Areas beyond national jurisdiction or the high seas are vital areas for biodiversity and marine resources in our oceans, yet the protection and conservation of this global resource is insufficient due to absence of international agreement concerning the matter. Therefore, the new Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) agreement was recently agreed upon, with the objective of ensuring protection for these resources.This study endeavours to assess the applicability of Ostrom's and Stern'sprinciples, as the theoretical frameworks for sustainable governance of global commons, on the BBNJ agreement. By employing deductive reasoning, this study compares and contrasts the principles proposed by Ostrom and Stern, using them as lenses to examine the agreement. As a case study, this research investigates the utilization of international agreements as integral components of international law for the governance of shared resources. Conducted as a qualitative desk study, the analysis involved scrutinizing the BBNJ agreement to identify keywords and themes associated with eachprinciple. The study’s findings reveal that Ostrom's and Stern's principles exhibit varying degrees of applicability. Despite sharing certain similarities, they embody distinct foundational approaches, with Stern's principles demonstrating better applicability to the governance of global commons. The study suggests that the BBNJ agreement holds the potential to govern the global commons in a sustainable manner.

Denna studie undersöker hur unga organisationer med växtvärk i behov av att hantera samlad kunskap kan hjälpas genom identifiering och utveckling av designprinciper från tidigare forskning om kunskapshantering. Genom att analysera och applicera dessa designprinciper i organisationens kontext har utveckling av en konceptuell modell av en wiki utförts. 8 st designprinciper har legat till grund för utvecklingen av denna artefakt som har utvecklats under kommunikation med en fokusgrupp inom studiemiljön. Arbetet är av tillämpad karaktär där aktionsforskning och därmed iterativa steg med reflektion har bidragit till identifiering och utveckling av designprinciperna samt den konceptuella modellen. Den utvecklade modellen erbjuder exempelvis ett koncept att använda smart länkningsstruktur i wikin för att kunna ersätta behovet av ett separat learning management system för utbildning. Den använder även kontext- och rollbaserad dirigering för att säkerställa att rätt kunskap landar hos rätt person. / This study investigates how a young organization with growing pains in need of managing collective knowledge can be helped through the identification and development of design principles from previous knowledge management research. By analyzing and applying these design principles in the organization's context, development of a conceptual model of a wiki has been carried out. 8 design principles have formed the basis for the development of this artefact, which has been developed in communication with a focus group within the study environment. The work is of an applied nature where action research and thus iterative steps with reflection have contributed to identification, as well as development of the design principles and the conceptual model. The developed model offers, for example, a concept to use a smart linking structure in the wiki to be able to replace the need for a separate learning management system for education. It also uses context- and role-based routing to ensure that the right knowledge lands with the right person

