Modern tourists travel in new ways. The rising class of so-called “Creative tourists” prefer to explore everyday life instead of simply ticking off a list of sights to see. However, travel guides all currently represent places as simply a collection of sights. At the same time, public geotagged social media data is opening a new world of ways to investigate another place. In this thesis, I describe efforts to bring these trends together, by developing neighborhood guides for travelers, based on social media. I first investigate why people geotag and where this public geotagged data comes from. Then, after developing a model of what tourists want through a series of interviews and surveys, I develop a prototype social-media-based neighborhood guide for travelers. By an iterative user study and quantitative investigation into photo sources, I find that this data can give users an ideal glimpse into a new city. Implications are widespread: I show not only how social media can be used to help people travel, but also develop a perspective on what social media tells, and does not tell, about cities and neighborhoods. I show that social media provides an idealized qualitative image into a city, while perhaps not reflecting the objective, quantitative reality. This matches tourists’ needs ideally, providing an exciting new opportunity for a new generation of tourism tools.

Encouraging local people to participate in tourism planning and management can enhance local sustainable development because the host community plays a major role in the future direction of tourism (Murphy, 1985 and Mowforth and Munt, 1998). However, tourism sites in developing countries have limitations in terms of local participatory actions (Tosun, 2000). From the 1990s onwards, creative tourism has increased in popularity in many places around the world. This is thought to be due to its generation of profits that can be used to develop and preserve communities and provide a motivation for local participation. Previous studies have indicated creative tourism is one appropriate solution for challenges in cultural tourism because it can respond to the needs of cultural-based tourism sites to revive and differentiate themselves and provide for active tourists’ needs. There have only been a few studies that have explored the links between sustainable development and creative tourism (Solène, 2011; and Vide 2013). No study has yet linked community-based management with creative tourism. In this study, grounded theory was applied to provide an intensive explanation of the phenomenon and to produce a framework to assist with sustainable development in a community that has value in terms of local wisdom and culture in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. It presents the factors and processes of community-based creative tourism management which can encourage a higher level of local participatory action and lead to local sustainable development. It is the result of collaboration among local stakeholders, residents and tourism networks and was produced to create a sustainable process of community-based development and management of creative tourism activities that provide valuable knowledge and skills for tourists while developing and preserving the community. The research results can add to previous literature with a new theoretical perspective into community-based creative tourism management in rural areas.

abstract: This study develops a Creative MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions/conferences and Exhibitions) Tourism Destination Branding Model (CMDBM), and argues for co-creation and synergies between MICE and heritage resources in a popular business destination. MICE tourism can be enhanced through co-created offerings by adding innovative value to MICE tourism experiences. The proposed CMDBM framework aims to help determine how a destination can develop a co-created MICE brand through collaboration with key stakeholders to better meet potential MICE travelers’ other touristic interests and cultural values. The research project was undertaken in collaboration with the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA), New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, and several heritage institutions in New Orleans. The study adopts both qualitative and quantitative research designs to explore the destination brand strategy. The qualitative data were acquired through interviews with relevant stakeholders to analyze the use of destination branding strategies and understand existing and potential synergies with heritage institutions. The quantitative portion measures MICE attendees’ perceptions of the co-created value of enhancing MICE destinations with cultural heritage appeal. NRPA Conference attendees’ responses provide a practical understanding for stakeholders. This research provides both practical and theoretical insights for the tourism industry for destination communities, and has salient conceptual and theoretical implications for the academy. The study confirms that MICE tourism, collaborating with cultural heritage assets, can enrich MICE travelers’ travel experiences. The destination brand strategy was identified with supportive cultural heritage resources and an appropriate destination brand framework of MICE tourism was proposed. As confirmed by MICE attendees’ evaluations from the case study, it extends the literature on destination brand, destination brand awareness, destination brand experience, destination brand personality, and destination brand equity. The empirical exploration of MICE destination branding has been handicapped in existing literature by a lack of conceptual marketing perspectives. This work will lend credence to the important aspect of business destination marketing and stresses building synergy and adding value to MICE tourism experiences. As destination marketing programs become competitive, especially in the context of equitable distribution of monetary benefits across different stakeholders, creating synergies become crucial in the destination. A co-created brand strategy can help make destinations more competitive. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Community Resources and Development 2019

