Les changements des connections neuronales interviendraient dans la formation de la mémoire. J’ai développé de nouvelles approches basées sur l’imagerie photonique pour étudier (i) les interactions entre les microglies et les épines dendritiques, et (ii) le renouvellement des épines dans l’hippocampe in vivo. Ces deux phénomènes contribueraient au remodelage des circuits synaptiques intervenant dans la mémoire. (i) Les microglies sont impliquées dans de nouvelles fonctions en condition saine. J’ai examiné l’effet de la plasticité synaptique sur la dynamique morphologique des microglies, et sur leur interaction avec les épines. En combinant l’électrophysiologie et l’imagerie bi-photonique dans des tranches aigües de souris transgéniques, je démontre que la microglie intensifie son interaction physique avec les épines. Ainsi pour continuer l’étude de ces interactions et leur impact fonctionnel plus précisément, j’ai optimisé l’imagerie STED dans des tranches aigües. (ii) La plasticité structurale des épines est cruciale pour la mémoire, mais les connaissances à ce sujet dans l’hippocampe in vivo restent limitées. J’ai donc établi une technique d’imagerie chronique STED in vivo pour visualiser les épines dans l’hippocampe. Cette approche a révélé une densité double de celle reportée précédemment à l’aide de la microscopie bi-photonique. De plus j’ai observé un renouvellement des épines de 40% en 5 jours, représentant un taux important de remodelage synaptique dans l’hippocampe. Les approches d’imagerie super-résolutive permettent l’étude des interactions microglie-épine, et du renouvellement des épines hippocampiques avec une résolution inédite chez la souris vivante. / Activity-dependent changes in neuronal connectivity are thought to underlie learning and memory. I developed and applied novel high-resolution imaging-based approaches to study (i) microglia-spine interactions and (ii) the turnover of dendritic spines in the mouse hippocampus, which are both thought to contribute to the remodeling of synaptic circuits underlying memory formation. (i) Microglia have been implicated in a variety of novel tasks beyond their classic immune defensive roles. I examined the effect of synaptic plasticity on microglial morphological dynamics and interactions with spines, using a combination of electrophysiology and two-photon microscopy in acute brain slices. I demonstrated that microglia intensify their physical interactions with spines after the induction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. To study these interactions and their functional impact in greater detail, I optimized and applied time-lapse STED imaging in acute brain slices. (ii) Spine structural plasticity is thought to underpin memory formation. Yet, we know very little about it in the hippocampus in vivo, which is the archetypical memory center of the mammalian brain. I established chronic in vivo STED imaging of hippocampal spines in the living mouse using a modified cranial window technique. The super-resolution approach revealed a spine density that was two times higher than reported in the two-photon literature, and a spine turnover of 40% over 5 days, indicating a high level of structural remodeling of hippocampal synaptic circuits. The developed super-resolution imaging approaches enable the examination of microglia-synapse interactions and dendritic spines with unprecedented resolution in the living brain (tissue).

La leucémie aiguë à cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (BPDCN) fait partie des cancers incurables pour lesquels les mécanismes impliqués dans la pathogénèse restent inconnus. Dans ce travail, nous avons identifié le gène NR3C1 (5q31), qui code pour le récepteur des glucocorticoïdes (GCR), et un long ARN non-codant inter-génique (appelé ici lincRNA-3q), comme étant des cibles d'altération géniques ou de dérégulation transcriptionnelles dans les BPDCN. La translocation/délétion de NR3C1 est associée avec un temps de survie extrêmement court et des activités anormales du réseau de régulation des gènes GCR, EZH2 et FOXP3. Nous avons découvert que lincRNA-3q code pour une forme nucléaire d'ARN non-codant qui est activé de façon ectopique dans les BPDCN et les AML à haut risque. Dans les cancers myéloïdes, une déplétion de lincRNA-3q induit un arrêt du cycle cellulaire qui coïncide avec la suppression des signatures d'expression génique de E2F1/Rb et des gènes spécifiques aux cellules souches leucémiques. Nos résultats démontrent qu'une inhibition des protéines à bromodomaine BET supprime sélectivement l'expression lincRNA-3q, indiquant une stratégie thérapeutique potentielle pour contrer l'activité oncogénique de cet ARN non-codant. Ce travail défini, un nouveau cadre de recherche pour comprendre la pathogénèse et la résistance au traitement dans les BPDCN. / Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is an incurable malignancy for which disease mechanisms are unknown. Here, we identify the NR3C1 gene (5q31), encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR), and a long, intergenic, non-coding RNA gene (named here lincRNA-3q), respectively, as targets for genetic alteration or transcriptional deregulation in BPDCN. NR3C1 translocation/deletion was associated to critically short survival in BPDCN and to abnormal activity of GCR, EZH2, and FOXP3 gene regulatory networks. LincRNA-3q, was found to encode a nuclear, non- coding RNA that is ectopically activated in BPDCN and high-risk AML. Depletion of lincRNA-3q in myeloid cancer cells induced cell cycle arrest, coincident to suppression of E2F1/Rb and leukemia stem cell-specific gene expression signatures. BET bromodomain protein inhibition could selectively suppress lincRNA-3q indicating a treatment strategy for counteracting oncogenic activity of this non- coding RNA. Thus, this work defines a new framework for understanding disease pathogenesis and treatment resistance in BPDCN.

