<p>The purpose of this project is to examine how educationalists work with children’s language development in a Reggie Emilia- and in one Montessori preschool. I am going to compare these two educational philosophies and search for differences and similarities in how they approach language development. The background of the study is the key role that language development plays when preparing children for later studies in comprehensive school. Information has been gathered both through present specialist literature as well as through interviews with educationalists from the different educational philosophies.  I have also made direct observations of some of the different activities performed by the educationalists. It was harder than I thought to get answers for the questions at issue because language developement in preschool is an extensive field of study and there is much to examine. The analysis and result has been carried out and presented according to language expert Veli Tuomelas principles in language. The study shows that there are some differences but that the preschools mainly operate in similar ways.</p>

<p>”Nästa generations ryggskydd” är ett examensarbete vid Innovations- och designingenjörsprogrammet på Karlstads Universitet. Uppdragsgivaren är Stefan Ytterborn på POC Sweden i Stockholm.</p><p>POC är ett företag som satsar på att utveckla ny och effektiv skyddsutrustning till alpinskidåkare för att förhindra allvarliga skador. Då utrustningen och åkstilen ständigt blir mer extrem måste även skyddsutrustningen utvecklas för att ge så bra och smidigt skydd som möjligt.</p><p>Uppdraget har gått ut på att ta fram en produkt eller metod som skyddar ryggen vid alpin skidåkning. Denna problemformulering har varit väldigt öppen och gett en hel del spelrum vid idégenerering och produktframtagning.</p><p>Examensarbetet resulterade i en produkt som skyddar ryggen mot den nuförtiden mer frekventa skadeformen, kompressionsskador. Att det inte finns några befintliga skydd mot dessa skador på marknaden har gjort att researcharbetet har blivit en stor del i projektet.</p> / <p>”The next generation of spine protection” is a degree project in the Innovation and design engineering program at the University of Karlstad. The employer is Stefan Ytterborn at POC Sweden in Stockholm.</p><p>POC is a company that works towards developing new and efficient protection for alpine skiers to prevent serious injuries. Both the equipment and the way people ski are getting more and more extreme and therefore new protection must be developed to offer as good and flexible protection as possible.</p><p>The assignment has been to develop a product or method to protect the spine at alpine skiing. Due to the openness of the problem there has been a lot of scope during the idea generating and product developing phase.</p><p>This degree project has resulted in a product that protects the spine against the increasingly frequent damage, the compression injury. Due to the lack of existing protection against these types of damages on the market the research phase has been a big part of the project.</p>

This volume reexamines the long-standing controversy about consistency in personality from a social psychological perspective. Barabara Krahé reconsiders the concept of consistency in terms of the systematic coherence of situation cognition and behaviour across situations. In the first part of the volume she undertakes an examination of recent social psychological models of situation cognition for their ability to clarify the principles underlying the perception of situational similarities. She then advances an individual-centred methedology in which nomothetic hypotheses about cross-situational coherence are tested on the basis of idiogrphic measurement of situation cognition and behaviour. In the second part of the volume, a series of empirical studies is reported which apply the individual-centred framework to the analysis of cross-situational coherence in the domain of anxiety-provoking situations. These studies are distinctive in that they extend over several months and use free-response data; they are based on idiographic sampling; and they employ explicit theoretical models to capture the central features of situation perception. The results demonstrate the benefits of integrating idiographic and nomothetic research strategies and exploiting the advantages of both perspectives.

