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This qualitative study focused the experiences of a white educator who spent twelve months working with a group of 8-12 African American adolescent girls at a community center in an urban community. Data collection methods included fieldnotes, interviews, questionnaires, photographs, participant's journals, and other artifacts. The study focused on the use of performance activities to stimulate critical reflection about issues that were generated from the daily experiences of the girls involved. Performance activities were based on the work of Augusto Boal in liberatory theatre and the notions of Maxine Greene about opening critical space through the arts. Activities engaged in during the twice weekly sessions included drama, poetry writing and reading, singing, and visual arts. The purpose of these activities was to stimulate the girls' development of critical literacy, a concept that may be defined as reading the written text and reading the sociocultural dimensions of society for the purpose of transforming society toward greater justice and equity. The researcher examined her own developing critical literacy, as well, throughout the study, particularly as it relates to issues of race and white supremacy. While the development of critical literacy is something that is a lifelong project, not something to be achieved in one year of work, analysis of data reveals many times when the girls were able to identify conditions in their experiences that worked against them. They were able to consider possible ways of changing negative situations in their lives. Working together as a group enabled the girls to pool their ideas and to learn from one another. They were also able to experience how powerful collective action can be. Comments by the girls in interviews, journals, and questionnaires showed that they believed that their understanding of issues important to their lives had changed as a result of participation in the group. The things learned as a result of this study are useful for understanding how to work with adolescent African American girls in urban communities, as well as how to prepare teachers to work in such communities. / Ph. D.

I dagens samhälle matas barn med texter i olika format, både i skolan och på fritiden. Det är därför betydelsefullt att lärare i grundskolan blir medvetna om hur de kan lära elever att skapa ett kritiskt förhållningssätt, critical literacy, med utgångspunkt i elevnära texter. Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur verksamma lärare i grundskolan förhåller sig till begreppen critical literacy och elevnära texter. Fem lärare har deltagit i en intervjustudie och med hjälp av följande frågor har syftet besvarats: - Hur uppfattar lärarna critical literacy? - Hur uppfattar lärarna elevnära texter? - Vilka elevnära texter använder sig lärarna av i undervisningen? - Hur arbetar lärarna med critical literacy med utgångspunkt i elevnära texter? Resultatet visar att både critical literacy och elevnära texter är begrepp som är svåra att definiera och kan tolkas på olika sätt, därför blev svaren varierande. Men det ansågs viktigt att ge elever critical literacy, kritiskt förhållningssätt, både mot elevnära texter men även mot exempelvis läromedelstexter. / In today's society, children are fed with texts in different formats, both in school and at leisure. It is therefore important that teachers in primary school become aware of how they can teach students to create a critical attitude, critical literacy based on student related texts. The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge of how primary school teachers relate to the concepts critical literacy and student-related texts. Five teachers have participated in an interview study and with the help of the following questions the purpose has been answered: - How do the teachers perceive critical literacy? - How do the teachers perceive to student - related texts? - Which student texts do the teachers use in the classroom? - How do teachers work with critical literacy based on student-related texts? The result shows that both critical literacy and student-related texts are hard-defined and interpreted in separate ways and therefore the answers were varied. However, it was considered that it is important to give the students critical literacy, critical attitude, both towards student-oriented texts, but also against, for example, teaching material texts.

