Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka stressreducerade ledarskapsbeteenden som chefer använder sig av gentemot sina medarbetare. Studien har en deduktiv ansats där två etablerade balansteorier; Karasek och Theorells (1990) krav och kontrollmodell samt Siegrits (1996) ansträngning och belöningsmodell, användes för att studera empirin. Ett målinriktat urval gjordes (n = 10) och av dessa var fem stycken kvinnor och fem stycken män. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med chefer på samma eller liknande position i en organisation. Det empiriska materialet analyserades genom en tematisk modell. Resultatet visade att cheferna använder sig av olika dimensioner av balansteorierna. Samtliga chefer använde sig av socialt stöd i olika former och majoriteten av cheferna gav medarbetarna kontroll över sin arbetssituation för att reducera stress. Ett fåtal av cheferna försökte få medarbetarna att uppleva yrkesstatus som belöning och slutligen lyfte cheferna fram vikten av att skapa en balans mellan arbetslivet och privatlivet för att främja medarbetarnas hälsa.

Abstract The purpose with this study was to get knowledge if there are any possible differences in, and correlation between, experienced stress, experienced demands, experienced control and experienced social support in correlation to shiftwork. The study was made at two central hospitals in south of Sweden and had 90 participants (78 women and 12 men) that answered a questionnaire in the current variables. The result in experienced stress showed that there were no differences between shift workers. The results showed a difference between the day- and the nightshift in the correlation between control and stress. The writers speculates that the reason why the nightshift experience high stressvalues with high control can depend on the lack of presence by higher managers, compared with the dayshift. / Syftet med studien var att studera eventuella skillnader i, och samband mellan, upplevd stress, upplevda krav, upplevd kontroll samt upplevt socialt stöd i samband med skiftarbete. Arbetet genomfördes på två centralsjukhus i södra Sverige med 90 deltagare (78 kvinnor, 12 män) som besvarade ett frågeformulär rörande de aktuella variablerna. Resultatet vad det gäller upplevd stress visade att det inte finns någon skillnad mellan de olika skiften. Resultatet visade på en skillnad mellan dagtid och nattarbetare, den gällde vilket samband kontrollen hade med den upplevda stressen. Att nattarbetare upplever ett samband mellan hög stress och hög kontroll spekulerar författarna kan bero på att chefer inte finns tillgängliga i samma utsträckning som för dagtidsarbetarna.

Abstract This thesis proposes a PC based electric energy management system as well as load control strategies for demand side management in high voltage customer. Besides, this thesis proposes a sequential search method for the decision of optimal demand contract. By the proposed approach, We expect to decrease the basic demand charge and the total electrical cost. The load survey and load characteristics of selected high voltage customers are first fulfilled to derive the load composition and statistic data for large air conditioner. Furthermore,digital power meters are installed at each substation and they are connected in star configuration with telephone network to form automatic meter reading system. Power parameters such as V, I, P, Q, P.F. etc. are periodically collected via telephone network. By inspecting the trend of peak load as well as the load composition, the specification and structure of electric energy management system and their application functions are difined. The proposed PC based electric energy management system is integrated programmable logic controller (PLC) with power meters to form basic Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition ¡]SCADA¡^functions. Besides, advance functions such as demand monitoring/load shedding, periodical load control, clock load control, direct load control, alarm, and real time/historical trending are embedded to enhance the capability of proposed system. By the Visual Function Block in Diamond Control View, automatic meter reading system can be simulated and demonstrated. The academic power system in National Sun Yat-Sen University(NSYSU) are selected for testing to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed system. Finally,the effect of peak load cutting will not only save energy consumption of the customer but also increase the power capacity of substations for Taiwan power system.

No description available.