Användningen av trä som byggmaterial i stomsystem har ökat markant. I takt med att förfrågan ökar, blir det allt mer relevant att undersöka hur materialet kan utnyttjas optimalt. Av KL-träbjälklag som tillverkas idag, är majoriteten homogena och tillverkade av konstruktionsvirke med hållfasthetklass C24. Idag finns nya metoder på marknaden för att hållfasthetssortera konstruktionsvirke. Genom att sortera två hållfasthetsklasser samtidigt, är det möjlighet att erhålla ca 30 % C40 tillsammans med 69 % C24, alternativt 46 % C35 tillsammans med 54 % C18. Genom att utnyttja parallell sortering av två hållfasthetsklasser, skulle tillgängligheten av konstruktionsvirke med hög hållfasthet öka och därmed även möjligheten för bjälklag att tillverkas med högre hållfasthet i det yttersta lamellerna. Genom att använda styvare lameller i ytterkanterna, där störst belastning uppstår, uppnås bättre mekaniska egenskaper. Optimeringen skulle kunna leda till längre spännvidder eller tunnare element. Syftet med arbetet är att kartlägga dimensioneringsprinciper i byggnorm, standarder, handböcker och KL-trätillverkarnas rekommendationer med avseende på bjälklag. Vidare är syftet att påvisa prestandaförbättring hos elementen genom teoretiska beräkningar, där styvare virke utnyttjas i ytterlamellerna. Arbetet kommer även att belysa huruvida elementen kan optimeras med avseende på tjocklek och spännvidd. De element som har undersökts består av tre, fem och sju lameller. En jämförelse mellan KL-träskivor beståendes av enbart C24 och likvärdiga skivor med C40+C24 och C35+C18 har också utförts. Resultatet visar att bruksgränstillståndet är uteslutande dimensionerande vid dimensionering av bjälklag. De dimensionerade faktorerna varierar mellan första egenfrekvens och punktlastnedböjning. För skivor med tre skikt är punktlastnedböjning dimensionerande, medan för skivor med sju skikt är första egenfrekvensen dimensionerande. För fem skikt varierar det beroende på tjockleken på KL-träskivan och styvheten hos de yttre lamellerna. Tillverkare av KL-trä rekommenderar ofta mycket högre styvhet hos bjälklaget, än vad som rekommenderas av Eurokod. Södra och Setra har högst rekommendationer med hänsyn till styvhet, medan Martinsons rekommenderar högre första egenfrekvens. Stora Enso rekommenderar dimensionering enligt Eurokod 5. Resultatet visar att det teoretiskt är möjligt att öka spännvidden eller reducera tjockleken, om bjälklag tillverkas med styvare lameller i ytterskikten. Störst förbättring av prestanda erhölls för kombinationen C40+C24, men även C35+C18 uppvisar bättre resultat jämfört med ett homogent bjälklag med C24. En sjuskiktsskiva bestående av C40+C24 uppvisar den högsta förbättringspotentialen för att minska mängden material, där det är möjligt att minska tvärsnittet från 280 mm till 240 mm, motsvarande en tjockleksminskning på 14,3 %, samtidigt som de mekaniska egenskaperna upprätthålls. Vid undersökning av ökad spännvidd klarade samtliga KL-träskivor beståendes av styvare lameller i ytterkanterna av en större spännvidd, än KL-träskivor beståendes av enbart C24. Spännviddsökningen är beroende av KL-träskivans tjocklek och på överbyggnadens egenvikt. För C40+C24 ligger spännviddsökningen på 4,1-10,0 %, medan för C35+C18 ligger spännviddsökningen på 3,3-7,3 %. / The use of wood as a construction material has increased significantly in recent years. As demand for wood products grows, it becomes increasingly important to examine how the material can be used in a more efficient way.  Today, the majority of cross laminated timber (CLT) panels, including floor elements, are manufactured homogeneously, with all layers consisting of the same strength class, most commonly C24. However, studies have shown that with new technologies for strength grading, it is possible to yield higher amounts of C40 and C35. By grading two strength classes simultaneously, it is possible to yield 30% C40 and 69% C35, or 46% C35 and 54% C18. By using parallel grading, the availability of structural timber with high strength would increase, thus enabling the possibility to manufacture CLT floor panels with higher strength in the outer layers. By using laminations of a higher strength class for the outer layer, the stiffness of the panel increases. This optimization could lead to longer spans and thinner panels.  This thesis aims to investigate principles for designing CLT floor panels in regard to building codes, construction standards, handbooks and recommendations provided by CLT manufacturers in Sweden. It also investigates the potential improvements in mechanical performance, in terms of increased span length and decreased thickness of optimized CLT panels, by using laminations of a higher strength class in the outer layers. In the study, CLT floor panels made of three, five and seven layers were examined. A comparison was conducted between homogenous panels made of C24 and equivalent panels made of C40+C24 or C35+C18. The results show that designing a CLT floor panel is governed by the requirements of service limit state (SLS). The most common governing requirements are natural frequency and stiffness measured by point load deflection. The study shows that three layered CLT floor panels are governed by stiffness, while seven layered CLT floor panels are governed by natural frequency. For five layered CLT floor panels it varies depending on the thickness of the CLT panel and the stiffness property of the outer laminate.  Manufacturers often have higher recommendations regarding stiffness than recommended by Eurokod. Södra and Setra have the highest recommendations in terms of stiffness, while Martinsons has the highest recommendation regarding natural frequency. Stora Enso applies recommendations according to Eurokod.  With a CLT floor panel made of stiffer outer laminate, it is possible to increase the span or reduce the thickness of the panel. The best improvement in mechanical performance was obtained for panels consisting of C40+C24. Furthermore, panels of C35+C18 also shows enhancement, in comparison to panels made of C24. For a seven layered panel (consisting of C40+C24), the calculations show that it is possible to reduce the thickness from 280 mm to 240 mm, corresponding to 14,3% thickness reduction, while maintaining all mechanical performances. In regard to increased span, the calculations show that it is beneficial to use stiffer lamellas in outer layers. The increase in span depends on the thickness of the panel and the self-weight of the supplemented flooring. By combining C40+C24, the span could be increased by 4,1-10,0%, and by combining C35+C18, the span could be increased by 3,3-7,3%.