Det finns gott om skönlitteratur skriven för barn med en pedagogisk utgångspunkt vars avsikt är att utmana traditionella könsmönster. Det förekommer dock fåtal studier på hur barn faktiskt uppfattar denna normkritiska litteratur, vilket är av vikt för litteraturens användning som didaktiskt redskap i undervisning. Eftersom skönlitteratur utgör en stor del av arbetet i förskoleklass ämnar denna studie att undersöka hur elevers uppfattningar av genus kan synliggöras genom critical literacy-inspirerat sagoarbete i förskoleklass. Den normkritiska sagan Rödluvan (Jansson & Jensfelt, 2018) är den skönlitteratur som utgör grunden för undersökningen och därav har följande frågeställningar formulerats: Hur benämner eleverna karaktärernas genus i Rödluvan (Jansson & Jensfelt, 2018)? Hur skiljer sig elevernas sätt att benämna karaktärernas genus åt, beroende på om de deltagit i ett gemensamt samtal om texten eller inte? Studien är kvalitativ och datainsamlingen är gjord genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med 20 elever i förskoleklass. Analysen av materialet är baserad på genusteori samt begreppet didaktisk potential, i enlighet med Alkestrands (2017) definition. Slutsatserna som kan dras utifrån studiens resultat är att de deltagande eleverna haft svårt att uppfatta sagokaraktärernas genus så som det beskrivs i sagan om karaktären i fråga porträtterats på ett normkritiskt sätt. Det kan utifrån studiens resultat också konstateras att det förekommer en påtaglig skillnad vad gäller elevernas sätt att uppfatta de normkritiska karaktärernas genus beroende på om de deltagit i ett gemensamt samtal om texten eller inte. / There is plenty of fiction written for children with an educational starting point whose intention is to challenge traditional gender patterns. However, there are few studies on how children actually perceive this norm-critical fiction, which is important for the use of literature as a didactic tool in teaching. As fiction forms a large part of the work in preschool class, this study aims to explore how student perceptions of gender can be made visible through critical literacy-inspired preschool work. The norm-critical fairy tale Rödluvan (Jansson & Jensfelt, 2018) is the fiction that forms the basis of the study and the following issues have been formulated: • How do the students name the characters' gender in Rödluvan (Jansson & Jensfelt, 2018)? • How do the students' ways of naming the characters gender differ, depending on whether they participated in a joint conversation about the text or not? The study is qualitative and the data collection is done through semi-structured interviews with 20 students in preschool class. The analysis of the material is based on gender theory and the concept of didactic potential, in accordance with Alkestrand's (2017) definition. The conclusions that can be drawn from the results of the study are that the participating students had difficulty understanding the gender of the fairy characters as described in the story of the character in question, portrayed in a norm-critical manner. Based on the results of the study, it can also be stated that there is a marked difference in the students' ways of perceiving the gender of the norm-critical characters depending on whether they participated in a joint conversation about the text or not.

Uppsatsens syfte är utifrån en analys av den svenska romanen Ya Leila av Donia Saleh (2020) få förståelse för hur litteraturundervisning i svenskämnet i relation till mångkulturalitet och critical literacy kan se ut. Metodiskt utgick studien från Malin Alkestrands definition av begreppet didaktisk potential för att få syn på hur litteraturen kan användas för att diskutera värdegrundsfrågor kopplat till mångkulturalitet. Begreppet kombinerades med Hilary Janks fyra dimensioner av critical literacy: makt, tillgång, mångfald och design. Dimensionerna utgjorde analyskategorier och kunde på så vis synliggöra studieobjektet ur olika perspektiv. Resultatet av analysen visade att det fanns en didaktisk potential hos Ya Leila när det kommer till kritiskt textarbete med fokus på mångkulturalitet. Det fanns hos verket möjligheter att synliggöra samtliga av de fyra dimensionerna av critical literacy samt för elever att utveckla sin demokratiska kompetens och vara delaktiga i att förändra sin omvärld. / The purpose of this thesis is to distinguish how literature education within the subject of Swedish in relation to multiculturalism and critical literacy may look like, by analyzing the Swedish novel Ya Leila by Donia Saleh (2020). Methodically the study is based on Malin Alkestrand’s definition of the concept didactic potential, with the purpose to exemplify how literature can be used to discuss values in relation to multiculturalism. It is combined with Hilary Janks’ four dimensions of critical literacy: domination, access, diversity, and design. The dimensions were used as analytical categories and thus, they could highlight the study object from different perspectives. The result shows how Ya Leila possesses a didactic potential when it comes to critical readings with a focus om multiculturalism. There exist in the novel opportunities to discuss the four dimensions of critical literacy. There are also room for students to develop a democratic competence and for them to participate in changing the world around them.

