This dissertation explores how discourses surrounding race and economics inform the way in which videogame creators understand their world and use that understanding to create content. Employing a Foucauldian discourse analysis, the content of two videogames, Skyrim and Max Payne 3, were analyzed. The analysis of Skyrim revealed that race is constructed as an inherently biological phenomenon. Moreover, culture is constructed as emerging from biology. The analysis of Max Payne 3 revealed that capitalism grounds the construction of race so that biology and culture serves to justify the economic position of light-skinned and dark-skinned Brazilians. These constructions come from various sources such as the works of J. R. R. Tolkien and film noir. The dissertation also interviews videogame developers using semi-structured interviews to examine the extent to which content creators are aware of these discourses and how industry norms and economics affect those discourses. Videogame developers revealed that these discourses stem from a market pressure to make videogame narratives understandable and sellable. / Media & Communication

Trata-se de uma etnografia que visa interpretar a produção cultural da periferia paulistana, a partir do trabalho desenvolvido pela Cooperifa (Cooperação Cultural da Periferia) nos anos de 2001 e 2011. Entre outras atividades, este autodenominado movimento cultural promove saraus literários que operam como encontros comunitários e oportunizam novas opções de lazer, produção e participação político-cultural. Nesse sentido, busco apreender os discursos acerca da periferia, tanto no que se refere ao espaço social quanto à sua cultura peculiar, construído pelos protagonistas deste movimento no cenário contemporâneo. Observa-se, assim, um processo de produção cultural em que não somente os produtos e circuitos de consumo periféricos apresentam-se como soluções criativas ao mercado cultural, mas, também, coloca novamente os moradores da periferia no centro da cena pública, a partir da elaboração de uma agenda comum. / This is an ethnography that aims to interpret the cultural production of the suburbs of São Paulo, from the work done by Cooperifa (Cultural Cooperation in the Periphery) between 2001 and 2011. Among other activities, cultural movement that promotes self-styled literary soirees that operate as community meetings and nurture new leisure facilities, production and participation in political and cultural. In this sense, seeking to understand the speeches about the periphery, both in terms of social space as to its peculiar culture, built by the protagonists of this movement in a contemporary setting. There is thus a process of cultural production that not only the consumer products and peripheral circuits are presented as creative solutions to the cultural market, but also raises again the residents of the periphery in the center of the public stage, from the development of a common agenda.

Esta pesquisa procura identificar e analisar como um modelo de gestão cultural auxilia e potencializa a formação artística, pedagógica e política de um artista ou grupo cooperado, a partir do modelo usado pela Cooperativa Paulista de Teatro, importante organização cultural formada em 1979. A entidade, atualmente, reúne cerca de 800 núcleos e mais de 4.000 associados, respondendo pela maior parte da produção artística teatral do Estado de São Paulo. Pretende-se demonstrar que diferentes aspectos da gestão desta organização impactam diretamente sobre a qualificação, a experimentação e a reflexão do artista, criando condições para o pleno exercício das atividades de seus cooperados, constituindo-se como uma precursora de um modelo macro de gestão cultural no Brasil. / This research aims to identify and analyze how a model of cultural management helps and enhances the artistic, pedagogical and political formation of a cooperative artist or group, based on the model used by Cooperativa Paulista de Teatro, an important cultural organization formed in 1979. The entity, currently, gathers around 800 groups and more than 4.000 associates, accounting for most of the theatrical artistic production of the State of São Paulo. It is intended to demonstrate that different aspects of the management of this organization have a direct impact on the qualification, experimentation and reflection of the artist, creating conditions for the full exercise of the activities of its members, constituting as a precursor of a macro model of cultural management in Brazil.