”Nästa generations ryggskydd” är ett examensarbete vid Innovations- och designingenjörsprogrammet på Karlstads Universitet. Uppdragsgivaren är Stefan Ytterborn på POC Sweden i Stockholm. POC är ett företag som satsar på att utveckla ny och effektiv skyddsutrustning till alpinskidåkare för att förhindra allvarliga skador. Då utrustningen och åkstilen ständigt blir mer extrem måste även skyddsutrustningen utvecklas för att ge så bra och smidigt skydd som möjligt. Uppdraget har gått ut på att ta fram en produkt eller metod som skyddar ryggen vid alpin skidåkning. Denna problemformulering har varit väldigt öppen och gett en hel del spelrum vid idégenerering och produktframtagning. Examensarbetet resulterade i en produkt som skyddar ryggen mot den nuförtiden mer frekventa skadeformen, kompressionsskador. Att det inte finns några befintliga skydd mot dessa skador på marknaden har gjort att researcharbetet har blivit en stor del i projektet. / ”The next generation of spine protection” is a degree project in the Innovation and design engineering program at the University of Karlstad. The employer is Stefan Ytterborn at POC Sweden in Stockholm. POC is a company that works towards developing new and efficient protection for alpine skiers to prevent serious injuries. Both the equipment and the way people ski are getting more and more extreme and therefore new protection must be developed to offer as good and flexible protection as possible. The assignment has been to develop a product or method to protect the spine at alpine skiing. Due to the openness of the problem there has been a lot of scope during the idea generating and product developing phase. This degree project has resulted in a product that protects the spine against the increasingly frequent damage, the compression injury. Due to the lack of existing protection against these types of damages on the market the research phase has been a big part of the project.

The purpose of this project is to examine how educationalists work with children’s language development in a Reggie Emilia- and in one Montessori preschool. I am going to compare these two educational philosophies and search for differences and similarities in how they approach language development. The background of the study is the key role that language development plays when preparing children for later studies in comprehensive school. Information has been gathered both through present specialist literature as well as through interviews with educationalists from the different educational philosophies.  I have also made direct observations of some of the different activities performed by the educationalists. It was harder than I thought to get answers for the questions at issue because language developement in preschool is an extensive field of study and there is much to examine. The analysis and result has been carried out and presented according to language expert Veli Tuomelas principles in language. The study shows that there are some differences but that the preschools mainly operate in similar ways.

Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) are added to polyurethane foams in a variety of industrial and consumer products to prevent flame ignition. The gradual release of these flame retardants (FRs) from such products leads to contamination of various abiotic and biotic media, including wild birds. Recent studies demonstrated endocrine-disrupting effects of TCPP and TDCPP, including alteration of circulating thyroid hormone (TH) levels. The TH-pathway is essential for normal growth and development in birds. There are limited data on the toxicological effects of TCPP and TDCPP in avian species and, prior to this work, no study has examined their effects in avian embryos. This M.Sc. thesis investigates the developmental, molecular and biochemical effects of TCPP and TDCPP in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos via egg injection studies. TCPP delayed pipping at doses ≥9.24 μg/g, both TCPP and TDCPP reduced embryo growth at the highest dose (51.6 μg TCPP/g and 45 μg TDCPP/g), and TDCPP decreased free plasma thyroxine and gallbladder size at 7.64 μg/g and 45 μg/g, respectively. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure changes in mRNA levels of hepatic genes that were responsive to these FRs in a previous in vitro study. TCPP dysregulated the expression of TH-responsive genes and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450s; CYPs), whereas TDCPP only affected CYPs. Less than 1% of the administered TCPP or TDCPP was detected in egg contents following 19 days of incubation, indicating extensive metabolism of the parent compounds. DNA microarrays were used to perform a global transcriptional analysis on liver samples from embryos that exhibited adverse effects following TDCPP injection. 47 differentially expressed genes were identified at the 45 μg/g dose. Functional analysis revealed that immune function and lipid and steroid metabolism were major targets of TDCPP toxicity and indicated a state of cholestatic liver/biliary fibrosis. Since the TH-pathway is a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis, its disruption early in development is a potential cause of the observed adverse effects. This thesis demonstrates, for the first time, developmental and endocrine-disrupting effects of TCPP and TDCPP in an avian species and attempts to link phenotypic changes to molecular-level disruptions in hopes to improve the understanding of their modes of action.