As moléculas co-estimuladoras CD80 e CD86, expressas na superfície de células dendríticas (DCs), as principais células apresentadoras de antígenos profissionais (APCs), possuem participação fundamental na indução de resposta e manutenção de tolerância, motivo pelo qual são consideradas alvos terapêuticos promissores. Essas moléculas promovem o segundo sinal necessário à ativação e proliferação dos linfócitos T por meio da ligação ao receptor CD28, ou inibem a resposta por essas células por meio da ligação ao receptor CTLA-4, ambos expressos na superfície dos linfócitos. Muitos são os relatos da literatura indicando diferenças tanto quantitativas quanto qualitativas entre CD80 e CD86 na capacidade de ativação de linfócitos T, os mais relevantes apontando diferenças na capacidade de indução de diferenciação de linfócitos para os padrões Th1 e Th2 de secreção de citocinas. Porém, tais relatos são muitas vezes contraditórios, e o verdadeiro papel funcional dessas moléculas ainda está por ser estabelecido. Assim, propusemo-nos a estabelecer as metodologias necessárias para silenciar as moléculas CD80 e CD86 em células dendríticas (DCs) humanas, derivadas de monócitos do sangue periférico, por meio da tecnologia de RNA de interferência. Isso possibilitaria esclarecer o papel desempenhado por cada uma dessas moléculas na capacidade de ativação de linfócitos T. Para tanto, padronizou-se a transfecção reversa de DCs do quarto dia da cultura com siRNA fluorescente e os agentes de transfecção lipídicos siPORT e iMAX, tendo sido obtidas eficiências de transfecção de 64,7% ± 5,2 e 69,7% ± 14,5%, respectivamente. DCs do quarto dia de cultura foram transfectadas com siRNAs específicos para CD80, e o fenótipo avaliado após 48 horas da transfecção. Foi possível identificar, além do eficiente silenciamento de CD80 por dois dos três siRNAs testados, também uma diminuição, inesperada, de células CD86+. Para o silenciamento de CD86, células CD14+ selecionadas positivamente por beads magnéticas foram transfectadas com siRNAs específicos para CD86, ativadas após 24 horas da transfecção e o silenciamento avaliado após 24 horas da ativação. Embora o silenciamento conseguido por um dos dois siRNAs testados tenha sido muito pequeno, observou-se fenômeno equivalente, com diminuição de células CD80+. Embora inconclusivos, esses dados sugerem a possibilidade de modulação recíproca dessas moléculas. Assim, pudemos obter a transfecção eficiente de DCs com siRNAs de interesse e, através deles, modular a expressão de CD80 e CD86. Com estes instrumentos, portanto, podemos agora desenvolver estudos quanto ao papel de cada uma destas moléculas na fisiologia da apresentação antigênica pelas DCs. / The costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, expressed on surface of dendritic cells (DCs), are essential to trigger T cell activation and to maintain self tolerance, indicating that these molecules are promising therapeutic targets. They can either bind to CD28 on T cells, promoting T cell activation and leading to their proliferation and cytokine production, or to CTLA-4, which is expressed following T cell activation, and can inhibit T cell response. Though CD80 and CD86 are thought to provide equivalent T cell costimulation, a growing body of evidence suggests that there are different functional consequences of CD28 engagement by these two molecules. Many reports point to variations in their ability to stimulate different lymphocyte subsets. However, there is still controversy in the literature and the actual role of CD80 and CD86 remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the methodology necessary to silence, by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), both CD80 and CD86 expression on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. These findings would be the base of studys that could better elucidate the function of these two coestimulatory molecules in T cell activation. Therefore, transfection of 4th day DCs with fluorescent siRNA and lipidic transfection agents siPORT and iMAX was established, an d transfection efficiency observed was 64,7% ± 5,2 e 69,7% ± 14,5%, respectively. 4th day DCs were transfected with specific CD80 siRNAs and phenotype was observed after 48 hours of transfection. Besides CD80 efficient silencing by two from three siRNAs tested, there was an unexpected decrease in CD86+ cells. To establish CD86 silencing, CD14+ cells were positively selected with magnetic beads and immediately transfected with CD86 specific siRNAs, activated after 24 hours of transfection, and phenotype was observed after 24 hours of activation. Despite the fact that silencing conferred by one of two siRNAs was very low, equivalent phenomenon was observed, with a decrease in CD80+ cells. Although the observed effects were inconclusive, these data suggests a possible reciprocal modulation by these two molecules. Therefore, we were able to obtain efficient DC transfection with siRNAs of interest, as well as modulate CD80 and CD86 expression. With these instruments we can now develop studies regarding the real physiological role of these two costimulatory molecules in DCs antigen presentation.

