Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_angelita_reis_gomes.pdf: 850060 bytes, checksum: 1f4da5ff7cd0955fa9cc9d07431a3c49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / This study aims to get to know potential risk factors for dogs and cats presenting positive pathogenic fungus culture diagnosis. A retrospective observational study on fungus infections diagnosed in dogs and cats in southern Brazil between 1980 and 2011 was performed. One thousand seven hundred and thirty-nine clinical sample records of dogs and cats a with suspicion of fungal infections from the Diagnostic and Research Center in Veterinary Mycology (MICVET) and the Regional Diagnosis Laboratory (RDL), both belonging to the Veterinary School of the Pelotas Federal University (FAVET UFPel) were analyzed. Fungal growth was detected in 52,85 % of the samples, of which 37,49 % were pathogenic-related. The winter season presented a 29,49 % pathogenic fungus diagnosis positivity; of these, 48,76 % of the samples were from female animals and 44,11 % of male, whereas 7,13 % were unidentified; also, 79,30 % of the positive samples were of dogs and 20,70 % of cats; the highest positivity rate (26,80 %) occurred in young animals up to two years old. The three most common fungus infections were malasseziosis at a 59,98 % incidence rate, dermatophytosis 18,56 % and sporotrichosis 14,26 %. The species Malassezia Pachydermatis was isolated from 100 % of malasseziosis cases, and 78,98 % malasseziosis cases were otitis-related, most of which in dogs (94,88 %). 24,49 % of dogs were up to two years old, and 54,7 % of canine cases occurred in females. Cocker Spaniel (10,24 %) and Poodle (8,89 %) were the most affected breeds. Dermatophytes were isolated in 18,56 % fungal infections, and Microsporum canis was the most commonly isolated species (57,78 % of dogs and 77,42 % of cats). Dogs presented a 74,38 % rate of cases and the one 24 month age group encompassed 56,67 % of records in dogs and 64,52 % in cats. The most affected breeds were Yorkshire Terrier (10%) and Persian (29,03 %). Sporothrix schenckii infection showed a 13,98 % rate in dogs and an 80,02 % rate in cats. Isolation occurred in 71,25 % cases in male cats; as to dogs, a significant gender-related difference was not found. The two to four year age group showed a 23,75 % occurrence rate. Crossbred animals corresponded to 82,50 % of the cases in cats and 53,85 % in dogs. These data demonstrated that most cats and dogs with fungal infections are young animals, with females showing a greater predisposition; however, no significant differences as to breed, animal fur or seasonality were found. The three most frequently isolated fungi in dogs and cats in southern Brazil were Malassezia pachydermatis, dermatophytes and Sporothrix schenckii. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer possíveis fatores de risco para cães e gatos com resultados positivos para cultura de fungos patogênicos. Foi realizado um estudo observacional de caráter retrospectivo das infecções causadas por fungos, diagnosticadas em cães e gatos na região Sul do Brasil, no período de 1980 a 2011. Foram analisados 1.739 registros de amostras clínicas de caninos e felinos com suspeitas fúngicas, provenientes dos bancos de dados do Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Micologia Veterinária (MICVET) e do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD), ambos da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (FAVET- UFPel). Houve crescimento fúngico em 52,85% das amostras, das quais 37,49% corresponderam ao crescimento de fungos patogênicos. O inverno 29,75% de frequência nos diagnósticos positivos para fungos patogênicos, 48,76% das amostras positivas eram de fêmeas, 44,11% machos e 7,13% não identificados, das amostras positivas 79,30 pertenciam a caninos 20,70% a felinos. A maior frequência, 26,80%, de casos positivos ocorreu em animais jovens, com até dois anos de idade. As três infecções fúngicas de maior ocorrência foram a malasseziose 59,98%, dermatofitose 18,56% e esporotricose 14,26%. Em 100% dos casos de malasseziose foi isolada a espécie Malassezia pachydermatis, em 78,98% dos casos a malasseziose era relacionada à otite, a maioria de 94,88% ocorreram