<p>Imagery is an individual and cognitive process (Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005). This study has therefore qualitatively examined following objectives: (1) elite powerlifters imagery experiences and (2) if elite powerlifters use imagery deliberately. Five elite powerlifters participated in the study (3 men, 2 women), they were 21-37 years old (M = 27.6; SD = 6.1). The Individual Profile of Imagery Experiences in Sport (IPIES; Weibull, 2008b) was modified and used to meet the objectives for the study. Imagery was used by all elite powerlifters. Several imagery patterns were experienced, and the most common one was <em>Good lift. </em>A few imagery patterns were used by more than one individual; they were however experienced in different ways.<em> </em>The most common purpose was to increase motivation. Through imagery the powerlifters experienced both positive and negative effects. The negative effect was reported in spontaneous imagery, which was experienced by three powerlifters. Deliberate practice was categorized from several imagery patterns experienced by three powerlifters. This study supports the Analytical framework of imagery experiences (Weibull, in press).</p> / <p>Visualisering är en individuell, inre kognitiv process (Morris, Spittle, & Watt, 2005). Denna studie har därför kvalitativt undersökt följande syften: (1) elitstyrkelyftares visualiseringsupplevelser samt (2) om elitstyrkelyftare använder visualisering avsiktligt. I studien deltog 5 elitstyrkelyftare (3 män, 2 kvinnor) som var 21-37 år gamla (M = 27.6; SD = 6.1). Individual Profile of Imagery Experiences in Sport (IPIES; Weibull, 2008b) modifierades och användes för att uppnå studiens syften. Visualisering användes av samtliga styrkelyftare. Flera olika visualiseringsmönster upplevdes, vanligast var <em>Bra lyft. </em>Vissa visualiseringsmönster upplevdes av flera styrkelyftare, dock på olika sätt. Vanligaste syftet för visualiseringsanvändande var att öka motivation. Visualisering upplevdes ge både positiva och negativa effekter. Negativa effekter upplevdes av spontan visualisering som rapporterades av tre styrkelyftare. Ett antal visualiseringsmönster klassificerades som avsiktlig träning hos tre styrkelyftare. Denna studie stödjer den Analytiska referensramen för visualiseringsupplevelser (Weibull, i tryck).</p>

<p>The purpose of the study was to describe how women with deliberate self-harm behaviour experience they have been treated when conducting health care. The study has a qualitative and descriptive approach and data was collected with snowball sampling. Data was analysed with content analysis and ended up in three theme “Feeling of violation of integrity and autonomy”, “health care staff don´t have the courage to step in and take responsibility” and “ Personal confirmation and validation of feelings”. The results showed that many women with deliberate self-harm behavior feel that they have been badly treated when they conducting health care. Furthermore, the women in this study have experienced that their integrity and autonomy have been violated. In their opinion it was difficult to get adequate treatment. The women also felt that the health care staff had difficulties taking responsibility. On the occasions the women with deliberate self-harm felt that they have been treated satisfactorily, they experienced personal confirmation and a validation of feelings. In other words they felt respectfully treated and in their opinion the health care staff took time to listen. The women in this study consider adequate treatment of proffesionell personell of importance. The conclusion is that many of the women who cut themselves, get unsatisfactorily treated when they conduct health care and that the health care staff need knowledge concerning how to treat women with deliberate self-harm. In addition this study showed that more research is needed regarding how women with deliberate self-harm experience they are treated when conducting health care.</p> / <p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur kvinnor med självskadebeteende upplever att de blir bemötta då de söker hälso- och sjukvård. Studien var kvalitativ med deskriptiv design. Materialet till studien samlades in via nominerat urval. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. De teman som framkom vid innehållsanalysen var ”Känsla av kränkning av integritet och autonomi”, ” Personal vågar ej kliva in och ta ansvar”, och ” Personlig bekräftelse samt validering av känslor”. Resultatet visade att många kvinnor med självskadebeteende upplever att de blir illa bemötta då de söker hälso- och sjukvård. Kvinnorna hade en upplevelse av kränkning av integritet och autonomi. De ansåg att det var svårt att få adekvat vård. Kvinnorna upplevde att hälso- och sjukvårdens personal inte vågade kliva in och ta ansvar. Vid de tillfällen som kvinnorna med självskadebeteende upplevde att de blev bra bemötta, upplevde de en personlig bekräftelse samt validering av sina känslor. Att de blev respektfullt bemötta och att hälso- och sjukvårdens personal tog sig tid att lyssna. Att få adekvat hjälp av professionell personal ansågs viktigt. Slutsatser från föreliggande studie är att många av de kvinnor som skär sig själva, blir illa bemötta då de söker hälso- och sjukvård. Att hälso- och sjukvårdens personal behöver kunskaper i bemötande av kvinnor med självskadebeteende, samt att mer forskning på hur självskadande kvinnor upplever bemötandet av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal behövs.</p>