A endometriose (EDT) é caracterizada pela presença de tecido endometrial fora da cavidade uterina, e afeta mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Postulamos que alterações na frequência de células T reguladoras (Treg), natural killer (NK), supressoras mielóides (MDSC) e dendríticas (DC) no peritônio justificariam a redução da capacidade do sistema imune de reagir contra as células endometriais, permitindo sua implantação em locais ectópicos. Aqui, células Treg, NK, MDSC e DC foram quantificadas no fluido peritoneal (FP) e sangue de mulheres com EDT, a fim de associa-las ao desenvolvimento da doença; níveis de citocinas também foram avaliados. Na EDT, observou-se aumento na frequência de Treg, MDSC e DC no sangue e aparente redução destas no FP; ainda, a concentração de IL-12 foi menor no sangue comparadas ao grupo controle. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto às células NK e as outras citocinas analisadas. Os resultados indicam aumento da frequência de populações reguladoras em amostras de sangue de pacientes EDT, entretanto esses resultados não são refletidos no FP. / Endometriosis (EDT) is a gynecological disease characterized by the presence of endometrial cells out of the uterine cavity, which affects women in reproductive age. We postulated that alterations in the frequencies of regulatory T cells (Treg), natural killer cells (NK), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and dendritic cells (DC) in the peritoneum could justify the reduced capacity of the immune system to react to these ectopic endometrial cells, allowing them to invade distant tissues. Here, Treg, NK, MDSC and DC were quantified in the peritoneal fluid (PF) and peripheral blood (PB) of women with EDT, in order to associate them with the development of EDT; cytokine levels were also assessed. In EDT, higher frequencies of Treg, MDSC and DC in the PB and apparent lower frequencies of these cells in the PF were observed; IL-12 concentration was smaller in PB of EDT compared to control. No differences between groups were observed for NK cells and the other cytokines evaluated. The results indicate higher frequencies of regulatory cells in PB samples of EDT patients, although these findings were not reflected in PF samples.

The growth in the number of connected devices, in the volume of data traffic and of applications used has shown a significant increase in the complexity of today's networks, leaving the activity of management increasingly difficult for network and system administrators. Management aspects, such as the security of these systems has been a major challenge faced by the researchers, especially considering that, in parallel, there has been also a significant increase in the degree of sophistication of malicious activities. This scenario requires the development of sophisticated security systems also, in order to prevent or contain attacks increasingly destructive to systems, such as worm attacks. And the biological inspiration has been a main ally in this endeavor, bringing several concepts and new ways of thinking and solving these problems. This work used the bio-inspired concepts of Autonomic Networks (self-managing networks inspired by the functioning of the human nervous system)and Artificial Immune Systems (computer security systems inspired by the functioning of the human immune system), to define a management architecture for network self-protection, through the prediction of security attacks. This architecture incorporates the Danger Theory immune-inspired model and uses its Dendritic Cells algorithm to correlate events and detect anomalies. The architecture analysis was performed on an Early Warning System, which uses notifications received from worm already infected machines as additional information to identify the imminence of an infection in still vulnerable machines. In the experiments the gain in time obtained with this early identification was used in the Conficker worm propagation model and the results showed a reduction in the number of infected machines and, consequently, in the worm propagation across a network / O crescimento do número de dispositivos conectados, do volume de dados trafegados e das aplicações utilizadas tem evidenciado um aumento importante na complexidade das redes atuais, deixando a atividade de gerência cada vez mais difícil para os administradores de redes e sistemas. Aspectos de gerência, como a segurança desses sistemas tem sido um dos principais desafios enfrentados pelos pesquisadores, principalmente, considerando que, em paralelo, observa-se um também importante aumento no grau de sofisticação das atividades maliciosas. Tal cenário exige o desenvolvimento de sistemas de segurança igualmente sofisticados, com o intuito de impedir ou conter ataques cada vez mais destrutivos aos sistemas, como os ataques de worms. E a inspiração biológica tem sido uma das grandes aliadas nesta empreitada, trazendo diversos conceitos e novas formas de pensar e resolver esses problemas. Este trabalho utilizou os conceitos bio-inspirados das Redes Autonômicas (redes