em caninos. Nos caninos 20,49% tinham até dois anos de idade e 54,72% dos casos eram de fêmeas. As raças definidas Cocker Spaniel (10,24%) e Poodle (8,89%) foram as mais afetadas. O isolamento de dermatófitos ocorreu em 18,56% das infecções fúngicas, Microsporum canis foi a espécie mais isolada em caninos 57,78% e felinos 77,42%. Os caninos tiveram frequência de 74,38% dos casos e a faixa etária entre um e 24 meses teve 56,67% dos registros em caninos e 64,52% nos felinos, as raças Yorkshire Terrier 10%, e Persa 29,03% foram as mais afetadas. A infecção por Sporothrix schenckii teve frequência de 14,26%, sendo 13,98% em caninos e 86,02% em felinos. Em 71,25% o isolamento se deu em machos felinos, em caninos não houve diferença significativa relacionada ao sexo. A idade entre dois e quatro anos teve ocorrência de 23,75%. Os animais SRD corresponderam a 82,50% dos casos em felinos e 53,85% em caninos. Conclui-se que os dados gerais demonstram que a maioria de caninos e felinos com infecções fúngicas são animais jovens, com maior predisposição de fêmeas, não havendo diferença significativa para raça, comprimento do pelo e sazonalidade. Os três fungos com maior frequência de isolamentos em caninos e felinos na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul foram Malassezia pachydermatis, dermatófitos e Sporothrix schenckii.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_anelise_fonseca.pdf: 491914 bytes, checksum: 8a83df75d47a2e939c6105d239739d8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-10 / This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the antifungal essential oils of Origanum vulgare (oregano) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). The oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and identified by comparison with the retention time of standards. To evaluate the antifungal activity method was used in broth, and used nine isolates of dermatophytes and nine isolates of Pythium insidiosum from clinical cases in animals. The oils were subjected to a series of ten dilutions in logarithm base 2, in RPMI 1640, resulting in concentrations from 30 to 0, 03 μlmL-1. The microplates were incubated at 32°C for 72 h and susceptibility was expressed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The main oil constituents R. officinalis were camphor (51.52%), verbenone (11.84%), 1,8-cineole (8.94%), myrcene (4.50%), α-terpineol (4.39%) and borneol (2.68%) and O. vulgare were 4-terpineol (27.67%), gamma-terpinene (4.10%), thymol (0.58%) and carvacrol (21.58%). For dermatophytes the MIC R. Officinallis ranged from 30 to 3 μ/lmL and O. vulgare varied from 3 to 0.3 μL/ml. In the case of P. insidiosum MIC R. Officinallis ranged from 3 to 1.5 μl/mL and O. vulgare varied from 3 to 0.75 μl/mL. According to the results obtained, it can be argued that the tested oils have antifungal activity on dermatophytes and P. insidiosum. The results should stimulate further research, especially in relation to P. insidiosum, as yet no effective treatment is available. / O presente estudo teve como objetivos determinar a composição química e avaliar a ação antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de Origanum vulgare (orégano) e Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim). Os óleos foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa e identificados por comparação com o tempo de retenção de padrões. A avaliação da atividade antifúngica foi realisado o método de microdiluição em caldo, sendo utilizados nove isolados de dermatófitos e nove isolados de Pythium insidiosum provenientes de casos clínicos em animais. Os óleos foram submetidos a uma série de dez diluições em logaritmo de base 2, no meio RPMI 1640, obtendo-se concentrações de 30- 0,03μl/mL. As microplacas foram incubadas a 32ºC por 72 h e a susceptibilidade foi expressa pela concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). Os principais constituintes dos óleos de R. oficinalis foram cânfora (51,52%), verbenona (11,84%), 1,8-cineol (8,94%), mirceno (4,50%), α-terpineol (4,39%) e borneol (2,68%) e para o O. vulgare foram 4-terpineol (27,67%), gama-terpineno (4,10%), timol (0,58%) e carvacrol (21,58%). Para os Dermatófitos o CIM do R. Officinallis variou entre 30 a 3 μl/ml e para o O. vulgare variou entre 3 a 0,3 μl/mL. No caso do P. insidiosum o CIM do R. Officinallis variou entre 3 a 1,5 μl/ml e para o O. vulgare variou entre 3 a 0,75 μl/mL. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que o óleos testados apresentam atividade antifúngica em dermatófitos e P. insidiosum. Os resultados estimulam novos estudos, especialmente em relação a P. insidiosum, já que ainda não está disponível nenhum tratamento eficaz.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T13:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OswaldoHenriqueBarolliReis-Dissertacao.pdf: 707277 bytes, checksum: 3b71c133dbad0b57929d4b255619719c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / In swine culture, the study of mycology contributes to food security in the understanding of various diseases. A knowledge of fungal agents on the skin of healthy animals and surface pathologies is important for effective control of the potential risks of infection, especially when associated with confined species, where the imbalance in the microbiota of the environment can be crucial in the interactions between environment and animals. The objective was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Rosa alba L. petals on microbial growth of yeasts Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and filamentous fungi that causes opportunistic infectious processes in the skin of pigs, such as Microsporum nanum (ATCC 11832), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533), Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 10218) and Trichophyton tonsurans (ATCC 10870). The oils were extracted by the process of hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus, using fresh white rose petals. Microbiological tests were performed by the agar diffusion method (pour-plate) with Sabouraud-dextrose. Wells 5 mm in diameter, produced in the agar, were filled with 15 μL of essential oil and the plates containing filamentous fungi were incubated in an inverted position at 28 °C for 10 days and the plates containing yeast were incubated at 30 °C for 48 hours. After this time, the inhibition circles were measured. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey`s test at 5% probability. It was found that the activity of essential oil under study is significant in relation to the growth of microbial species tested. / Na suinocultura, o estudo da micologia contribui tanto na segurança alimentar como no entendimento de diversas patologias. O conhecimento dos agentes fúngicos presentes na pele de animais saudáveis e com patologias superficiais é importante para um controle eficaz dos riscos potenciais de infecção, principalmente quando associados a espécies confinadas, onde o desequilíbrio da microbiota ambiental pode ser decisivo nas interações entre o ambiente e os animais. Objetivou-se investigar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do óleo essencial de pétalas de Rosa alba L. sobre o crescimento microbiano de leveduras Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) e fungos filamentosos causadores de processos infecciosos oportunistas na pele de suínos, tais como Microsporum nanum (ATCC 11832), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533), Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 10218) e Trichophyton tonsurans (ATCC 10870). Os óleos foram extraídos pelo processo de hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger, utilizando partes frescas das pétalas de rosa branca. Os testes microbiológicos foram realizados pelo método de difusão em ágar ( pour-plate ) com meio de cultura ágar Sabouraud-dextrose. Poços de 5 mm de diâmetro, produzidos no ágar, foram preenchidos com 15 μL do óleo essencial e, em seguida, as placas contendo os fungos filamentosos foram incubadas de forma invertida, a 28 ºC por 10 dias; e as placas contendo a levedura foram incubadas a 30 ºC por 48 horas. Passado este tempo, os halos de inibição tiveram seus diâmetros medidos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas através do teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Verificou-se que a atividade do óleo essencial em estudo é significativa em relação ao crescimento das espécies microbianas testadas.