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Självskadebeteendet betraktas som ett folkhälsoproblem vilket har uppmärksammats mer på senare tid. Vårdpersonal möter denna patientgrupp inom olika vårdenheter då patienter med självskadebeteende kommer in på akutmottagningar för skador de vållat själv. <strong>Syftet </strong>var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens attityder gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende. <strong>Metod:</strong> Studien gjordes som en litteraturstudie där datainsamling genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl och PsycINFO. En granskning gjordes av sju artiklar som svarade på studiens syfte. <strong>Resultat:</strong> Betydande faktorer visade att vårdpersonalen yttrar olika emotionella uttryck så som frustration och medkänsla i kontakt med patienter med ett självskadebeteende, och andra avgörande faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens attityder, vilket kunde vara brist på tid och otillräcklig kompetens. <strong>Diskussion:</strong> För att kunna förstå denna patientgrupp bör underliggande faktorer belysas, vilket kan då påverka vårdpersonalens attityder gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende. <strong>Slutsats:</strong> Det finns ett behov av att identifiera faktorer som skapar negativa attityder inom sjukvården. Studier bekräftar att vårdpersonalen önskar ökad kompetensutbildning.</p> / <p> </p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Self-injury regarded as a public health problem which has attracted attention more recently. Caregivers face this group of patients in different care units where patients with self-injury come into the emergency room for injuries they caused themselves. <strong>Aim: </strong>The aim was to describe factors that affect nursing staff attitudes to patients with self-injury. <strong>Method: </strong>The study was done as a literature in which data collection was conducted in the databases Cinahl and PsycINFO. An examination was made of seven articles that responded to the study purpose. <strong>Results: </strong>Significant factors revealed that caregivers respond different emotional expressions as frustration and compassion in contact with patients with a self-injury, and other crucial factors that influence health professionals' attitudes, which could be a shortage of time and insufficient skills. <strong>Discussion: </strong>In order to understand this population should be highlighted underlying factors, which may then affect the health professionals' attitudes towards patients with self-injury. Conclusion: There is a need to identify factors that create negative attitudes in health care. Studies confirm that nursing staff would increase skills training.</p><p> </p>

Bakgrund: Självskadebeteendet betraktas som ett folkhälsoproblem vilket har uppmärksammats mer på senare tid. Vårdpersonal möter denna patientgrupp inom olika vårdenheter då patienter med självskadebeteende kommer in på akutmottagningar för skador de vållat själv. Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens attityder gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende. Metod: Studien gjordes som en litteraturstudie där datainsamling genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl och PsycINFO. En granskning gjordes av sju artiklar som svarade på studiens syfte. Resultat: Betydande faktorer visade att vårdpersonalen yttrar olika emotionella uttryck så som frustration och medkänsla i kontakt med patienter med ett självskadebeteende, och andra avgörande faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens attityder, vilket kunde vara brist på tid och otillräcklig kompetens. Diskussion: För att kunna förstå denna patientgrupp bör underliggande faktorer belysas, vilket kan då påverka vårdpersonalens attityder gentemot patienter med självskadebeteende. Slutsats: Det finns ett behov av att identifiera faktorer som skapar negativa attityder inom sjukvården. Studier bekräftar att vårdpersonalen önskar ökad kompetensutbildning. / Background: Self-injury regarded as a public health problem which has attracted attention more recently. Caregivers face this group of patients in different care units where patients with self-injury come into the emergency room for injuries they caused themselves. Aim: The aim was to describe factors that affect nursing staff attitudes to patients with self-injury. Method: The study was done as a literature in which data collection was conducted in the databases Cinahl and PsycINFO. An examination was made of seven articles that responded to the study purpose. Results: Significant factors revealed that caregivers respond different emotional expressions as frustration and compassion in contact with patients with a self-injury, and other crucial factors that influence health professionals' attitudes, which could be a shortage of time and insufficient skills. Discussion: In order to understand this population should be highlighted underlying factors, which may then affect the health professionals' attitudes towards patients with self-injury. Conclusion: There is a need to identify factors that create negative attitudes in health care. Studies confirm that nursing staff would increase skills training.