autogerenciáveis inspiradas nos funcionamento do sistema nervoso humano) e dos Sistemas Imunes Artificiais (sistemas de segurança computacional inspirados no funcionamento do sistema imunológico humano), para definir uma arquitetura de gerência para autoproteção de redes, através da predição de ataques de segurança. Tal arquitetura incorpora o modelo imuno-inspirado da Teoria do Perigo e utiliza o seu Algoritmo das Células Dendríticas para correlacionar eventos e detectar anomalias. A análise da arquitetura foi realizada em um Sistema de Alerta Antecipado, que usa notificações recebidas de máquinas já infectadas por worm como informação adicional para identificar a iminência de uma infecção em máquinas ainda vulneráveis. Nos experimentos o ganho de tempo obtido com essa identificação precoce foi utilizado no modelo de propagação do worm Conficker e os resultados apontaram uma redução no número de máquinas infectadas e, consequentemente, na propagação deste worm em uma rede

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / The Internet of Things is a new paradigm of communication based on the ubiquitous presence of objects that, having unique address, they can cooperate with their peers to achieve a common goal. Applications in several areas can benefit from this new paradigm, but the Internet of Things is very vulnerable to attack. The large number of connected devices make an autonomic approach necessary and the small amount of resources requires the use of efficient techniques. This paper proposes a self-protection architecture for the Internet of Things using Artificial Neural Network and Dendritic Cells Algorithm, two bio-inspired techniques. The experiments of this paper show that the use of these two techniques is possible. The Artificial Neural Network implementation consume a small memory footprint, having a high accuracy rate and the Dendritic Cells Algorithm show to be interesting for it distributivity, allowing better use of network resources. / A Internet das Coisas é um novo paradigma de comunicação baseado na presença ubíqua de objetos que, através de endereçamento único, cooperam com seus pares para atingir um objetivo em comum. Aplicações em diversas áreas podem se beneficiar dos conceitos da Internet das Coisas, porém esta rede é muito vulnerável a ataques, seja pela possibilidade de ataque físico, pela alta conectividade dos dispositivos, a enorme quantidade de dispositivos conectados ou a baixa quantidade de recursos disponíveis. A grande quantidade de dispositivos conectados faz com que abordagens autonômicas sejam necessárias e a reduzida quantidade de recursos exige a utilização de técnicas eficientes. Este trabalho propõe uma arquitetura de autoproteção para a Internet das Coisas utilizando as técnicas de Rede Neural Artificial e Algoritmo de Células Dendríticas, duas técnicas bio-inspiradas que, através de experimentos, mostraram a possibilidade de serem utilizadas na Internet das Coisas. A implementação da Rede Neural Artificial utilizada consumiu poucos recursos de memória do dispositivo, mantendo uma alta taxa de acerto, comparável a trabalhos correlatos que não se preocuparam com o consumo de recursos. A utilização do Algoritmo de Células Dendríticas se mostrou interessante pela sua distributividade, permitindo uma melhor utilização dos recursos da rede, como um todo.

INTRODUÇÃO: O fato do vírus da Hepatite C (HCV) estabelecer uma infecção crônica persistente, na maioria dos casos, mesmo sendo reconhecido e alvejado pelos sistemas imune inato e adaptativo sugere que o mesmo tenha desenvolvido estratégias eficazes para driblar a ação desses sistemas. O HCV interfere na fase inicial de ativação da resposta imune adaptativa alterando a função das células dendríticas (DCs), o que provavelmente leva a uma ativação deficiente das células natural killer (NKs) e de linfócitos T. Portanto, a realização de estudos sobre DCs e NKs na infecção pelo HCV se torna de fundamental importância para a compreensão da patogênese e persistência desta infecção. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados indivíduos com resolução espontânea da infecção pelo HCV, indivíduos com infecção crônica e indivíduos saudáveis. A técnica de citometria de fluxo foi utilizada para a determinação da frequência e do fenótipo de células dendríticas e NKs nesses indivíduos. Além disso, foi avaliada a atividade citotóxica das células NKs sob estímulo de IL-12 e IL-18, e também da linhagem K-562. RESULTADOS: A frequência de DC mielóides (mDC) expressando CD86, nos indivíduos crônicos, foi elevada e uma correlação positiva com a carga viral foi observada. Na análise do ensaio funcional foi observado que as populações de células NKs CD7+ CD57+ apresentaram maior expressão da molécula CD107a e baixa produção de IFNy nos indivíduos com infecção crônica. A constante exposição das células imunes ao IFN-alfa, induzido durante a infecção pelo HCV, resulta na polarização do fenótipo citotóxico, caracterizado por células NK ativadas com elevado poder de degranulação, mas com deficiente produção de IFN-y. CONCLUSÕES: As