Die Onychomykose ist eine sehr häufige Erkrankung, deren Auftreten weltweit zunimmt und mit einer Pilzinfektion der Nägel einhergeht. Die Ineffizienz der verabreichte Antimykotika motiviert Bemühungen, nach alternativen Behandlungsmethoden zu suchen. Diese Dissertation untersucht die Auswirkungen der photodynamischen Inaktivierung (PDI) auf Dermatophyten und Schimmelpilze. Als Modellorganismen werden drei der Onychomykose auslösenden Pathogene untersucht: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale und der Schimmelpilz Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Um das Potenzial der PDI gegen Onychomykose verursachende Pathogene, abzuschätzen, wurden Phototoxizitätstests mit drei Photosensibilisatoren (PS) durchgeführt: 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrintetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP) und and 5,10,15-tris-(1-methylpyridinium-2-yl) corrolato-(trans-dihydroxo) phosphorus(V) (PCor+) sowie 4',5',7'-tetrabromo-3',6'-dihydroxyspiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene] -1-one (Eosin G). Neben den Phototoxizitätstests wurden zeitaufgelöste Singulettsauerstoff-Lumineszenz Scans aufgenommen, die zur Verifizierung der PDI Effizienz genutzt wurden. Alle drei PS zeigen in vitro eine hohe phototoxische Wirkung. Diese konnte mit Singulettsauerstoff-Lumineszenzmessungen korreliert werden, bei denen ein hohes Singulettsauerstoff-Lumineszenzsignal erfasst wurde. An infizierten menschlichen Nägeln konnten die PS keinen phototoxischen Effekt induzieren. Singulettsauerstoff-Scans, die für einen Einblick in die zugrundeliegenden Ursachen durchgeführt wurden, zeigten fast kein Singulettsauerstoff-Lumineszenzsignal an menschlichen Nägeln. Könnten die verschiedenen bekannten Herausforderungen im Zusammenhang mit PDI an infizierten menschlichen Nägeln bewältigt werden, hätte die PDI das Potenzial, eine schnellwirkende Behandlung dieser Pilzinfektion im Zehennagel zu werden. Diese Studie zeigt erstmals den Zusammenhang zwischen der PDI-Behandlung von Onychomykose und Singulettsauerstoff. / Onychomycosis is a very common illness that befalls an increasing number of individuals worldwide and involves a fungal infection of the nails. The inefficiency of current treatments justifies the efforts to look for alternative treatment modalities. This dissertation investigates the impact of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) against dermatophytes and molds. Three of the causing pathogens of onychomycosis are under investigation: Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), Trichophyton interdigitale (T. interdigitale) and the mold Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (S. brevicaulis). To assess the potential of PDI against onychomycosis causing pathogens, phototoxicity tests were performed using three photosensitizers (PSs): the cationic 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrintetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP) and 5,10,15-tris-(1-methylpyridinium-2-yl) corrolato-(trans-dihydroxo) phosphorus(V) (PCor+) as well as the anionic 4',5',7'-tetrabromo-3',6'-dihydroxyspiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene]-1-one (Eosin Y). Alongside the phototoxicity tests, time resolved singlet oxygen luminescence scans were conducted to serve as a control method of PDI. All three PSs proved to have a high phototoxic effect against the three fungi species in vitro. Those could be correlated with singlet oxygen measurements, where a high singlet oxygen luminescence signal was acquired. Contrary to the expectations from the in vitro experiments were the results obtained ex vivo: On infected human nails, the PSs were not able to induce a phototoxic effect. Singlet oxygen scans conducted to get insight into the reasons behind these results showed nearly no singlet oxygen luminescence signal on human nails. Addressing the various known challenges associated with PDI on infected human nails PDI would have a great impact within short time on treating the toenail fungal infection. This study, for the first time, shows the correlation between PDI treatment of onychomycosis and singlet oxygen.

L’objectif du travail effectué était la recherche de nouvelles substances actives d’origine végétale, présentant soit une activité antiplasmodiale soit une activité antifongique. Cette étude a été menée suivant deux stratégies différentes: l’étude de remèdes traditionnels antipaludiques identifiés suite à des enquêtes ethnopharmacologiques, et la mise en évidence des propriétés antifongiques d’huiles essentielles grâce à une stratégie bioinspirée. La première partie du travail a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle d’un quassinoïde connu, la simalikalactone D, dans l’activité antipaludique d’une tisane de jeunes feuilles fraîches de Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Dans le cas de la décoction de rameaux de Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), c’est cette fois un mélange de flavonoïdes glycosylés qui est responsable de l’activité du remède. Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques, le criblage effectué a permis d’identifier de nombreuses huiles essentielles présentant des activités intéressantes, validant ainsi la démarche bioinspirée retenue dans ce cas. L’huile essentielle d’Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse a en particulier démontré une activité remarquable, à la fois seule et en combinaison avec des antifongiques azolés. Enfin, l’étude métabolomique de la composition des huiles essentielles a permis de mettre au point un outil pouvant orienter la sélection des huiles en fonction des données obtenues en GC/MS dans l’optique de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques. Ce travail démontre donc la validité des stratégies retenues – ethnopharmacologie et bioinspiration – dans la recherche de nouvelles substances bioactives. / The aim of this work was to search for new bioactive compounds, displaying either antiplasmodial or antifungal activity. Two strategies were developed here: the evaluation of traditional remedies identified as antimalarial through ethnopharmacological studies, and the search for antifungal essential oils, the criterium being here a bioinspired approach. Our work led to the discovery that the antimalarial activity of Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) fresh young leaves was due to the presence of a known quassinoid, simalikalactone D. In the case of Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), a flavonol glycosides mixture explained the activity observed for the decoction. The search for antifungal essential oils from the Amazonian flora led to the identification of several interesting species, thus validating our bioinspired strategy. The essential oil of Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse was among the most active ones, either alone or in combination with azole drugs. Eventually, a metabolomic study of the GC/MS composition of these oils allowed us to develop a statistical tool which could help to select interesting antifungal products. This work thus demonstrates the major interest of the two strategies – ethnopharmacology and bioinspiration – for the search of new bioactive compounds.

