among other social sectors maternity and childbirth care. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe experiences by parents of expecting and giving birth to a child during the Coronavirus pandemic. Method: The study is an interview study. The collection of data consists of ten semi structured interviews with parents who were selected through convenience and snowball selections. A qualitative content analysis with inductive approach were used on analyzing the material. Result: The following four main categories were base for the results; Anxiety during pregnancy and childbirth. Partners feeling of exclusion. Handling of current life situation and Parents feeling of powerlessness. The parents felt concern and experienced powerlessness during the periods of pregnancy and childbirth. The anxiety was enhanced by the fact that there was lack of information on the influence on the fetus and the pregnant woman by the virus disease and by altered official regulationsconcerning to maternity care and childbirth care. Conclusion: A pandemic creates anxiety and feelings of powerlessness which brings the conclusion that the parents need more support and information. Both parents should as much as possible be included in all phases of pregnancy, childbirth, and maternity care even during a pandemic, to minimize psychic disorder. This also increases the possibilities for parental affiliation and equality in parenthood. National guidelines for maternity care and childbirth care need to be created, preparing for upcoming pandemics. Scientific evidence should be at hand before children and parents are separated in health and medicine care. Future research should start from a family orientated perspective in health and medicine care, where the participation of all family members is seen as equally important. / Bakgrund: År 2020 drabbades världen av Coronapandemin och WHO gick ut med information för att minska smittspridningen globalt. I Sverige kom nya riktlinjer och regler vilket påverkade mödrahälsovård och förlossningsvård. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva föräldrars erfarenheter av att vänta och föda barn under Coronapandemin. Metod: Studien är intervjustudie. Datainsamlingen utgjordes av tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med föräldrar vilka valdes ut genom bekvämlighetsurval samt snöbollsurval. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktivt förhållningssätt användes vid analys av materialet. Resultat: Följande fyra huvudkategorier blev grunden till resultatet: Oro under graviditet och barnafödande, Partners utanförskap, Hantering av rådande livssituation och Föräldrars maktlöshet. Föräldrarna upplevde oro och maktlöshet under graviditet och förlossning, oron förstärktes av det faktum att det var brist på information kring virusets påverkan på fostret, den gravida kvinnan och kring ändrade riktlinjer inom både mödrahälsovård och förlossningsvård. Slutsats: En pandemi skapar oro och maktlöshet vilket medför att föräldrarna behöver mer stöd och information. Båda föräldrarna bör i möjligaste mån inkluderas i hela vårdkedjan kring graviditet, förlossning och tiden på BB även under pandemier för att minimera psykisk ohälsa. Det ökar även möjligheter för en god anknytningsprocess och ett jämställt föräldraskap. Nationella riktlinjer för mödrahälsovård och förlossningsvård behöver skapas så att alla är förberedda inför kommande pandemier. Vetenskaplig evidens bör finnas innan barn och föräldrar separeras inom hälso-sjukvården. Framtidens forskning bör utgå från ett familjecentrerat perspektiv inom hälso- och sjukvård, där hela familjens delaktighet är lika betydelsefull.