The potential of carbon emission regulations applied to an individual building will encourage building owners to purchase utility-provided green power or to employ onsite renewable energy generation. As both cases are based on intermittent renewable energy sources, demand side control is a fundamental precondition for maximizing the effectiveness of using renewable energy sources. Such control leads to a reduction in peak demand and/or in energy demand variability, therefore, such reduction in the demand profile eventually enhances the efficiency of an erratic supply of renewable energy. The combined operation of active thermal energy storage and passive building thermal mass has shown substantial improvement in demand-side control performance when compared to current state-of-the-art demand-side control measures. Specifically, "model-based" optimal control for this operation has the potential to significantly increase performance and bring economic advantages. However, due to the uncertainty in certain operating conditions in the field its control effectiveness could be diminished and/or seriously damaged, which results in poor performance. This dissertation pursues improvements of current demand-side controls under uncertainty by proposing a robust supervisory demand-side control strategy that is designed to be immune from uncertainty and perform consistently under uncertain conditions. Uniqueness and superiority of the proposed robust demand-side controls are found as below: a. It is developed based on fundamental studies about uncertainty and a systematic approach to uncertainty analysis. b. It reduces variability of performance under varied conditions, and thus avoids the worst case scenario. c. It is reactive in cases of critical "discrepancies" observed caused by the unpredictable uncertainty that typically scenario uncertainty imposes, and thus it increases control efficiency. This is obtainable by means of i) multi-source composition of weather forecasts including both historical archive and online sources and ii) adaptive Multiple model-based controls (MMC) to mitigate detrimental impacts of varying scenario uncertainties. The proposed robust demand-side control strategy verifies its outstanding demand-side control performance in varied and non-indigenous conditions compared to the existing control strategies including deterministic optimal controls. This result reemphasizes importance of the demand-side control for a building in the global carbon economy. It also demonstrates a capability of risk management of the proposed robust demand-side controls in highly uncertain situations, which eventually attains the maximum benefit in both theoretical and practical perspectives.

Sjuksköterskor blev en hårt utsatt arbetsgrupp på grund av den enorma arbetsbelastningen som vården fick bära på grund av coronapandemin. Denna studie valde att undersöka främjande faktorer för trivsel och att stanna kvar i arbetet vid hög arbetsbelastning. Tidigare forskning tyder på att psykosocial miljö, socialt stöd och kontroll/resurser i jämförelse med de ökade kraven var viktiga faktorer för trivsel och att stanna kvar i arbetet bland sjuksköterskor, dock var tidigare studier ej utförda varken i mitten av en pandemi eller under hög arbetsbelastning. I denna studie valde vi en kvalitativ analys där fyra deltagare intervjuades i en semistrukturerad intervju uppdelad efter fyra preliminära huvudteman. Intervjumaterialet bearbetades och analyserades sedan genom en induktiv tematisk analys. Genom den tematiska analysen kom vi fram till underteman som var viktiga för att besvara frågeställningen för denna studie. I resultatet redovisades fyra huvudteman som var, krav, kontroll/resurser, socialt stöd och psykosocial kultur och struktur med underteman för varje. Resultaten tyder på viktiga faktorer för trivsel och att stanna kvar i arbetet vid hög arbetsbelastning som var direkt avgörande för deltagarna. Dessa faktorer var, ett transformativt, kompetent och skickligt ledarskap, ett utmärkande socialt stöd från kollegor och arbetsgrupp samt den ökade kontrollen för att dämpa de arbetsrelaterade kraven. / Nurses became a heavily pressured workgroup from the high workload that was caused by the corona pandemic. The current study mainly focused on promoting factors for well-being and remaining in work during the high workload. Previous research suggests that psychosocial environment, social support and control/resources in comparison with the increased demands were important factors for well-being and remaining in work among nurses, however, previous studies were not conducted in the middle of a pandemic or under high workload. In this study, a qualitative analysis was chosen where four participants were interviewed in a semi-structured interview divided into four preliminary main themes. The interview material was processed and then analyzed with an inductive thematic analysis. With the thematic analysis the study found sub-themes that were important to answer the question for this study. The results presented four main themes; demands, control/resources, social support and psychosocial culture and structure with sub-themes for each. The results indicate important factors for the nurse’s well-being and remaining in work during periods of high workload that were directly crucial for the participants. These factors were, a transformative, competent and skilled leadership, a distinctive social support from colleagues and working group and the increased control and resources to curb the unimaginable demands.