L'objectif du travail effectué était la recherche de nouvelles substances actives d'origine végétale, présentant soit une activité antiplasmodiale soit une activité antifongique. Cette étude a été menée suivant deux stratégies différentes: l'étude de remèdes traditionnels antipaludiques identifiés suite à des enquêtes ethnopharmacologiques, et la mise en évidence des propriétés antifongiques d'huiles essentielles grâce à une stratégie bioinspirée. La première partie du travail a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle d'un quassinoïde connu, la simalikalactone D, dans l'activité antipaludique d'une tisane de jeunes feuilles fraîches de Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Dans le cas de la décoction de rameaux de Psidium acutangulum DC. (Myrtaceae), c'est cette fois un mélange de flavonoïdes glycosylés qui est responsable de l'activité du remède. Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques, le criblage effectué a permis d'identifier de nombreuses huiles essentielles présentant des activités intéressantes, validant ainsi la démarche bioinspirée retenue dans ce cas. L'huile essentielle d'Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse a en particulier démontré une activité remarquable, à la fois seule et en combinaison avec des antifongiques azolés. Enfin, l'étude métabolomique de la composition des huiles essentielles a permis de mettre au point un outil pouvant orienter la sélection des huiles en fonction des données obtenues en GC/MS dans l'optique de la recherche de nouvelles substances antifongiques. Ce travail démontre donc la validité des stratégies retenues - ethnopharmacologie et bioinspiration - dans la recherche de nouvelles substances bioactives.

L'environnement des stations thermales est favorable à la croissance des Legionella. La Tunisie compte de nombreux sites thermaux. Elle a par ailleurs développé une médecine traditionnelle à base de plantes. L'objectif de ce travail était de caractériser des souches de légionelles isolées de stations thermales et d'étudier le potentiel antimicrobien d'HE de plantes tunisiennes. 2 souches de L. londiniensis et 16 de L. pneumophila (sérovars 1, 4, 5, 6 et 8) ont été isolées de 3 stations thermales tunisiennes et avaient des pulsotypes différents de ceux de la base du CNRL. Les HE de 6 plantes tunisiennes ont été extraites, analysées (GC-MS) et testées contre L. pneumophila (8 souches, sérovars 1, 4, 5, 6 et 8). Les HE de Juniperus phoenicea L. (isobornéol 20,91% et 1S α-pinène 18,30%) et Thymus vulgaris (carvacrol 88,50%) étaient les plus actives (CMI <0,03 mg/mL et ≤0,07 mg/mL respectivement). L'activité de 20 HE (6 de plantes tunisiennes et 14 commerciales) a été évaluée contre 11 espèces bactériennes (6 Gram+, 5 Gram-) et 7 fongiques (4 levures, 3 filamenteux). L'HE de T. vulgaris tunisien était la plus active (Gram-: CMI ≤0,34 mg/mL ; Gram+: CMI ≤0,7 mg/mL ; levures: CMI ≤0,55 mg/mL ; moisissures: CMI=0,3 mg/mL ; dermatophytes: CMI ≤0,07 mg/mL). Elle a montré une activité très supérieure à celle de l'HE commerciale de T. vulgaris certainement due à sa composition différente. En conclusion, la présence de Legionella dans les sites étudiés doit encourager les autorités à renforcer les mesures préventives et l'efficacité antimicrobienne des HE, en particulier l'HE de T. vulgaris tunisien, suggère leur possible intérêt dans le traitement des eaux ou la conservation des aliments. / Spa environment is favorable to the growth of Legionella. Tunisia, which has many spa, has developed a traditional herbal medicine. The objective of this work was to characterize strains of Legionella isolated from 3 spas and to investigate the antimicrobial potential of EOs from Tunisian plants.2 strains of L. londiniensis and 16 of L. pneumophila (serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6 