The purpose of the study was to describe how women with deliberate self-harm behaviour experience they have been treated when conducting health care. The study has a qualitative and descriptive approach and data was collected with snowball sampling. Data was analysed with content analysis and ended up in three theme “Feeling of violation of integrity and autonomy”, “health care staff don´t have the courage to step in and take responsibility” and “ Personal confirmation and validation of feelings”. The results showed that many women with deliberate self-harm behavior feel that they have been badly treated when they conducting health care. Furthermore, the women in this study have experienced that their integrity and autonomy have been violated. In their opinion it was difficult to get adequate treatment. The women also felt that the health care staff had difficulties taking responsibility. On the occasions the women with deliberate self-harm felt that they have been treated satisfactorily, they experienced personal confirmation and a validation of feelings. In other words they felt respectfully treated and in their opinion the health care staff took time to listen. The women in this study consider adequate treatment of proffesionell personell of importance. The conclusion is that many of the women who cut themselves, get unsatisfactorily treated when they conduct health care and that the health care staff need knowledge concerning how to treat women with deliberate self-harm. In addition this study showed that more research is needed regarding how women with deliberate self-harm experience they are treated when conducting health care. / Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur kvinnor med självskadebeteende upplever att de blir bemötta då de söker hälso- och sjukvård. Studien var kvalitativ med deskriptiv design. Materialet till studien samlades in via nominerat urval. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. De teman som framkom vid innehållsanalysen var ”Känsla av kränkning av integritet och autonomi”, ” Personal vågar ej kliva in och ta ansvar”, och ” Personlig bekräftelse samt validering av känslor”. Resultatet visade att många kvinnor med självskadebeteende upplever att de blir illa bemötta då de söker hälso- och sjukvård. Kvinnorna hade en upplevelse av kränkning av integritet och autonomi. De ansåg att det var svårt att få adekvat vård. Kvinnorna upplevde att hälso- och sjukvårdens personal inte vågade kliva in och ta ansvar. Vid de tillfällen som kvinnorna med självskadebeteende upplevde att de blev bra bemötta, upplevde de en personlig bekräftelse samt validering av sina känslor. Att de blev respektfullt bemötta och att hälso- och sjukvårdens personal tog sig tid att lyssna. Att få adekvat hjälp av professionell personal ansågs viktigt. Slutsatser från föreliggande studie är att många av de kvinnor som skär sig själva, blir illa bemötta då de söker hälso- och sjukvård. Att hälso- och sjukvårdens personal behöver kunskaper i bemötande av kvinnor med självskadebeteende, samt att mer forskning på hur självskadande kvinnor upplever bemötandet av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal behövs.