In the past decades, wireless Machine-to-Machine (M2M) networks have been developed in various industrial and public service areas and envisioned to improve our daily life in next decades, e.g., energy, manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and safety. With the advantage of low cost, flexible deployment, and wide coverage as compared to wired communications, wireless communications play an essential role in providing information exchange among the distributed devices in wireless M2M networks. However, an intrinsic problem with wireless communications is that the limited radio spectrum resources may result in unsatisfactory performance in the M2M networks. With the number of M2M devices projected to reach 20 to 50 billion by 2020, there is a critical need to solve the problems related to the design and applications in the wireless M2M networks. In this dissertation work, we study the wireless M2M networks design from three closely related aspects, the wireless M2M communication reliability, efficiency, and Demand Response (DR) control in smart grid, an important M2M application taking the advantage of reliable and efficient wireless communications. First, for the communication reliability issue, multiple factors that affect communication reliability are considered, including the shadowing and fading characteristics of wireless channels, and random network topology. A general framework has been proposed to evaluate the reliability for data exchange in both infrastructure-based single-hop networks and multi-hop mesh networks. Second, for the communication efficiency issue, we study two challenging scenarios in wireless M2M networks: one is a network with a large number of end devices, and the other is a network with long, heterogeneous, and/or varying propagation delays. Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are designed and performance analysis are conducted for both scenarios by considering their unique features. Finally, we study the DR control in smart grid. Using Lyapunov optimization as a tool, we design a novel demand response control strategy considering consumer’s comfort requirements and fluctuations in both the renewable energy supply and customers’ load demands. By considering those unique features of M2M networks in data collection and distribution, the analysis, design and optimize techniques proposed in this dissertation can enable the deployment of wireless M2M networks with a large number of end devices and be essential for future proliferation of wireless M2M networks. / Graduate / 0544 / flintlei@gmail.com

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka stressfaktorer som upplevs av handläggare på Försäkringskassan samt vilka resurser de skulle önska för att minska den upplevda stressnivån. De formulerade frågeställningarna lyder; Vad upplevs stressande på arbetsplatsen hos handläggarna, Vilka faktorer påverkar handläggarnas upplevelser samt Vilka resurser skulle de önska för att kunna minska stressen? Studiens empiri bygger på en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer av sex stycken respondenter. Den teoretiska referensramen består av Krav- & Kontrollmodellen samt Känsla av Sammanhang. Studien utgår från tidigare forskning i området: Försäkringskassan, stress och arbetsplatslärande.Resultatet visar att de faktorer som handläggarna upplever stressande dels är att bli avbrutna i sitt arbete och därmed behöva omstrukturera sina arbetsuppgifter. En annan faktor är att de upplever ett bristande stöd från arbetsgivarnas håll och från medarbetare med specialistkompetens. Därtill upplevs en avsaknad av resurser i form av mer personal och mer tid i förhållande till mängden arbetsuppgifter, vilket skapar en känsla av otillräcklighet. Resultatet visar även att handläggarna önskar kompetensutveckling i och med att omorganisationen har bidragit till ökade krav.Vidare kan konstateras att de önskade resurserna hos handläggarna på Försäkringskassan är ett mer tillgängligt stöd och utökad kompetens, vilket i sin tur skulle kunna leda till en ökad känsla av kontroll. Vad som också har lyfts fram som ett behov är tydligare direktiv från cheferna i hur handläggarna ska prioritera, strukturera samt planera sitt arbete. / The purpose of the study is to investigate the stress factors experienced by administrators at an Swedish insurance agency, and what resources they would need to reduce the perceived level of stress. The formulated questions reads; What is perceived stressful at the workplace among employees, What factors influence employees experiences and What resources would they need in order to reduce their stress? The empirical data is based on a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with six people at the Social Insurance Agency in the Stockholm area. The theoretical framework consists of Demand- & control model and Sense of Coherence. The study is based on previous research in the field of Social Insurance, stress and workplace learning. We intend to examine what employees perceive stressful at work and the resources they see necessary to reduce the perceived stress and thus cope with their daily work better. The result shows that the factors the employees experiencing stressful is to be interrupted during their work and therefore have to restructure their tasks. Another factor is that they experience a lack of support in form of social support from the employer and from colleagues with specialist skills. In addition, in terms of resources such as more staff and more time, creating a sense of inadequacy. What the result shows is that the employees want more time to develop their skills, since the reorganization has contributed to increase the demands. Furthermore, it can be stated that the employees wished to have a more accessible support and enhanced skills from their employer, which could lead to an increased sense of control. What also have been requested is clearer directives from the employer in how to prioritize, organize and plan their work.