A qualitative study that examines the view of book conversations and its relation to norms from a critical literacy perspective.  The truth of a book does not have to be the only truth.  As individuals living in society, we are constantly influenced by norms of the outside world in the form of images and texts. From a child’s perspective, it is not easy to categorise and understand all information, as well as to question what is true or not. Therefore, we believe that preschool is an important arena where we can exchange experiences and take on texts and images together to create an understanding and a place to problematize and reconstruct norms. This qualitative study is based on interviews, where the purpose is to examine and analyze the experience of preschool teachers and child educators of book conversations in relation to norms. We seek to answer the two following research questions: How do preschool teachers and child educators reflect about book talks and their role in in preschool in relation to norms? And what significance do preschool teachers and child educators believe that book conversations in preschool have for children's learning regarding norms? To answer how the preschool works to make visible and reconstruct norms and values, this study relates to the concept of critical literacy. In summary, it can be described as a process where the ultimate goal is to be able to reproduce a text independently.  The study demonstrates that preschool often tends to focus on children's language development in book conversations rather than working with norms. However, there are indications that preschool teachers and child educators, to a certain extent, work to make norms visible, but that it is not further developed into a process of reconstructing stories through book conversations.

In den Lehrwerken für Deutsch als Fremdsprache finden sich wenige Themen, die auf Problematiken wie Obdachlosigkeit eingehen, weshalb die Lernenden oft eine sehr idealistische Vorstellung von den Zielsprachenländern entwickeln.Die Theorien der symbolischen Kompetenz nach Kramsch (2006; 2014) und die critical literacy (Mattos, Valério 2010) gehen davon aus, dass es aufgrund der Globalisierung nicht mehr reicht, nur grammatikalische, lexikalische und semantische Phänomene im Fremdsprachenunterricht zu vermitteln, um erfolgreich kommunizieren zu können.Die Ansätze schlagen vor, Literatur im Unterricht einzusetzen, um den Prozess der Bedeutungsaushandlung zu vermitteln und durch die Übernahme von neuen Perspektiven und die Hinterfragung von eigenen Wertvorstellungen die Entwicklung von kritischen BürgerInnen zu fördern und somit gesellschaftliche Veränderungen möglich zu machen. In der folgenden Masterarbeit soll gezeigt werden, dass der Einsatz von literarischen Texten, die von (ehemals) obdachlosen Menschen verfasst und in Straßenzeitungen veröffentlicht wurden, schon auf dem Niveau B1.1 nach dem europäischen Renferenzrahmen möglich ist und eine Didaktisierung für Studierende der Germanistik an der Universität São Paulo präsentiert werden, die zum Ziel hat die Übernahme von Perspektiven, die Sensibilisierung für die Randgruppe Obdachlose, sowie das kritische Denken zu fördern. Die fünf didaktisch geplanten Einheiten wurden in weiterer Folge an der Universität von São Paulo in der Praxis umgesetzt. Die Datenerhebung dieser qualitativen Studie erfolgte durch Analyse der Textproduktionen, wie die Profilerstellung eines fiktiven Obdachlosen, eines reflexiven One Minute Papers und des Kurstagebuches der Forscherin. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass sich diese Textsorte für den Deutsch als Fremdspracheunterricht im universitären Kontext eignet und die Studierenden für die Anliegen der Randgruppe der obdachlosen Personen sensibilisiert werden. Der Prozess des kritischen Denkens kann durchaus im Zuge des Fremdsprachenunterrichts gefördert werden, ist jedoch auch limitiert, da es sich um einen lebenslangen und nicht linear verlaufenden Vorgang handelt. / Livros didáticos do ensino de alemão como língua estrangeira tendem a mostrar uma imagem ideal dos países de língua alemã, tratando menos assuntos sérios, como sobre as pessoas em situação de rua, o que muitas vezes leva o aluno a ter uma visão idealista sobre os países da língua alvo. O objetivo do letramento crítico é que o aluno se torne um cidadão crítico e desenvolva uma perspectiva crítica em relação aos temas tratados nos textos. (Mattos, Valério 2010:149). Também a abordagem da competência simbólica (Kramsch 2006; 2014) salienta que, por causa da globalização não é mais suficiente ensinar apenas fenômenos gramaticais, lexicais e semânticos no ensino de línguas estrangeiras para comunicar com outros. As duas abordagens propõem trabalhar com literatura na sala de aula, para os alunos entenderem o processo da produção dos sentidos. A literatura promove o conhecimento de outros pontos de vista, ajudando a pessoa a se colocar em outras posições e assim o aprendiz aprenderia a refletir sobre seus valores e crenças o que levaria a uma mudança social. Nessa dissertação de mestrado, gostaríamos de monstrar, a possibilidade do uso de textos literários, escritos por pessoas em situação de rua e publicados em revistas de rua, no nível B1 do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para Línguas num contexto acadêmico. Também será apresentada uma sequência didática de cinco aulas para um curso de alemão na Universidade de São Paulo, que tinha como objetivo o treino da auto-reflexão, onde o aluno se colocava em outras posições, como sensibilização para os problemas enfrentados pelas pessoas em situação de rua promovendo assim alunos mais críticos na sala de aula. O levantamento dos dados dessa pesquisa qualitativa foi feito através de uma produção escrita inicial, a criação de um perfil fictício de uma pessoa em situação de rua de um dos países da língua alvo, um One Minute Paper e o diário de curso da pesquisadora. Na análise foi constatado que esse tipo de texto é apropriado para o uso no ensino de alemão como língua estrangeira num contexto universitário e que os aprendizes podem ser sensibilizados para as necessidades do grupo marginal escolhido. O processo do pensamento crítico pode ser promovido através do ensino de uma língua estrangeira, porém é limitado, pois é considerado um processo para a vida inteira, que não se desenvolve linearmente.