The three founding fields of sustainability, social equity, economic development and environmentalprotection, strive for opposing goals. The differences of these disciplines are often likely tolead to compromised solutions between their actors, than to any type of holistic sustainable outcome.This reality transcends to the debate of sustainability in tourism. Responses to mass tourism gave wayto forms of tourism such as alternative and sustainable tourism. The latter type of tourism was criticizedfor asking for an unachievable balance between three opposing disciplines.The question at stake asks if creative tourism could be used by actors in local tourism schemesin order to resolve the conflicts between the three goals of sustainability. Given the nature of creativetourism, the latter concept could resolve the conflicts of sustainable development because it wouldhelp to establish beneficial links between the different goals and resources of the actors involved insustainability and in tourism. Creative tourism enables such complementation because it promotes thetourists’ active participation in their destinations’ development schemes and it enables communities tovalorize their local space in creative and complementing ways that preserve their cultural and naturalintegrity. Actors in sustainability and tourism thus avoid the need for compromised outcomes and aremore likely to head towards sustainable development. It is also claimed that a framework combiningthe two sets of theory can be built as theory unfolds.Through qualitative research on the case study of Sólheimar eco-village in Iceland, it is revealedthat creative tourism rather contributes to strengthen existing complementation between goals in sustainability.The overall results establish that creative tourism can be used as a tool to find a way tocreate stronger and more meaningful links between goals in sustainable development. A final frameworkcoupling the two sets of theory is presented.The findings shed light on a few points. Firstly, the focus of actors involved in sustainable developmentshould be on complementing each others’ goals rather than compromising. Sustainability isfound in the interactions between its actors. Conceptualizing sustainability as a form of interactionmakes the concept more accessible to local actors. Moreover, tourists have a responsibility in theprocess of local development when they become participants. It will be the community’s decision howit wants to promote its essence, to what extent it wants to open up to tourists and what role it is willingto let these play in its local development. Further research needs to consider the challenges in sustainabilityand tourism left unelaborated in this work.

Dėl intensyvios žmonių migracijos per pastarąjį šimtmetį išaugę miestai virto naujų kultūrų formavimosi židiniais, tuo tarpu kaimo regionai ištuštėjo, suiro vietos bendruomenės, nunyko lokalinė kultūra. XXI a. ypatingą reikšmę įgyja kūrybiškumas ir juo pagrįstos kūrybinės ekonomikos vystymas, kuris šiandien dažnai laikomas pagrindine miestų plėtros bei kaimo regionų atsikūrimo jėga. Magistro darbo objektas – su vieta susijusios kūrybinės veiklos. Tikslas – išsiaiškinti su vieta susijusių kūrybinių veiklų svarbą regionų regeneracijai bei ekonominiam vystymuisi ir pagrįsti tai Varėnos rajono atvejo studija. Teorinėse dalyse pristatoma vietos samprata, žmogaus santykis su vieta, vietos tapatybės, įvaizdžio formavimo(si) ir prekės ženklo kūrimo procesai, lyginamas miesto ir kaimo regiono kūrybinis pajėgumas, identifikuojama su vieta susijusių kūrybinių veiklų įvairovė, vertinama jų nauda visapusiškam regiono atsinaujinimui bei plėtrai. Empirinėje darbo dalyje pateikiama Varėnos rajono atvejo studija, atlikta remiantis humanistinei geografijai būdinga į žmogų nukreipta tyrimų strategija ir žvilgsnio iš trijų studijų figūrų – vietinio gyventojo, lankytojo ir tyrėjo – perspektyvos metodologija. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, jog kaimo regionams būdingas ypatingai glaudus žmogaus ryšys su gamta, išsaugota autentiška lokalinė kultūra, gausūs teritoriniai ir rekreaciniai ištekliai, todėl šiandien daugiausia dėl migracijos nunykę kaimo regionai yra potencialios kūrybinės ekonomikos vystymo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Due to the intense migration, expanding cities have become hubs for the formation of new cultures while rural regions have been suffering the loss of human resources, decline of local communities and culture. The 21st century, on the other hand, can be called the age of creative economy, based on seemingly inexhaustible resource – creativity, which today is often considered and invoked as the main driving force for both urban development and the regeneration of peripheral areas. This Master’s thesis is dedicated especially to rural areas and their regeneration through the application of creativity and development of related to the site creative activities. Theoretical parts of this thesis focus on the concept of relation between the people and the place (or site), identity, image and brand of the place, creative capacity and various creative activities are examined as important elements for the overall renewal of the rural region. In the empirical part of this thesis the case study of Varėna district is presented. The investigation is based on humanistic people-centred research strategy and a specific methodology by which the research object and the field are examined from the perspective of three discursive figures – a local inhabitant, a visitor and a researcher. This study leads to the conclusion that rural regions can be characterised by a very close relation between people and nature, preserved authentic local culture, rich territorial and recreational resources... [to full text]