and 8) were isolated and had different pulsotypes from those of the CNRL database.EOs from six Tunisian plants were extracted, analyzed (GC-MS) and tested against L. pneumophila (8 strains, serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6 and 8). The EO of Juniperus phoenicea L. (1S isoborneol 20.91% and 18.30% α-pinene) and Thymus vulgaris (carvacrol 88.50%) were the most active (MIC <0.03 mg/mL and ≤0.07 mg/mL, respectively).The activity of 20 EOs (6 from Tunisian plants and 14 commercial ones) was evaluated against 11 bacterial species (6 Gram+, 5 Gram-) and 7 fungal species (4 yeasts, 3 filamentous). The EO of Tunisian T. vulgaris was the most active (Gram-: MIC ≤ 0.34 mg/mL, and Gram +: MIC ≤0.7 mg/mL; yeasts MIC ≤0.55 mg/mL; mold: MIC=0.3 mg/mL; dermatophytes: MIC ≤0.07 mg/mL). It showed a higher activity than the commercial EO of T. vulgaris, certainly due to their different composition.In conclusion, the presence of Legionella in the studied spas should encourage the authorities to strengthen the preventive measures. The antimicrobial efficacy of EOs, especially from Tunisian T. vulgaris, suggest their potential interest in water treatment or food storage.

Dermatophytes (order Onygenales, Ascomycota) are microscopic filamentous keratinophilic fungi that can cause skin infections known as dermatophytosis. The most diverse but not very studied genus Arthroderma has been revised recently (Míková 2018) which was essential for further research. This genus comprises mostly species with a supposed reservoir in soil. Lack of information about their ecology and frequent isolation of some species from the hair of free- living mammals (mainly rodents) may testify a strong host association. Rodents could thus represent the hidden reservoir of this species. For this thesis, I have chosen three ecologically distinct rodent species: Mus musculus, Apodemus flavicollis, and Clethrionomys glareolus. I obtained the material by brushing the hair of asymptomatic individuals and used this material for cultivation on selective medium. I identified the isolates of dermatophytes (n = 30) using molecular methods. I used sequences of three highly variable loci (ITS, tubb a tef1α) to incorporate these isolates in the phylogenetic analysis based on the monography of the genus Arthroderma (Míková 2018). I characterized the phenotype of selected strains based on morphological and physiological data including the ability to utilize keratin and the production of siderophores. The...

The genus Arthroderma contains predominantly geophilic dermatophytes (naturally occuring in soil). Some species, especially those from Trichophyton terrestre complex, cause human and animal dermatomycosis. In the past, the species boundaries were determined mainly on the basis of biological species concept using in vitro mating experiments. But these nearly 70-years-old findings have not been tested by means of modern taxonomic methods. In total 194 species of the genus Arthroderma (including all available ex-type strains) originating predominantly in USA, Canada and Europe were studied in this thesis. They were mostly isolated from soil (n = 77), animals (n = 50), human clinical material (n = 41) and cave sediment (n = 9). The main goal of the thesis was to elucidate the species boundaries between species A. insingulare, A. lenticulare and A. quadrifidum, that were classified into the T. terrestre complex because of their seemingly identical asexual stage. Further, this work aimed to resolve the relationship between Arthroderma species using the multigene phylogeny and clarify which species are clinically relevant. A multigene phylogeny of the genus Arthroderma was based on the sequences of the ITS rDNA region, β-tubulin (TUB2) and translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1α) genes. The genus...