As formas de produção cultural contemporâneas no Brasil – como em outras partes do mundo –, junto com a consolidação das tecnologias digitais de informação e comunicação, articularam formas sociais emergentes que colocam em tensão as divisões e abrem novas interrogações sobre as fronteiras entre produção cultural, política e mercado. Esta tese é uma etnografia sobre novas formas de produção cultural. Explora algumas das práticas do movimento artístico-cultural Fora do Eixo, movimento surgido na última década que se caracteriza por sua organização através de coletivos articulados em rede e pelo uso de tecnologias digitais para o trabalho. Por meio de uma análise dos sentidos que o Fora do Eixo associa às práticas de circular e contar, bem como de suas estratégias de hackeamento e das formas de ressignificar a vida íntima, esta tese procura dar conta da importância de redefinir as abordagens analíticas para este tipo de movimento. Em última instância, este estudo tem como objetivo re-enquadrar a análise institucional da produção cultural, e os movimentos sociais e culturais, transcendendo as simplificações analíticas para entender os modos de mediação entre cultura, política e mercado que esses movimentos produzem em seus próprios termos. / Forms of contemporary cultural production in Brazil – as elsewhere in the world –, along with the consolidation of digital technologies of information and communication, have articulated emerging social forms that put strain and open new questions on the boundaries between cultural production, the political and the market. This thesis is an ethnography of novel forms of cultural production. In particular, it explores some of the practices of the artistic and cultural movement Fora do Eixo, that emerged in the last decade, which is characterized by its organization in an articulated collective network and the use of digital technologies for work. Through the analysis of some of the meanings that Fora do Eixo gives to certain actions such as circulating and counting, as well as their hacking strategies and their ways to redefine intimate life, this thesis seeks to give account of the importance of redefining the analytical approaches for this type of movements. Ultimately, this study aims at re-framing the institutional analysis of cultural production, and social and cultural movements, by transcending the analytical simplifications to understand the modes of mediation among culture, politics and the market that these movements produce in their own terms.

Esta pesquisa procura identificar e analisar como um modelo de gestão cultural auxilia e potencializa a formação artística, pedagógica e política de um artista ou grupo cooperado, a partir do modelo usado pela Cooperativa Paulista de Teatro, importante organização cultural formada em 1979. A entidade, atualmente, reúne cerca de 800 núcleos e mais de 4.000 associados, respondendo pela maior parte da produção artística teatral do Estado de São Paulo. Pretende-se demonstrar que diferentes aspectos da gestão desta organização impactam diretamente sobre a qualificação, a experimentação e a reflexão do artista, criando condições para o pleno exercício das atividades de seus cooperados, constituindo-se como uma precursora de um modelo macro de gestão cultural no Brasil. / This research aims to identify and analyze how a model of cultural management helps and enhances the artistic, pedagogical and political formation of a cooperative artist or group, based on the model used by Cooperativa Paulista de Teatro, an important cultural organization formed in 1979. The entity, currently, gathers around 800 groups and more than 4.000 associates, accounting for most of the theatrical artistic production of the State of São Paulo. It is intended to demonstrate that different aspects of the management of this organization have a direct impact on the qualification, experimentation and reflection of the artist, creating conditions for the full exercise of the activities of its members, constituting as a precursor of a macro model of cultural management in Brazil.

The 1970s were a period of renaissance for the crafts in Britain, often referred to as a craft revival. The creation of national organisations and infrastructures to support craft, and define its identity, played a crucial role in this. The received craft revival narrative focuses on the Crafts Council of England and Wales, with its emphasis on raising the status of craft and promoting it as fine art, largely through the efforts the Minister for the Arts, Lord David Eccles. The narrative in Scotland was very different, and is a story that until now remains untold. Scotland had its own national agencies with responsibility for the crafts. But instead of having a focus on the arts, they were tasked with addressing Scotland’s economic decline, and saw an opportunity to develop Scottish craft as both an industry and a product. The emphasis was not on promoting craft as fine art as in England and Wales, but rather on developing craft as commodity. Borrowing from Adamson’s thesis that as a form of cultural production, ‘craft is itself a modern invention’ (Adamson 2013 p. xiii), this thesis will analyse how Scottish development organisations in the 1970s attempted to promote and invent Scottish craft as an industry and product, and how those involved in the making of Scottish craft responded to this. In order to do this, it will examine the origins of the 1970s craft revival in Britain, the legacy of the invention of modern Scottish craft, and the two development agencies tasked with its invention in the 1970s: the Highlands and Islands Development Board, and the Scottish Development Agency. This thesis makes an original contribution by telling the Scottish side of the 1970s craft revival story. It also addresses wider issues that have received little critical attention in craft history, namely the relationship between craft and commodification, and the tension between modernity and tradition in the invention of modern craft.