The Nordic glass industry has its roots in 1742 in Glasriket (Kingdom of Crystals) in Småland county, Sweden, also known as the pioneer of the glass industry in the Nordic countries. The glass industry has faced many sustainability challenges, particularly related to the environmental pollution caused by the glass industry due to chemicals used in the glass manufacturing process that have leached into the surrounding environment, such as water and soil. On the other hand, glass tourism can be approached better way through creative tourism, which has potential from a sustainability perspective, as creativity is a source of sustainability and innovation.However, creative tourism is a relatively new form of tourism, and there are gaps in understanding creative tourism offerings. This research aims to gain a deeper understanding of creative tourists' motivations and tourists’ gaze through semi-structured interviews with nine creative tourists (demand side) and, on the other hand, also about sustainability for two glass studios in Finland and two glass studios in Sweden (supply side) as well as creative tourists. The study’s theoretical framework is based on the social psychological model of tourism developed by Iso-Ahola (1982) and tourists gaze by Urry (1990). In the narrative analysis of the data collected, this thesis will help highlight the tourists' motivations and gaze. Moreover, to understand sustainability, this study brings an understanding of other values that support glass tourism, such as social, cultural, and economical.

The Swedish Island of Gotland is well-known for being prosperous in cultural  and natural values, as well as for its attractiveness as a touristic destination that draws local and international visitors to its myriad of cultural activities, offerings and establishments. For those reasons, Region Gotland has created comprehensive plans aimed at achieving goals related to exalting the image of the island as place for sustainable tourism and the promotion of culture. However, it is important to identify possible problematics that may arise during the implementation of such plans, and additionally it is important to compare and analyze the directives of the Region against what cultural actors and artists perceive in their day-to-day activities. Therefore, based on the existing literature, the collected data, and the identified themes in this research, a model that seeks to incorporate concepts related to the Promotion of Culture, Culturally Sustainable Enterprises and Cultural Tourism will be presented as a solution to tackle the problems and issues that cultural destinations such as Gotland might face.

隨著全球化的發展，不論有形的資源、商品或者無形之文化、智慧資本產生劇烈的流動，使的原本受限於地理因素的時間與空間而形成的差異性逐漸降低，而過去因為差異而具有的優勢也因此而失去競爭力。因此，勢必在全球化變動與在地性發展之間再次尋求平衡，將世界關係緊密的特性轉化為助益地方發展之要素。 而「terroir」（風土條件）一詞係源於法國紅酒產製條件及其所衍生出的人文風情，涵括了從土地、氣候、技術、經驗與管理、至工藝與文化等形成階段，其亦可視為由自然資源、智慧資本（人力資源、關係資本與結構資本）、社會資本與文化資本等之組成。 其中，對於最根本之土地、生態等自然條件，其係源自於大自然（而非人為）而具有強烈的在地特質，使的因其所發展出的技術、經驗、藝匠、生活風格等人文風情同樣地擁有濃厚的在地色彩，共同產生屬於之地方之風土條件。地方透過地方居民、社群集體性且長期地經營與創造力投入，將使地方文化隨著時間的演進而持續擁有魅力。因此，藉由社區營造將地方發展為觀光城鄉，並將那份屬於社區或地方之認同感（社區感或地方感）作為發展觀光事業對內的動員力以及對外的吸引力。 由下而上地由地方發起進行風土資源盤點與整備，將風土資本之自然地理與人文社會特質藉由學習、體驗等見學活動，將以地方居民最原始的生活風貌呈現並使地方社群與到訪者近距離互動之形式發展「創意觀光」。此外，地方以風土特色吸引外地到訪者，另一方面也透過觀光使風土條件透資本轉化帶動地方經濟，並讓地方之人文風情藉由外地到訪者的參與，由文化學習與創意體驗中瞭解地方之風土，並藉此使風土間接地傳承、與宣揚而永續發展。