The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms behind mental illness of women. A limitation was made to young women with an academic education who early in their careers became sick because of mental illness. The theoretical framework for the study consisted of Karasek and Theorell’s demand, control and support model. In addition, Bauman's theory about identity was used as a supplement of the category of identity included in Karasek and Theorell’s model.In order to answer the research question, a qualitative approach was chosen consisting of five interviews with young women who have been on sick leave. The results show that the respondents had high demands and low control at their workplaces before they became sick. In addition, the respondents had good social support from colleagues and outside the workplace. The social support from managers varied and common for all respondents is that they did not use their complete social support weeks before they got sick. Regarding identity, the respondents have shown that they have a performance-based self-esteem. In the discussion, the results show that identity can affect women’s ability to use social support, which can contribute to mental illness. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka bakomliggande mekanismer som påverkar psykisk ohälsa hos unga kvinnor. En avgränsning gjordes till unga kvinnor med akademisk utbildning och som tidigt i karriären blivit sjukskrivna på grund av psykisk ohälsa. Den teoretiska referensramen för studien har bestått av Karseks och Theorells krav- kontroll- och stödmodell. Utöver detta har Baumans teori om identitetsskapande används som en komplettering till kategorin identitet.För att kunna besvara studiens problemformulering har en kvalitativ metod valts, bestående av fem intervjuer med unga kvinnor som har varit sjukskrivna. Resultatet visade att respondenterna har haft höga krav och låg kontroll i arbetet innan de blev sjukskrivna. De har även haft ett gott socialt stöd från kollegor samt från kontakter utanför arbetsplatsen. Det sociala stödet från chefer har varierat och gemensamt för samtliga respondenter är att de inte har använt sig av sitt fulla sociala stöd, innan de blev sjukskrivna. Kopplat till identitet har respondenterna haft en prestationsbaserad självkänsla. I diskussionen redovisas att identiteten kan göra att man inte använder sitt sociala stöd vilket kan bidra till psykisk ohälsa.

Enhetschefer är benämningen på den yrkesverksamma grupp som ansvarar för verksamheter som drivs enligt socialtjänstlagen och lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade. De befinner sig i en politiskt styrd organisation med socialnämnden som uppdragsgivare. Enhetschefer är identifierade som en yrkesverksam grupp med hög arbetsbelastning och högre risk att utsättas för stress, i jämförelse med andra yrkesgrupper i ledande position. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur olika stressfaktorer bidrar till upplevelsen av arbetsrelaterad stress hos enhetschefer inom kommunal äldre- och funktionshinderomsorg. Metodvalet är en kvantitativ enkätundersökning med syfte i att nå ut till fler personer och på så sätt få en bred överblick av enhetschefernas arbetssituation. Studien har genomförts i en medelstor svensk kommun där samtliga enhetschefer inom kommunal äldre- och funktionshinderomsorg valts ut. Av resultatet framkommer att de faktorer som i störst utsträckning bidrar till upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress, är för hög arbetsbelastning i förhållande till arbetstiden samt  bristande möjlighet att uppfylla önskemål från brukare. / Middle managers is the name of the professional group who is responsible for institutions that are run by the Social Service Act and Act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional impairments. They work in a politically controlled organization with the municipal social welfare committee as the outsourcer. Middle managers are identified as a profession with a high workload and a higher risk of being exposed to stress, in comparison with other occupational groups with a leading position. The aim of the study is to examine how various stressors contribute to work-related stress. The method is a quantitative survey with the aim of reaching out to more people and to get a larger overview of the middle managers work situation. The study has been carried out in a medium-sized Swedish municipality, where all middle managers in municipal elderly and disability care were selected. The result shows that the stressors that contribute most to work-related stress are the high workload in relation to working time and a lack of opportunity to fulfill the client’s wishes.