Lisa Henderson, LOVE AND MONEY: QUEERS, CLASS, AND CULTURAL PRODUCTION. New York: New York University Press, 2013; 201 pp. ISBN: 9780814790588, $23.00 paperback.

本論文嘗試從法國當代社會學家Pierre Bourdieu 的「文化生產場域」出發，期能為在地的小劇場研究提供一個全新的分析視野。鑑於「收編論」所引發的諸多爭議乃是小劇場當前迫切需要解決的問題，而問題癥結之所在又涉及小劇場的「反體制」定位，因此有必要重新檢視「小劇場運動」的興起與轉型。本文章節的安排如下：第一章為導論，主要在指出一般收編論辯的盲點，以及「場域」分析的適切性，作為本文的起始點。第二章則探討Bourdieu的文化生產場域，並提出本文的中心問題與研究架構。第三章重新檢視「小劇場運動」(1986-1989) 的萌發，以及藝術中介機制如何挪用以型塑神聖的光環，而成為象徵暴力的來源。第四章探討九０年代小劇場可能性空間的轉型，這個轉型主要遭受文化生產場域內部兩個層級化原則的挑戰，以及文化正當性危機。我們並以一個空間圖式分析當前戲劇場域的結構。最後第五章，將回到收編論的主戰場(1994人間劇展)，並以此作為總結。由於媒體介入辦展的特性，因此討論的重心同時擴及劇展的媒體呈現與信念的生產。研究結果指出： (一)小劇場運動與反對力量的結盟，不過是政治發生危機時所產生的一種「誤認」。其間被挪用的利益則是新知青自我表徵的階級習癖、前衛藝術工作者的秀異色彩、以及文化中介者作為挑戰舊有建制的象徵籌碼。小劇場作為另類媒介的期許並未真正落實。 (二)自「反體制」光環中退出的小劇場，在重新汲取文化正當性的同時，反而受制於權力場域的遊戲規則－即本土化的大浪潮與市場取向的專業化迷思，卻少有察覺。 (三)關於收編論的談法僅將焦點限於小劇場與國家機器之間，恐有問錯問題之嫌。政策的開放不代表內在創作環境的自由，小劇場商品化的趨勢以及向中心移動的復權慾望，才是真正的癥結所在。

<p>Denna uppsats undersöker hur genus skapas och iscensätts i Sveriges Televisions julkalendrar 1996 och 2007 samt om det skett någon förändring över tid vad gäller skapandet och framställandet. Detta undersöks genom en semiotisk analys samt med queerteori som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Undersökningen visar att julkalendrarna i många fall bidrar till ett vidmakthållande av stereotypa könsroller. Man kan dock urskilja en förändring mellan de båda kalendrarna då den senast sända ger ett intryck av att producenten gjort medvetna val för att undvika ett reproducerande av könsstereotyperna.</p>

<p>The paper discusses and analyzes differences and similarities in depictions of violence in the two narrative media of films and games. The work is based on existing theories on representation, remediation, narration and immersion – theories which are further developed and discussed by the author. The movies Man on Fire and Kill Bill, as well as the games Ninja Gaiden and Grand Theft Auto are analyzed and used as examples of how depictions of violence in films and games can or should be studied. Also, the possibilities for development of the theories used in the paper are considered. Further discussed are, among other issues, the recognition of the different media as ways to achieve political ends – and the use of stereotype and archetypical narrative elements in relation to more or less concerned attitudes towards violence and depictions of violence.</p> / <p>I uppsatsen diskuteras och analyseras skillnader och likheter mellan användandet av våldsgestaltning i de två narrativa och visuella medierna film och spel. Uppsatsen tar sitt avstamp i teorier kring representation, remediering, narration och immersion, vilka författaren också utvecklar och resonerar kring. Filmerna Man on Fire och Kill Bill samt spelen Ninja Gaiden och Grand Theft Auto analyseras och används som exempel på hur våldsgestaltningen i respektive medium kan eller bör studeras, samt hur de teoretiska verktygen kan utvecklas. Bland annat diskuteras synen på de olika medierna som politiska påverkanskrafter och användandet av stereotypa och arketypiska berättarelement i relation till eventuella problematiserande inställningar till våld och våldsgestaltning.</p>