Immersive technologies, including augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), are envisioned to become ubiquitous in future work environments. The implementation of both technologies is associated with versatile benefits, such as decreased costs, reduced physical risks, increased employee self-satisfaction, and lower resource consumption. Despite these potential benefits, the organizational diffusion of immersive technologies faces myriad challenges. For instance, usability problems along with privacy concerns have introduced technology acceptance issues. Addressing these challenges, this cumulative dissertation explores the design, application, and implications of AR and VR systems in the workplace by employing a mixed-methods approach. The contribution of this research is threefold. First, this dissertation provides descriptive insights into user preferences for immersive technologies to inform user-centered design considerations. Second, this dissertation presents design principles to guide the development of four information technology artifacts. Two of these artifacts enable VR-based collaboration in the fields of design thinking and process modeling, while the remaining two artifacts leverage AR to facilitate the crowdsourcing of human intelligence tasks and to support students in distance learning settings. Third, this dissertation develops an e³-value model for the AR and VR business ecosystem to illustrate how technology providers can transform such artifacts into economic value. Taken together, these insights improve understanding the sociotechnical interplay between humans, tasks, and immersive technologies, as well as its economic implications.

The effect of design principles on website usability for a wide target population isexamined in this qualitative study. The study specifically looks at how to develop awebsite to meet the demands of the 55–64 year old older demographic. User testing andinterviews were both used as part of the study's mixed-methods strategy to gather data.The findings demonstrate that following design concepts, such as visual hierarchy,distinct contrast, and the use of suitable color schemes, greatly enhances the seniorpopulation's ability to browse the website. The user experience is also improved byapplying gestalt principles like proximity, resemblance, and closure. According to thestudy's findings, a user-centered approach to website design that incorporates gestaltlaws and design principles can increase usability for a variety of users.

Cell membranes are essential to life. All living organisms adapt their membranes in response to environmental perturbations to maintain optimal membrane function. However, the principles underlying membrane lipid composition and membrane adaptation remain poorly understood. Deciphering the functional basis for the lipidome complexity employed by cellular life is central to the problem of understanding principles of cell membrane organization, and is currently limited by the staggering complexity of biomembranes, as well as by the limited tools for membrane lipidome manipulation in vivo. My PhD project was designed to bridge this gap through exploring how lipidome size and complexity define cell membrane organization and bioactivity. To achieve the overarching goal, we have created a minimal membrane model system using one of the simplest self-replicating organisms – the mammalian pathogen Mycoplasma. By taking advantage of Mycoplasma’s limited biosynthetic machinery we have established a method of controlling membrane lipid composition in M. mycoides and its synthetic counterpart JCVI Syn3, and have showed that we can finely tune Mycoplasma membrane lipidome through lipid diet. By utilizing our membrane model system in our manuscript, we showed that Mycoplasma membranes are forced to undergo larger magnitudes of lipidomic remodeling in response to temperature when cultivated on lipid diets with a smaller variety of lipid species. We have also demonstrated that larger lipidomes support homeoviscous adaptation in Mycoplasma. Overall, our study showed that varying lipidome size changes the efficiency of membrane lipidome remodeling in response to environmental changes and affects cellular ability to adapt its biophysical properties. At the later stage of my PhD, we have analyzed Mycoplasma transcriptomes to explore protein components responsible for membrane assembly and regulation as a function of membrane lipid composition. The preliminary results identified a non-characterized family of lipoproteins that might be involved in membrane assembly and maintenance in Mycoplasma. Transcriptome experiment opens a roadmap for exploring how lipidome size is linked to cellular metabolism. My PhD work, summarized in this thesis, shows that complex membrane lipidomes are key in supporting membrane biophysical properties and homeostasis. Furthermore, my work sets the stage for the progress in understanding of why living cells evolved to synthesize membrane structures with complex and diverse lipidomes, and what are the minimal requirements for a minimal responsive cell membrane that can support life.