Ohälsa bland ungdomar i Sverige inkluderar flera typer av folkhälsoproblem där psykisk ohälsa ökar och drabbar allt fler, vilket bland annat tar sig uttryck i självskadebeteende. Denna uppsats behandlar relationen mellan självskadebeteende och andra riskbeteenden utifrån datamaterialet kopplat till Liv &amp; Hälsa ung i Sörmland. Det är en återkommande totalundersökning om levnadsvanor, riskbeteenden och hälsa bland elever i årskurs 7, 9 och 2 på gymnasiet. Enkäten besvarades av 2750 elever från årskurs 9 och 2770 elever från årskurs 2. Endast flickor i årskurs 9 (n=1313) och år 2 (n=1384) på gymnasiet inkluderas i denna uppsats. För att undersöka förekomst och skillnader bland populationen har en kvantitativ metod använts. Teorin att empowerment anses vara ett viktigt verktyg för hur samhället kan hjälpa individer att stärka och bygga upp sitt självförtroende och på det sättet öka hälsan bland ungdomar diskuteras. Resultaten visar att det är vanligare att de individer som självskadar sig även utför andra riskbeteenden som till exempel daglig rökning och snatteri jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Detta kan vara en indikator för att mer fokus bör läggas på att ytterligare forska kring detta område för att framtida preventiva åtgärder skall kunna minska antalet flickor som självskadar sig. / Unhealthiness among youths in Sweden includes several kinds of public health problems where mental illness is increasing and affecting more and more people, resulting in, for example, deliberate self-harm. This thesis discusses the relations between self-harm and other dangerous behaviors based on the data set from Liv &amp; Hälsa ung in Sörmland. It is a recurring total population survey about lifestyle, dangerous behaviors and health among pupils in year 7, 9 and second year at high school. The survey was answered by 2750 pupils in year 9 and 2770 pupils in year 2 at high school. Only girls in year 9 (n=1313) and year 2 (n=1384) at high school is included in this thesis. A quantitative method was used to investigate occurrence and differences among the population. The empowerment theory is discussed, which is considered to be an important tool in order for the society to help individuals strengthen their self confidence and in that way increase the health level among youths. The results show that it is more common that self-harming individuals are also engaged in other dangerous behaviors, such as daily smoking and shoplifting, in comparison to the control group. This could serve as an indicator that the area requires more research in order to develop future preventive measures to reduce the number of girls harming themselves.

This is a qualitative study aiming to illuminate and gain better understanding of deliberate self-harm. The study has a narrative perspective and is based on three women’s life stories, focusing on a period when they had an active self-harming behaviour. The study examines what the participants experienced as important to the initiation and the cessation of the deliberate self-harm. It is also examining identity performances and turning points which can be discerned in the life stories. The analysis is based on theories of the narrative perspective and on Erving Goffman's dramaturgical perspective. Our conclusions are that the participants of the study at the time prior to the self-harming behaviour felt as outsiders, and that they lacked strategies for dealing with emotions. We also found that functional relationships had an important role for the participants to enable the cessation of the deliberate self-harming behaviour. At the time when the participants managed to end the self-harming behaviour, they all had developed more functional relationships and did not feel the same alienation. They also feel that they have a different identity now than they had during the period of deliberate self-harm.         Keywords: Deliberate self-harm, identity performances, turning points, narrative   Nyckelord: Självskadebeteende, identitetsuttryck, vändpunkter, narrativ

Imagery is an individual and cognitive process (Morris, Spittle, &amp; Watt, 2005). This study has therefore qualitatively examined following objectives: (1) elite powerlifters imagery experiences and (2) if elite powerlifters use imagery deliberately. Five elite powerlifters participated in the study (3 men, 2 women), they were 21-37 years old (M = 27.6; SD = 6.1). The Individual Profile of Imagery Experiences in Sport (IPIES; Weibull, 2008b) was modified and used to meet the objectives for the study. Imagery was used by all elite powerlifters. Several imagery patterns were experienced, and the most common one was Good lift. A few imagery patterns were used by more than one individual; they were however experienced in different ways. The most common purpose was to increase motivation. Through imagery the powerlifters experienced both positive and negative effects. The negative effect was reported in spontaneous imagery, which was experienced by three powerlifters. Deliberate practice was categorized from several imagery patterns experienced by three powerlifters. This study supports the Analytical framework of imagery experiences (Weibull, in press). / Visualisering är en individuell, inre kognitiv process (Morris, Spittle, &amp; Watt, 2005). Denna studie har därför kvalitativt undersökt följande syften: (1) elitstyrkelyftares visualiseringsupplevelser samt (2) om elitstyrkelyftare använder visualisering avsiktligt. I studien deltog 5 elitstyrkelyftare (3 män, 2 kvinnor) som var 21-37 år gamla (M = 27.6; SD = 6.1). Individual Profile of Imagery Experiences in Sport (IPIES; Weibull, 2008b) modifierades och användes för att uppnå studiens syften. Visualisering användes av samtliga styrkelyftare. Flera olika visualiseringsmönster upplevdes, vanligast var Bra lyft. Vissa visualiseringsmönster upplevdes av flera styrkelyftare, dock på olika sätt. Vanligaste syftet för visualiseringsanvändande var att öka motivation. Visualisering upplevdes ge både positiva och negativa effekter. Negativa effekter upplevdes av spontan visualisering som rapporterades av tre styrkelyftare. Ett antal visualiseringsmönster klassificerades som avsiktlig träning hos tre styrkelyftare. Denna studie stödjer den Analytiska referensramen för visualiseringsupplevelser (Weibull, i tryck).