Tolnaftate (O-2-Naphthyl m, N-dimethylthiocarbanilate) is a topically used antifungal agent, most commonly employed in the treatment of Tinea Pedis at 1% (w/w) concentration. In the global market tolnaftate is available in form of solutions, aerosols, powders and creams (in form of suspension), while no semisolid dosage forms with dissolved tolnaftate are available. Thus in the present study efforts were made to formulate stable semisolid preparations containing 1% of tolnaftate. It was attempted to formulate preparations where tolnaftate is dissolved. Tolnaftate is highly lipophilic (LogP 5.6), therefore it was necessary to evaluate its solubility. Solubility was evaluated in organic solvents, aqueous solutions of surface active substances, polyethylene glycols and oils. On the basis of solubility studies oleogels, hydrophilic non-aqueous gels and macrogol ointments were prepared. These preparations were compared with creams (O/W), where tolnaftate was suspended in the vehicle. Formulation characteristics, such as spreadability, rheological and mechanical properties, are the most important factors in the development of semisolid formulations. These tests were carried out with a purpose to select formulations for stability evaluation. It was impossible to achieve 1% (w/w) tolnaftate concentration in prepared oleogels and organogels. A solution was successfully obtained in macrogol ointments, however ointment chosen for stability evaluation was found to be instable during 2... [to full text] / Tolnaftatas (O-2-Naphthyl m, N-dimethylthiocarbanilate) yra 1% (m/m) koncentracijoje išoriškai vartojamas priešgrybelinis preparatas, efektyviai gydantis pėdų grybelį. Tolnaftatas gaminamas tirpalų, aerozolių, miltelių, suspensinių kremų vaistų formose, tuo tarpu nėra jokių pusiau kietų preparatų, kur tolnaftatas būtų ištirpintas. Todėl siekiama tokį preparatą sukurti. Šio darbo tikslas – sukurti stabilias pusiau kietas vaistų formas tolnaftatui. Šiame darbe buvo siekiama sukurti puskietes sistemas su ištirpintu tolnaftatu. Kadangi tolnaftatas stipriai hidrofobinė medžiaga (LogP 5,6), buvo nustatytas jo tirpumas organiniuose tirpikliuose, paviršiui aktyvių medžiagų vandeniniuose tirpaluose, polietileno glikoliuose bei augaliniuose aliejuose. Remiantis tirpumo rezultatais buvo modeliuojami oleogeliai, hidrofiliniai bevandeniai geliai ir makrogolių tepalai. Šios vaistų formos buvo palygintos su kremais (a/v), į kuriuos tolnaftatas įvestas suspensijos pavidalu. Sklaida, reologinės bei mechaninės charakteristikos yra vieni svarbiausių veiksnių įtakojančių pusiau kietų vaistų formų kokybę. Remiantis šiomis savybėmis buvo atrinktos puskietės sistemos stabilumo tyrimui. Sukurti 1% tolnaftato tirpalus oleogelių ir hidrofilinių bevandenių gelių sistemose nepavyko. Tolnaftatas ištirpo makrogolių tepaluose 1% koncentracijoje. Stabilumo tyrimui parinktas tepalas nebuvo stabilus dviejų menesių laikotarpyje visose tirtose sąlygose (4oC, 25oC, 40oC), galimai dėl tolnaftato ir polietileno... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Epidemiological studies indicate that maternal vitamin D deficiency may be a candidate developmental risk factor for schizophrenia. For example, people born in winter/spring, urban environments and dark-skinned individuals whose parents migrated to cooler climates are all at increased risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The biological plausibility that a low prenatal level of vitamin D has an adverse impact on the developing brain has been studied using a developmental vitamin D (DVD) deficient rat model. These animals display molecular and anatomical abnormalities in brain development and alterations in behaviour as adults. Compared with control rats, neonatal DVD-deficient rat brains are different in shape; displaying a thinner cortex and larger lateral ventricles. Moreover, the brains appear to be less differentiated. At adulthood, DVD-deficient rats show an enhanced sensitivity to novelty-, antipsychotic- and psychomimetic- induced locomotion. These observations have lead to the hypothesis that dopamine and/or glutamate neurotransmission may be altered in DVD-deficient rats. Thus, the main aim of this thesis was to further characterise the dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitter systems in DVD-deficient rats. DVD-deficiency resulted in sex and age specific changes in dopamine signalling. At birth, DVD-deficient rats showed altered dopamine metabolism in the forebrain providing the first report of altered dopamine function after DVD-deficiency. Female DVD-deficient rats displayed a post-adolescent (at 3 months of age) enhanced response to amphetamine-induced locomotion. Accompanying this behavioural sensitivity were decreased levels of dopamine 1 and 2 receptor density in the nucleus accumbens. The altered behaviour in female DVD-deficient rats was not associated with increased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, caudate putamen or nucleus accumbens. Although a similar increase in the behavioural sensitivity to amphetamine was not observed in male DVD-deficient adult rats, increases in the density of the dopamine transporter were observed in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. However, when examined at a mature adult age (6 months) neither the enhanced response to amphetamine, receptor or transporter changes persisted. These results suggest that after puberty a transient change in dopamine receptor signalling manifests as an altered response to amphetamine under certain environmental and experimental conditions. Glutamate signalling was probed with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. Adult male DVD-deficient rats showed an enhanced locomotor response to MK-801 and this persisted when examined at a mature adult age. Female DVD-deficient rats showed an enhanced response but this was only observed at the mature adult age examined. No behavioral differences were observed prior to adolescence. This behavioural sensitivity did not appear to be due to altered dopamine release after MK-801 in the prefrontal cortex and caudate putamen. Taken together, male DVD-deficient rats develop a locomotor sensitivity to MK-801 at an earlier age than DVD-deficient females. This behavioural alteration is not associated with altered dopamine function. The combined results from the studies in this thesis present a complex phenotype that suggests altered dopamine and glutamate interactions in DVD-deficient rats that are dynamic; demonstrating both age and sex specific traits. I speculate that the development of these behavioural and neurochemical alterations in DVD-deficient rats follows a similar temporal profile to the symptomology observed in schizophrenia patients. Both behavioural sensitivities to amphetamine and MK-801 are observed in schizophrenia in addition to a delayed onset of symptoms in females. This provides further support for a role of vitamin D in the developing brain and suggests that a transient deficiency can result in long-term behavioural and neurochemical alterations. Together this suggests that the DVD-deficient rat model may be an informative model for exploring the developmental vitamin D deficiency hypothesis of schizophrenia.