Det här examensarbetet genomfördes på ett företag som tillverkar dekor till nöjesindustrin ex. nöjesparker och eventbyråer. I dagsläget tillverkar företaget stillastående dekor, men har en vision att i framtiden bygga in olika sorters rörelser. Frågan de ställer sig är hur? Uppdraget var att nysta i frågan och resultatet är ett introduktionsförslag på hur företaget kan påbörja sitt arbete samt 9 designprinciper för utformning av underhållningsprodukter. Förarbetet innebar en litteraturstudie, benchmarking, intervjuer med andra företag inom underhållningsbranschen samt en analys av uppdragsgivaren och dess förutsättningar. Litteraturstudien visade framförallt hur socialt betingat underhållning är och vikten av att ta hela interaktionen i akt. Ofta skapas en historia runt produkten som steg för steg försöker väcka känslor hos användaren. Högst prioriterade värdeord hos de företag som intervjuades var ”nytt”, ”wow-effekt” och ”den kreativa visionen”. Vanligast återkommande arbetsstrategier var ”förstå användaren”, ”ständigt utvecklas”, ”prototypa” och ”blanda olika tekniker”. Analysen av uppdragsgivaren visade att de anställda hade svårt att ta sig över kunskapströsklar. Detta bottnade framförallt i en paralyserande uppfattning av okunskap och en rädsla för att göra fel. Arbetet fokuserades på att hjälpa detta behov. Introduktionsförslaget, ”kunskapslabbet”, är en arbetsyta där användaren snabbt kan bygga fysiska prototyper. Arbetsytan fungerar som en interaktiv lärobok, de prototyper som byggs sparas och används som utbildande material vid nästa användningstillfälle. Detta blir en cirkulerande inlärningsprocess som innebär att arbetsytan automatiskt expanderar i takt med att företagets kollektiva kunskapsnivå höjs. Konceptet fick framförallt positiv respons för att arbetsytan upplevdes lättillgänglig och inspirerande medan negativ kritik berörde hur dokumentering av ny kunskap skulle uppehållas under en längre tid. / This batchelor’s project was carried out at a company that manufactures decor for the entertainment industry, e.g. amusement parks and event agencies. Currently, the company manufactures stationary decor, but has a vision to integrate different kinds of movement in the designs. The question they ask themselves is how? The objective was to explore this issue and the result is an ”introductory proposal” on how the company can begin its work together with 9 design principles for the design of entertainment products. The preparatory work involved a literature study, benchmarking, interviews with other companies in the entertainment industry as well as an analysis of the client and its conditions. The literature study emphasized how socially conditioned entertainment is and the importance of taking the whole interaction into account. Often a story is created around the product that  step by step tries to evoke emotions in the user. The highest-priority value words of the companies interviewed were ”new”, ”wow effect” and ”the creative vision”. The work strategies most frequently mentioned were ”understand the user”, ”constant development”, ”prototype” and ”mix different technologies”. The analysis of the client showed that the employees had difficulty getting over knowledge thresholds. This was primarily rooted in a paralyzing perception of unfamiliarity and a fear of making mistakes. The project was focused on helping this need. The introductory proposal, the ”knowledge lab”, is a workspace where the user can quickly build physical prototypes. It functions as an interactive textbook, the prototypes that are built are saved and used as material of knowledge the next time they are used. This becomes a circular learning process which means that the workspace automatically expands as the company’s collective knowledge level increases. The concept primarily received positive response connected to that it was perceived as easily accessible and inspiring, while negative criticism was concerned about how the documentation of new knowledge would be retained for a longer period of time.