The aim of this thesis is to focus on the concept of flexicurity, accepted as the new labour market model balancing the needs of employers for greater flexibility in order to adapt to market forces, and the need of employees for security, which has recently been one of the most popular concepts of the debate on labour market reforms in the European Union. While doing so, this thesis discusses the position of key European institutions, especially of the Commission of the European Communities. The main argument is that the concept is still very open to alternative interpretations at the European Union level. Related to this openness is the fact that the Commission has deliberately instrumentalized the concept&rsquo / s ambiguity in order to absorb all the main actors into the debate in line with its own policy preferences.

Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti save žalojančių ir turinčių savižudiškų tendencijų 16-19 metų mokinių asmenybės savybių ypatumus. Tyrime dalyvavo 174 mokiniai (71 mergaitė ir 103 berniukai). Siekiant atskleisti paauglių agresyvumo bruožą, buvo pasirinktas A. H. Buss ir M. Perry (1992) Agresijos klausimynas (angl. The Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire), tyrime naudojamos dvi agresyvumo skalės: fizinė agresija ir priešiškumas. Savigarbai matuoti, pasirinkta M. Rosenberg (1965) Savigarbos skalė (angl. Rosenberg Self-Esteem). Siekiant atskleisti paauglių saviveiksmingumo bruožą, pasirinkta R. Schwarzer ir M. Jerusalem (1995) Saviveiksmingumo skalė (angl. General Self-Efficacy scale). Impulsyvumo savybei matuoti pasirinkta E. S. Barratt (1995) Motorinio impulsyvumo skalė (angl. Motor Impulsiveness, Baratt Impulsiveness Scale). Neurotiškumo savybei matuoti buvo pasirinkta H ir S. Eysenck klausimyno (EPQ) (1986) neurotiškumo skalė. Sąmoningai save žalojančiam elgesiui matuoti naudota V. Jonušės (2010) sudaryta skalė, o savižudiškų tendencijų turinčiam elgesiui L. Šeibokaitės (2008) sudaryti klausimai. Rezultatai rodo, kad sąmoningai save žalojantys, turintys savižudiškų tendencijų ir tik turintys savižudiškų tendencijų berniukai pasižymi didesniu nurotiškumo, impulsyvumo, priešiškumo lygiu bei tik turintys savižudiškų tendencijų pasižymi ir didesniu fizinės agresijos lygiu, palyginus su to nedarančiais berniukais. Kontroliuojant savybių tarpusavio ryšius impulsyvumo, fizinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim - to identify personality traits characteristics between 16-19 age school children with deliberate self-harm and suicidal behavior The study included 174 school children (71 females and 103 males). A. H. Buss ir M. Perry (1992) Aggression Questionnaire was applied to measure school children aggression; two scales used in this study: hostility, physical aggression. To measure self-esteem was chosen M. Rosenberg (1965) Self-Esteem scale. To measure children‘s self-efficacy were applied R. Schwarzer ir M. Jerusalem (1995) General Self-Efficacy scale. Impulsivity was measured by E. S. Barratt (1995) Motor Impulsiveness, Baratt Impulsiveness Scale. To measure neuroticism were applied H and S. Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) (1986). To measure deliberate self-harm we used the scale created by V.Jonušė (2010), for suicidal tendencies – questions created by L. Šeibokaitė (2008). The results show that boys who deliberately self-harm and show suicidal behavior, and those who have only suicidal tendencies, but don‘t self-harm, have a higher impulsivity, hostility, neuroticism levels and those who have only suicidal tendencies also have higer physical aggression level, compared with boys who don‘t show such behavior. Controlling the relations between personality traits, impulsivity, hostility and physical aggression importance for boys self-harm and suicidal behavior disappears. Boys self-esteem and self-efficacy are not related to boys deliberately self-harm and... [to full text]