Skolan har i uppdrag att aktivt arbeta med frågor som rör kön, jämställdhet, rättigheter och möjligheter. Vidare ska skolan ge elever verktyg till att kritiskt kunna granska könsmönster samt ge elever en förståelse för hur dessa könsmönster kan begränsa människors livsvillkor (Skolverket, 2019). I skolan möter elever skönlitteratur, vilken i sin tur bidrar till att normer på ett eller annat sätt framställs. Genom didaktiska insatser i form av critical literacy-inspirerade arbetssätt kan skönlitteraturen användas som ett underlag för värdegrundsarbetet. Det är då av relevans hur barn uppfattar de normer eller normbrytande aspekter som framställs i skönlitteraturen. Studiens syfte är därför att bidra med kunskap om elevers olika sätt att resonera och relatera till en normbrytande saga genom ett Critical literacy-inspirerat didaktiskt perspektiv. Till grund för studien ligger en modern bearbetning av sagan om Askungen (Jansson & Jensfelt, 2018) vars syfte är att bryta normer. De frågeställningar som studien ämnar besvara är: ·       Vilka normbrytande aspekter återger elever i ett samtal om en normbrytande saga? ·       Vilka aspekter i en normbrytande saga kan elever relatera till sin egen verklighet? ·       Hur påverkas elevers resonemang om en normbrytande saga efter ett boksamtal? Studien är kvalitativ och utgörs av semistrukturerade intervjuer med 12 elever i årskurs 2 samt 3. Resultatet av studien visar vilka normbrytande aspekter elever resonerar kring. Vidare visar resultatet att gemensamt boksamtal till synes kan påverka elevers enskilda resonemang. Empirin är analyserad utifrån genusteorin samt Alkestrands (2017) definition av didaktisk potential. / Swedish school is obliged to actively work with questions concerning gender, equality, rights and opportunities. Furthermore, school shall give the students tools to critically review gender patterns and understand how gender patterns can constrain people’s living conditions (Skolverket, 2019). In school the students read fiction, which in turn contributes to how norms are produced in different ways. Through didactic efforts through critical literacy inspired working processes fiction can be used as a foundation for work with values. It is of thus of relevance how children perceive the norms or norm-breaking aspects as they are produced in fiction. The purpose of the study is therefore to contribute knowledge about students’ different ways of reasoning and relating to a norm-breaking story through a Critical literacy-inspired didactic perspective. As a basis for the study is the norm-breaking fairytale about Cinderella (Jansson & Jensfelt, 2018). The study aims to address the following questions: ·       Which norm-breaking aspects do the students retell in a dialogue about the norm-breaking fairytale? ·       Which aspects of a norm-breaking fairytale can the students relate to from their own reality? ·       How are the students’ reasoning affected by the norm-breaking fairytale after a literacy talk?  The study is qualitative and is built on semi-structured interviews with 12 students in year 2 and 3. The result of the study shows which norm-breaking aspects the students’ reason about. Furthermore, the results show that a literacy talk seems to have an impact on the students’ reasoning. The empirical material is analyzed through gender theory together with Alkestrand’s (2017) definition of didactic potential.