Bakgrund: Covid-19 är en pågående global pandemi, som orsakats av ett nyupptäckt coronavirus. Ett allvarligt problem under pandemin har varit dålig planering, förberedelse och ledarskap. Detta inkluderar förbiseendet av att säkerställa bland annat skyddsutrustning och materiella resurser. I tidigare studier om sjuksköterskors upplevelser vid infektionsutbrott framkommer det svårigheter och utmaningar såsom negativa känslor, brist på kunskap samt information. Det finns få studier om sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter med Covid-19. Det är därför viktigt att studera sjuksköterskornas upplevelser i Covid-19 pandemin för att underlätta omvårdnadsarbetet samt ta lärdom av upplevda utmaningar och svårigheter inför kommande infektionsutbrott. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att sammanställa sjuksköterskors upplevelser vid omvårdnadsarbete i anslutning till patienter med Covid-19. Metod: Litteraturstudien bygger på kvalitativa artiklar. Databaserna Cinahl och PubMed har använts vid datainsamling. Tolv artiklar valdes ut till litteraturstudiens resultat med hjälp av inklusionskriterier och exklusionskriterier. Samtliga artiklar i resultatet kvalitetsgranskades och resulterade i åtta artiklar med hög kvalitet samt fyra artiklar med medelhög kvalitet. Dataanalysen genomfördes utifrån en innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet identifierades två kategorier; Upplevelser av faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans arbetssätt och Upplevelser av organisatoriska faktorer. I varje kategori identifierades tillhörande subkategorier. Konklusion: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskorna upplevde negativa känslor, utmaningar och svårigheter i samband med omvårdnaden av patienter med Covid-19. För att undvika detta upplevde sjuksköterskorna att de behövde tydliga riktlinjer, tillgång till resurser, stöd, information och kunskap för att erbjuda en säker vård. / Background: Covid-19 is an ongoing global pandemic, caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. A serious problem during the pandemic has been poor planning, preparation and leadership. This includes the oversight of securing protective equipment and material resources. Previous studies of nurses experiences of outbreaks of infection reveal difficulties and challenges such as negative emotions, lack of knowledge and information. There are few studies on nurses experiences of caring for patients with Covid-19. It is therefore important to study the nurses experiences in the Covid-19 pandemic to facilitate the nursing work and learn from perceived challenges and difficulties before future outbreaks of infection. Aim: The purpose of this literature study was to compile nurses experiences of nursing related to patients with Covid-19. Method: The literature study is based on qualitative research. The databases Cinahl and PubMed were used for data collection. Twelve articles were selected for the result of the literature study using inclusion and exclusion criteria. All articles in the result were assessed for quality and resulted in eight high quality articles and four articles of medium quality. The data analysis was performed based on a content analysis. Results: In the results, two categories were identified; Experiences of factors that affect the nurses way of working and Experiences of organizational factors. In each category, associated subcategories were identified. Conclusion: The results showed that the nurses experienced negative emotions, challenges and difficulties in connection with the care of patients with Covid-19. To avoid this, the nurses felt that they needed clear guidelines, access to resources, support, information and knowledge to offer safe care.

Care manager are using different methods to investigate the needs of the elderly. There is a lot of challenges and opportunities with the work as a care manager during crises. This study has deepened into the process to managing eldery care and illuminates its challenges and opportunities during the covid-19 pandemic. The process to managing elderly care is based on meetings with the individual for investigate the needs of the elderly. The results show that the assessment process of the needs of the elderly has had to go through some challenges. The challenges has been about not being able to carry out physical visits at the meeting with the individual, which has led to difficulties in obtaining information for assessment. Furthermore, there were some challenges for many older people who was choosing to withdraw their help from various actors in order to minimize the risks of becoming infected of the virus. This entailed difficulties for the care manager to be able to motivate elderly to receive help, in order to meet the needs of the elderly. Despite its challenges, the covid-19 crisis has also brought opportunities to care managers. The Covid-19 pandemic has provided the opportunity to work home with digital tools and to conduct meetings with the indivdiual by telephone, which has leads to effectivity in their work with investigating the needs of the elderly.

Att arbeta med digital transformation har visat sig vara en nyckelfaktor för företag som lyckatshantera den rådande krisen orsakad av covid-19 väl. Med detta i åtanke ämnade studien attundersöka hur svenska företag anpassat sig digitalt under krisen utifrån studiens valda ramverk.Detta genomfördes för att undersöka hur företagen arbetat med digital transformation undercovid-19 samt för att kartlägga hur svenska företag anpassat sig med hjälp av digitaltransformation under kriser. En kvalitativ enkätundersökning genomfördes med åtta företag.Resultatet visade att tillvägagångssättet de undersökta företagen hade anpassat sig på skiljdesig åt men att samtliga hade genomfört förändringar för till följd av krisen. Ett mönster somidentifierades var att en stor andel av de digitala transformationer som genomförts under covid19 var kopplade till kommunikation, exempelvis genom ökat användande av webbinarium ochdigitala möten. Det kunde även utläsas att företagen i hög grad genomfört sina digitalatransformationer med målsättningen att tillgodose sina kunders behov. Resultatet indikeradeäven att digital transformation hade påskyndats bland svenska företag under covid-19. / Working with digital transformation has proven to be a key factor for companies that havemanaged to deal with the current crisis caused by covid-19 well. With this in mind, the studyintended to investigate how Swedish companies adapted digitally during the crisis based on thestudy's chosen framework. This was carried out to investigate how the companies worked withdigital transformation during covid-19 and to map how Swedish companies adapted with thehelp of digital transformation during crises. A qualitative survey was conducted with eightcompanies. The results revealed that the approach the companies surveyed had adapted todiffered, but that all had implemented changes as a result of the crisis. One pattern that wasidentified was that a large proportion of the digital transformations carried out during covid-19were linked to communication, for example through increased use of webinars and digitalmeetings. It was also noted that the companies have largely implemented their digitaltransformations with the aim of meeting their customers' needs. The results also indicated thatdigital transformation had been accelerated among Swedish companies during covid-19.