frequências das células DCs e NKs eram semelhantes em todos os indivíduos. A expressão da molécula CD86 na superfície das mDCs pode ter sido induzida pela presença do HCV, uma vez que foi observada correlação positiva com a carga viral. Células NK citotóxicas, altamente diferenciadas e incapazes de produzir IFN-y foram as mais frequentes na infecção crônica pelo HCV. A baixa produção de IFN-y por parte dessas células é um dos fatores envolvidos na deficiente ativação de uma resposta imune adaptativa capaz de controlar a infecção pelo HCV / INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) develops a chronic persistent infection in most of the cases, even being recognized and targeted by the innate and adaptive immune systems, suggests that the virus have developed effective strategies to circumvent the action of these systems. HCV interferes in the initial activation of the adaptive immune response by altering the function of dendritic cells (DCs), which probably leads to a deficient activation of natural killer cells (NK) and T lymphocytes. Therefore, studies of DCs and NK in HCV infection are very important for understanding the pathogenesis and the persistence of this infection. METHODS: We selected subjects with spontaneous resolution of HCV infection, with chronic infection and healthy subjects. Flow Cytometry was used to determine the frequency and phenotype of dendritic cells and NK cells of these individuals. In addition, we evaluated the NK cell cytotoxic activity in response to stimulation of IL-12 and IL-18 and in co-cultivation with the cell line K-562. RESULTS: In individuals with chronic infection, the frequency of myeloid (m) DC cells expressing CD86 was elevated and a positive correlation between these cells and viral load was observed. It was observed in chronic infected individuals that NK cells co-expressing CD7 and CD57 showed higher expression of CD107a and low production of IFN gamma. The constant exposure of immune cells to IFN-alfa induced during HCV infection results in the polarization of cytotoxic phenotype characterized by activated NK cells with high power degranulation, but with impaired production of IFN-y. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of DCs and NK cells were similar in all individuals. The expression of CD86 molecule on the surface of mDCs may have been induced by the presence of HCV, since a positive correlation was observed with viral load. Cytotoxic NK cells, highly differentiated and unable to produce IFN-y, were the most frequent in chronic HCV infection. The low production of IFN-y by these cells is one of the factors involved in the poor activation of an adaptive immune response able to control HCV infection

INTRODUÇÃO: O Sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) é a neoplasia mais frequente dos doentes com Aids. É causada pelo herpes-vírus 8 (HHV-8). As células dendríticas plasmocitóides (CDp) são especializadas na produção de interferon tipo 1 e participam da resposta imune aos vírus. Os receptores \"toll-like\" são os principais receptores de reconhecimento de padrão, sendo que os receptores toll-like (TLR) 3 e 9 têm função no reconhecimento de vírus. O D2-40 é o anticorpo que reconhece a podoplanina, uma proteína transmembrana, presente no endotélio linfático e que tem função na imunidade. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar e comparar os componentes da imunidade inata: CDp e TLR 3 e 9, nas lesões cutâneas de SK associado a Aids e esporádico. Identificar a presença do HHV-8 nas CDp. Verificar o componente endotelial linfático na progressão das lesões de SK e comparar a expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados, nas lesões com menor e maior componente endotelial linfático. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 50 biopsias de pacientes com diagnóstico de SK, todos com comprovação pelo exame histopatológico e demonstração do antígeno nuclear associado à latência (LANA) do HHV-8. Foram avaliados 11 biopsias de SK da forma clássica (SKc), 22 lesões de doentes com Aids (SK-Aids) e de 17 de doentes com Aids submetidos a tratamento com terapia antirretroviral altamente eficaz (SK-Aids/HAART). Os espécimes foram submetidos a exame por técnica imuno-histoquímica para evidenciar a presença de CDp (anticorpo CD303/BDCA-2), a expressão de TLR 3 e 9, bem como de podoplanina (anticorpo D2-40). Foi realizada também técnica de dupla marcação com CD303 e LANA, objetivando a identificação de CDp infectadas pelo HHV-8.Vinte e três espécimes de granuloma piogênico constituíram o grupo controle. A população de CDp e expressão de TLR 3 e TLR 9 também foi comparada nas lesões cutâneas de SK de doentes com e sem comprometimento visceral pela neoplasia; lesões não tumorais (máculo-papulares/placas) foram comparadas às lesões tumorais (nodulares) e de acordo com níveis sanguíneos de linfócitos T CD4+ (menor e igual ou maior que 350 células/mm3). RESULTADOS: As CDp foram mais numerosas nos espécimes de SK-Aids quando comparado com o granuloma piogênico. Foram identificadas CDp infectadas pelo HHV-8. A expressão de TLR 3 foi menor nas lesões de SK, independente da forma epidemiológica, do que no granuloma piogênico. Para todas as outras comparações da densidade de CDp e expressão de TLR 3 e de TLR 9 não houve diferença entre os grupos. Não houve diferença no componente endotelial linfático das lesões máculo-papulares/placas e tumorais do SK, assim como na expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados entre as lesões com maior e menor componente endotelial linfático. CONCLUSÕES: Demonstrou-se pela primeira vez a presença de CDp e a expressão de TLR 3 e 9 em lesões cutâneas do Sarcoma de Kaposi, bem como a infecção de CDp pelo HHV-8 \"in situ\" nos tumores. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a participação das células CDp e do TLR 3 na patogênese das lesões cutâneas do Sarcoma de Kaposi, independente da presença do vírus da imunodeficiência humana. A imunomarcação de SK com o anticorpo D2-40, tanto nas fases precoce como tardia das lesões, confirma a natureza endotelial linfática das células neoplásicas. Esta parece não ter relação com a expressão dos elementos da imunidade inata estudados / Introduction: Kaposi\'s sarcoma (KS) is the most common Aids-associated malignancy. It is caused by human herpesvirus-8. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are professional interferon producing cells, and participate in the immune response against viruses. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are the main pattern recognition receptors, and TLR 3 and TLR 9 participate in the recognition of viruses. Podoplanin, recognized by antibody D2-40, is a transmembrane protein identified on lymphatic endothelial cells with functions inimmunity. Objective: Demonstrate and compare some innate immunity components: pDC, TLR 3 and TLR 9, in cutaneous lesions of Aids-associated Kaposi\'s sarcoma and classic Kaposi\'s sarcoma. Identify the infection of pDC by HHV-8. Compare the lymphatic endothelial component in the course of tumor progression and compare the expression of innate immunity elements in lesions with a predominance of lymphatic endothelial components or not. Methods: Retrospective study of 50 biopsies diagnosed as Kaposi\'s sarcoma withpositive staining for latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of HHV-8. Eleven classic KS, 22 Aids-associated KS and 17 Aids-associated KS from patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were assessed. Paraffinembedded tissue was submitted to immunohistochemistry technique in order to demonstrate pDC (CD303/BDCA-2 antibody), expression of TLR 3, TLR 9 and podoplanin (D2-40 antibody). We performed double staining with CD303 and LANA in order to identify pDC infection with HHV-8. Twenty-three pyogenic granuloma(PG) specimens were analyzed as a control group. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells population, TLR 3 and TLR 9 expressions were compared between patients with and without visceral disease, nodular stageandpatch/plaque stage and according to bloodlymphocytes T CD4 count(=350 cells/mm3). Results: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells density in Aids-associated SK was higher than in PG. We could identify pDC infection by HHV-8. The expression of TLR 3 in all forms of KS was less extensive than PG. All others comparisons about pDC density, TLR 3 and 9expressions were similar. We found no difference in D2-40 expression between nodular and patch/plaque stages. When comparing tumors with extensive expression of D2-40 (>= 50% of cells) and tumors with less expression (<50% of cells), we found no differences in density of pDC and expression of TLR 3 and TLR 9. Conclusion: This is the first time that pDC, TLR 3 and TLR 9 have been demonstrated in skin lesions of KS, as well as the infection of pDC in the lesions. Our results suggest that pDC and TLR 3 participate in the pathogenesis of KS, independently of HIV presence. The positive staining with D2-40 antibody, in all the stages of KS, confirmsthe lymphatic nature of neoplastic cells. It seems that podoplanin is not related to the innate immunity elements studied here

Das kolorektale Karzinom (KRK) zählt zu den immunogenen Tumoren und zeichnet sich durch eine ausgeprägte Infiltration von verschiedenen Immunzell-Populationen aus. Dabei scheinen insbesondere CD8+ T-Lymphozyten und CD4+ T-Helfer-Zellen Typ 1 das Tumorwachstum zu beeinflussen und spielen somit eine zunehmende Rolle als prognostische Marker. Dementsprechend ergaben sich mehrere Hinweise, dass eine hohe Frequenz dieser beiden T-Zell-Populationen in KRK-Geweben mit einer erhöhten Überlebensrate assoziiert ist. Diese neuen Erkenntnisse könnten zukünftig in die Klassifikation des KRKs einfließen und therapeutische Entscheidungen beeinflussen. Im Gegensatz zu Tumor-infiltrierenden T-Zellen ist jedoch über die Frequenz und die Eigenschaften von nativen humanen dendritischen Zellen (DCs) in Kolonkarzinom-Geweben und deren mögliche Rolle in der immunologischen Abwehr von Tumoren nur sehr wenig bekannt. Als professionelle antigenpräsentierende Zellen spielen DCs eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Induktion und Aufrechterhaltung einer Tumor-gerichteten Immunantwort und können dadurch die Tumorentwicklung wesentlich beeinflussen. Daher wurden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation erstmalig Frequenz, Verteilung, Reifestatus und Zytokinexpression von 6-sulfo LacNAc+ (slan) DCs in Kolonkarzinom-Geweben sowie in korrespondierenden tumorfreien Kolon-Geweben untersucht. SlanDCs stellen eine große Subpopulation von humanen Blut-DCs dar, die nach Aktivierung hohe Konzentrationen von verschiedenen proinflammatorischen Zytokinen sezernieren. Darüber hinaus sind sie effizient in der Lage, die antitumoralen Eigenschaften von CD8+ T-Lymphozyten und CD4+ T-Helfer-Zellen sowie von Natürlichen Killer-Zellen zu fördern. Ausgehend von diesen Eigenschaften könnten slanDCs einen Beitrag zur Immunabwehr des Kolonkarzinoms leisten und somit das Tumorwachstum beeinflussen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde zunächst mit Hilfe immunhistochemischer Färbungen der Nachweis von slanDCs in Kolonkarzinom-Geweben erbracht. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte eine höhere Frequenz von slanDCs in Kolonkarzinom-Geweben (Mittelwert: 16,69 slanDCs/mm2, n=38) im Vergleich zu den korrespondierenden tumorfreien Geweben (Mittelwert: 9,25 slanDCs/mm2, n=38) detektiert werden. Des Weiteren wurde eine höhere Dichte von infiltrierenden slanDCs in Kolonkarzinom-Gewebeproben (Mittelwert: 18,85 slanDCs/mm2, n=20) im Vergleich zu plasmazytoiden DCs (Mittelwert: 4,86 pDCs/mm2, n=20), welche eine andere Subpopulation von humanen DCs im Blut repräsentieren, nachgewiesen. Ausgehend von diesen Erkenntnissen erfolgten verschiedene Immunfluoreszenzfärbungen zur Untersuchung des Reifestatus und der Zytokinexpression der Kolonkarzinom-infiltrierenden slanDCs. Dabei konnten in allen zehn untersuchten Tumorgeweben CD83-exprimierende slanDCs detektiert werden (Mittelwert: 46,7 % CD83+ slanDCs), was auf einen reifen Phänotyp dieser DCs hinweist. Zudem erfolgte der Nachweis einer Interleukin (IL)-23-Expression in variabler Ausprägung durch infiltrierende slanDCs in zehn von elf analysierten Kolonkarzinom-Geweben (Mittelwert: 33,8 % IL-23+ slanDCs). Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass slanDCs einen wesentlichen Anteil der IL-23-exprimierenden Zellen in einigen untersuchten Gewebeproben darstellen. Eine Expression von Tumornekrosefaktor durch Kolonkarzinom-infiltrierende slanDCs wurde hingegen nur in einer geringen Frequenz detektiert. Weitere Untersuchungen identifizierten slanDCs als neue zelluläre Komponente der T-Zell-Zone von tertiären lymphoiden Strukturen (TLS) der Tumorumgebung des Kolonkarzinoms. Darüber hinaus wies ein deutlicher Anteil der dort lokalisierten slanDCs einen reifen Phänotyp oder eine Expression von IL-23 auf. Ausgehend von diesen neuen Ergebnissen könnten die infiltrierenden slanDCs an der Modulation einer adaptiven Immunantwort in der T-Zell-Zone Kolonkarzinom-assoziierter TLS beteiligt sein und einen Einfluss auf das Tumorwachstum ausüben. Weiterhin könnte die Expression des proinflammatorischen Zytokins IL-23 durch slanDCs im Tumor-umgebenden Stroma und in den TLS eine Induktion IL-17-produzierender Zellen fördern und damit auf eine Beteiligung der slanDCs an einem entzündungsbedingten Fortschreiten der Tumorerkrankung über die IL-23/IL-17-Achse hindeuten. Insgesamt leisten die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Rolle von humanen nativen DCs im Kolonkarzinom und könnten die Entwicklung neuer immuntherapeutischer Strategien in der Behandlung dieser Tumorerkrankung fördern. / Colorectal cancer as an immunogenic tumor is characterized by a marked infiltration of different immune cell populations. Especially CD8+ T-lymphocytes and CD4+ T helper cells type 1 seem to influence tumor growth and therefore play an increasing role as prognostic markers. Thus, it has been shown that high densities of these T cell subsets are associated with improved survival of colorectal cancer patients. These new insights could become part of the classification of colorectal cancer and influence therapeutic decisions. Despite these studies, little is known about the frequency and properties of native human dendritic cells (DCs) in colon cancer tissues and their potential role in antitumor immunity. DCs as professional antigen-presenting cells are critical for the induction and maintenance of antitumor immunity and can essentially influence tumor progression. Thus, the frequency, distribution, maturation, and cytokine expression of 6-sulfo LacNAc+ (slan) DCs in colon cancer tissues as well as in corresponding tumor-free colon specimens were investigated. SlanDCs represent a subset of human blood DCs that secrete large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines upon activation. Furthermore slanDCs are able to efficiently activate CD4+ T cells, tumor-reactive CD8 + T cells, and natural killer cells. Due to these functional properties, slanDCs may contribute to antitumor immunity and may influence tumor growth. Within this