UX resources are often allocated to customer-facing products and services rather than internal systems within organizations. However, the lack of good user experience (UX) of internal systems, particularly administration portals, could impact efficiency, satisfaction and productivity of the employees. Despite this importance these systems may not get the same level of attention and investment in UX design along with organizations' lack of understanding human-machine interaction. Therefore this study investigates which design aspects organizations without UX resources should consider when implementing the UX design in their administration portals. To explore this a review of existing literature was made along with a pre-study to collect opinions from the users. By that a prototype was created followed by an iterative design process. The prototype went through three iterations as each iteration consisted of 1) interview and observation, 2) ideation, 3) prototyping, and 4) testing. Each iteration had five users that performed a task and the possibility to explore on their own. Followed by a semi-structured interview with questions based on the seven stages of action model, also including open questions and likert scale questions.  The study’s results align with previous studies regarding that implementing design principles will improve the user experience and balancing functionality with visual presentation is enhancing for user-friendly visualizations. The most important findings concluded in using visual hierarchy, transparent error handling, customizable interface, layered information and signaling what will happen when interacting with an element. However, the conclusion conveys that the findings may differ in other contexts and with different participants or an increased amount, as it is also suggested as future work.

In our constantly increasing digital society, the need for continuous learning is becoming increasingly crucial. Having an adaptable workforce is important for productivity in the long term. A solution that has seen increasing traction in recent times is so-called micro-learning. Micro-learning breaks down learning into smaller, more digestible units. Another trend that has also seen increasing relevance is gamification, a technique employing motivational incentives like video games. This Design Science thesis explores the intersection between micro-learning and gamification, trying to understand with an exploratory approach users’ hands-on experiences with two different micro-learning systems. One system integrating explicitly designed gamification features, the gamified micro-learning platform. The other system instead lacked these designed gamified features, the non-gamified micro-learning platform. Through a six-week study phase, participants explored the two different platforms and then shared their experiences. By understanding participants' hands-on experiences through the lens of Self Determination Theory, the aim of the study is to then derive a set of design principles for implementing gamification in a micro-learning system informed by the data gathered.

his thesis researches the complex intersection of Data Protection and Intelligent Chatbots (IC)at Scania Group. Developing intelligent chatbots in a secure and GDPR compliant way is highlycomplicated and multifaceted task. The purpose of this research is to provide Scania withorganizational knowledge on how this can be achieved. This study utilizes the Action DesignResearch framework to develop an artifact which integrates technological solutions with dataprotection considerations. By conducting a literature review and semi-structured interviews withemployees at Scania, three potential solutions are identified evaluated: ChatGPT Enterprise, theSecured AI Knowledge Repository (SAIKR), and Techtalker. Each solution offers differentcapabilities and compliance strategies: ChatGPT Enterprise, while practical, relies on contractualassurances for GDPR compliance with data stored in the USA. SAIKR, on the other hand, offersmore control with data stored and encrypted in Sweden, allowing for the use of advancedprivacy-preserving techniques. Techtalker, which is hosted directly by Scania, provides enhancedsecurity measures tailored to specific technical use cases. Based on the artifact and conclusionsof this research, generalized design principles for developing intelligent chatbots within acorporate structure are formulated. These four design principles encourages the utilization ofRAG and LLMs, safe and legal data localization, strong contractual safeguards with third-partyproviders, and a comprehensive risk analysis with stringent security measures.