Bibliographic note HRUBÝ, Martin. COVID-19 and the Aviation Industry: Economic Impacts and Policy Responses 59p. Master thesis. Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences. Institute of Political Studies. Supervisor Ing. Petr Balcar, M.Sc. Abstract This thesis uses a combination of trend analysis and MACBETH/MABAC multiple criteria decision-making methods to assess the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial health of the aviation industry in 2020. It also examines the efficiency of government measures adopted to mitigate such impact by comparing the results with a hypothetical scenario where no government aid was provided in 2020. The findings show that the novel coronavirus pandemic significantly increased the probability of default across the studied airline sample and had a strong negative impact on profitability. Furthermore, the data indicates that government support improved the overall financial fitness of the studied sample and significantly reduced the probability of bankruptcy while having only a minimal effect on airline profitability. We analyze the mechanisms behind the identified trends and provide explanations that indicate room for improvement in future research. Keywords Aviation, Airlines, COVID-19, Government Support, MABAC, MACBETH, Financial Impacts Range of...

The unexpected COVID-19 pandemic demanded a strong and firm state response in order to curb the unprecedented, multilevel crisis caused by the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The arrival of the virus in the EU in early 2020, including the terrible Italian first-wave outbreak, incited the primacy of health and life over any other right or freedom. Although understandable, this scenario raised concerns over the possibility of instrumentalization of the pandemic by the populist governments, given the affinity between the rise of populism discourse and practices in the event, or narrative, of crisis. With consideration of the conditions of the rule of law in the European Union, the quasi-autocracies of Poland and Hungary become interesting research objects. The present work describes these countries' measures and analyses their legality and compliance to the rule of law, together with considerations to the impact of said measures upon these countries' democratic institutions. Furthermore, the same operation will be performed for the Italian scenario, which leads to a comparison to be made between the three countries' pandemic managements, and, ultimately, a comparison between the Central-Eastern European populism and Western European populism. Due to the novelty of the subject, there is a lack of work on the...

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor har ett ansvar att utveckla och bevara sin kunskap för att tillsammans med samhället främja allmänhetens hälsa. Genom upplevelser i sin yrkesroll erhåller sjuksköterskan kunskaper som utvecklar sjuksköterskans erfarenhet. Under december 2019 upptäcks ett nytt virus i coronavirusfamiljen som tog fart och spreds över världen och fick namnet SARS-CoV-2, även kallat COVID-19. I mars 2020 förklaras COVID-19 som en pandemi av WHO. Syftet: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att arbeta med patienter smittade med COVID-19.Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på tio kvalitativa studier.Huvudresultat: Utifrån studiens syfte framkom tre teman ur artiklarnas resultat. Bristen på kunskap och information var påfrestande och påverkade deras möjlighet till vårdande negativt. Sjuksköterskor fick byta arbetsplats för att arbeta med ett virus de inte hade kunskap om och arbeta i okänd skyddsutrustning de inte var van vid. Skyddsutrustningen upplevdes som obekväm och orsakade fysiska symtom. Stödet och lärandet utav kollegor benämns som en viktig del i arbetet under pandemin där samarbete var i fokus. Arbetet under pandemin medförde att sjuksköterskor fick ny kunskap vilket upplevdes som en positiv erfarenhet. Slutsats: Genom att förse sjuksköterskor med relevant information och kunskap i krissituationer ges möjlighet till en förbättrad vård och en bättre arbetsmiljö. Kollegialt lärande kan ses som ett effektivt sätt att lära, erfarenheter utbyts och ny kunskap erhålls. / Background: Nurses have a responsibility to extend and maintain their knowledge to together with society promote the wellbeing of the public. Through situations within their role nurses obtain knowledge which further develops a nurses experience. During December 2019 a new virus was discovered in the coronafamily which spread worldwide and gained the name of SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19. In Mars 2020 COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by WHO.Purpose: To describe the experiences of nurses working with COVID-19 positive patients.Method: A descriptive literature study based on ten qualitative studies. Key findings: Based on the purpose of the study three themes emerged from the articles. Lack of knowledge and information was frustrating and had a negative impact on their ability to provide adequate care. Nurses were forced to change workplace to work with a virus they had no knowledge of and work in PPE they were unfamiliar with. The PPE caused discomfort and physical symptoms. The support of their colleagues and shared knowledge was mentioned as an important part of working through the pandemic where teamwork was considered main priority. Working through the pandemic resulted in newfound knowledge which was viewed as a positive experience by nurses.Conclusion: By providing them with relevant information and resources during a crisis nurses are given the opportunity to provide better care and experience a more positive workenvironment. Collegial learning can be viewed as a effective way to learn, experiences are shared and new knowledge is found and obtained.