doctoral thesis the presence of slanDCs in primary colon cancer samples was immunohistochemically verified. In this context, a higher frequency of slanDCs in colon cancer tissues (mean: 16,69 slanDCs/mm2, n=38) in comparison to the corresponding tumor-free specimens (mean: 9,25 slanDCs/mm2, n=38) could be detected. Moreover, higher frequencies of infiltrating slanDCs in colon cancer tissues (mean: 18,85 slanDCs/mm2, n=20) were detectable compared to plasmacytoid DCs (mean: 4,86 pDCs/mm2, n=20), representing another human blood DC-subset. Based on these results, various immunofluorescence stainings were performed to investigate maturation and cytokine expression of the infiltrating slanDCs. SlanDCs expressing the maturation marker CD83 were detected in all 10 analyzed colon cancer tissues (mean: 46,7% CD83+ slanDCs). In addition, IL-23-expressing slanDCs were present at varying percentages in 10 of 11 evaluated colon cancer samples (mean: 33,8% IL-23+ slanDCs). Interestingly, in several tissues slanDCs represented a marked proportion of all IL-23-expressing cells. However, slanDCs expressing tumor necrosis factor could only be detected in low frequencies in the analyzed colon cancer specimens. Further studies revealed that slanDCs are a novel component of the T-cell zone of colon cancer-associated tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). A proportion of these TLS-associated slanDCs displays a mature phenotype or express IL-23. These novel findings indicate that slanDCs may modulate adaptive immune responses in the T-cell zone of colon cancer-associated TLS and may contribute to the regulation of tumor progression. Furthermore the IL-23-expressing slanDCs in the tumor-surrounding stroma and the TLS may promote the generation of IL-17-producing cells and may participate in inflammation-related cancer progression mediated by the IL-23/IL-17 axis. These novel observations can help to decipher the role of human native DCs in colon cancer and may have implications for the design of therapeutic strategies against this tumor entity.

The mechanical properties achieved with high performance wrought aluminium alloys are superior to cast aluminum alloys. To obtain an intricate shaped component, wrought alloys are commonly subjected to forging followed by subsequent machining operation in the automobile industry. As machining of such high strength wrought aluminium alloys adds to cost, productivity gets affected. Shortening the process by near net shaped casting would tremendously enhance productivity. However, casting of such alloys frequently encounter hot tear defect. Therefore, circumventing hot tear to successfully die cast near net shaped wrought alloy components is industrially relevant. A recent advanced casting process, namely ‘Semisolid Die casting’, is proposed as a likely solution. Hot tearing originates due to lack of liquid flow in the inter-dendritic region. To reduce hot tear susceptibility, fine and non-dendritic grain structure is targeted, amenable for processing by semisolid route. For semisolid processing an adequate freezing range for processing is required. Accordingly A6061 wrought alloy whose composition is tuned with higher silicon and magnesium content within the grade limits, is chosen for the study. With the objective of obtaining fine and non-dendritic microstructured billets, electromagnetic stirring (EMS) and cooling slope (CS) methods are employed. On conducting a parametric study with EMS, a finest possible primary α-Al grain size of about 70 μm is obtained at low stirring time at stirring current levels of 175 A and 350 A, with the addition of grain refiner. CS, on the other hand, rendered a grain of 60 μm at a slope length of 300 mm at a slope angle of 45° with grain refiner addition. Of the two methods, CS billets are chosen for subsequent induction heating. A 3-step induction heating cycle has been devised to attain a temperature of 641°C in the billet on the basis of factors including coherency point, viscosity of the slurry and solid fraction sensitivity with temperature. The billet microstructure is found to be homogenous throughout after quenching in water. The characterization of phase along primary α-Al grain boundary and its composition analysis is done by SEM and EPMA respectively, after billet casting as well as induction heating. In addition, the bulk hardness is determined in BHN. The induction heated billets are semisolid die cast to produce an engine connecting rod used in automobiles. The microstructure is characterized at various locations, and is found to consist of smooth α-Al grains in a background matrix of fine grains formed due to secondary solidification. The component hardness is found to be 66 BHN comparable with A6061 alloy under T4 heat treated condition. X-ray radiography does not confirm presence of surface hot tear, which is the normal defect associated with casting of wrought aluminium alloys. No defects are observed along the constant cross-sectional area of the connecting rod, suggesting that the processing could be suitable for semisolid extrusion.