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Tourism is a social phenomenon, complex and diversified so much that, due to its scope, today is not only idealized as a leisure activity, but also allows the insertion of new ways of analyzing it, mobilizing people for a variety of reasons, for the destinations. The understanding that it is based on a complex, integrated and dynamic system is necessary to reflect new possibilities in the management, where an interaction not only in the economic but also in the social, cultural and environmental spheres, strengthen the actions of tourism public policies . In this sense, the development of this research aimed, in general terms, to analyze the development model proposed by Community Based Tourism (TBC) in the traditional communities of the Sergipano South Coast, taking into account the municipalities that are part of the Costa Coconut trees, namely: Itaporanga D'Ajuda, Estância, Santa Luzia do Itanhy and Indiaroba. The research is qualitative, based on the phenomenological method, supported by Morin's Theory of Complexity (1985). In order to fulfill the specific objectives, different methodological procedures were used, prioritizing the interview with the various local social actors, the participant direct observation and the photographic record for the data collection and the analysis of the discourse for the critic, through the categorization of data which relate to Creative Tourism and the Creative Economy. The negative impacts of the lack of control of the occupation of the spaces, the territorial (dis) ordering caused by the construction of real estate developments (Second Residence), the increase in real estate speculation and urban violence in these areas show some consequence of the conflicts generated by occupations and the lack of efficient public policies. It is necessary to ensure that the implementation of municipal public policies will involve local social actors (and not only public and private actors), a collective construction and as such, a new look at participatory planning. Socio-spatial changes arising from actions, mainly of PRODETUR (used as federal and state public policy) should be minimized through efficient participatory planning. It was also observed the creation of territories of power, reflected in the imposition of entrepreneurs from outside the localities, of underemployment generated and the non-employability of young people in the so-called "employment and income generation" promoted by tourism. Therefore, building this new model of management from the TBC, is to build a reference model for local tourism development, getting as close as possible to the premises of local sustainability, taking care of the collective spaces, the place and consequently, a tourist territory capable of promoting social inclusion of quality and minimizing the punctuated impacts. / O turismo é um fenômeno social, complexo e diversificado tanto que, devido a sua abrangência, hoje não se idealiza apenas como atividade de lazer, mas também permite a inserção de novas formas de analisá-lo, mobilizando pessoas pelos mais variados motivos, para os mais diversos destinos. A compreensão de que ele se baseia em um sistema complexo, integrado e dinâmico é necessário para refletir novas possibilidades na gestão, onde uma interação não só no âmbito econômico, mas também no social, cultural e ambiental, fortalecem as ações das políticas públicas de turismo. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa visou, em termos gerais, analisar o modelo de desenvolvimento proposto pelo Turismo de Base Comunitária (TBC) junto às comunidades tradicionais do Litoral Sul Sergipano, levando-se em consideração os municípios que fazem parte do Polo Costa dos Coqueirais, a saber: Itaporanga D‟Ajuda, Estância, Santa Luzia do Itanhy e Indiaroba. A pesquisa é de caráter qualitativo, baseado no método fenomenológico, amparado na Teoria da Complexidade de Morin (1985). Para cumprimento dos objetivos específicos, utilizaram-se diferentes procedimentos metodológicos, priorizando a entrevista com os diversos atores sociais locais, a observação direta participante e do registro fotográfico para coleta dos dados e a análise do discurso para a crítica, por meio da categorização de dados que se relacionam com o Turismo Criativo e a Economia Criativa. Os impactos negativos advindos pela falta de controle da ocupação dos espaços, o (des) ordenamento territoriais causados pelas construções de empreendimentos imobiliários (Segunda Residência), o aumento da especulação imobiliária e da violência urbana nessas áreas, mostram algumas consequência dos conflitos gerados por ocupações desordenadas e pela falta de políticas públicas eficientes. É preciso atentar para que a efetivação de políticas públicas municipais tenham na participação dos atores sociais locais (e não só atores públicos e privados), uma construção coletiva e como tal, um novo olhar para o planejamento participativo. Mudanças socioespaciais advindas de ações, principalmente, do PRODETUR (utilizado como política pública federal e estadual) devem ser minimizadas a partir de um planejamento participativo eficiente. Observou-se também, a criação de territórios de poder, refletidos na imposição de empreendedores de fora das localidades, de subempregos gerados e da não empregabilidade dos jovens na chamada “geração de emprego e renda” promovida pelo turismo. Portanto, construir esse novo modelo de gestão a partir do TBC, é construir um modelo de referência para o desenvolvimento turístico local, chegando-se o mais perto possível das premissas da sustentabilidade local, cuidando dos espaços coletivos, do lugar e consequentemente, fazendo emergir um território turístico passível de fomentar inclusão social de qualidade e minimizando os impactos pontuados. / São Cristóvão, SE