Depuis la fin de la deuxième guerre, l'idéologie du développement a progressivement imposé sa lecture essentialiste et évolutionniste du monde. Malgré les échecs et les déceptions qui ont mis en exergue le caractère non heuristique de la conception unilinéaire des sociétés, la notion n'a pas complètement perdu de sa force mobilisatrice. À travers des inventions et des branchements divers et constants, elle a survécu à la critique par le ré-enchantement de la notion et ses variations thématiques. En effet, au détour des années 80, pour asseoir davantage sa légitimité, le débat autour du développement, non seulement a embrassé les questions environnementales mais s'est fragmenté, en se déclinant autour de plusieurs thèmes et sous-thèmes tels que la lutte contre la pauvreté, l'alphabétisation, le désendettement, la lutte contre le sida… Dans les pays africains, notamment au Cameroun, cette recomposition féconde de la notion a trouvé, dans les enjeux de l'agriculture, un cadre idéal d'articulation et d'expression. Dans la même logique évolutive, la communication, indissociablement liée au développement, a connu des modélisations successives, recadrant progressivement ses dispositifs et ses stratégies, pour susciter et accompagner les changements sociaux. C'est ce qui explique l'avènement d'une communication participative, motivée par une prise en compte de l'altérité et l'assomption des identités culturelles.À partir d'une expérience de la vulgarisation agricole, tributaire de l'inventivité thématique du développement, cette recherche examine la complexité de la dynamique participative avec ses enjeux identitaires. En se fondant sur la stratégie des acteurs, ce travail met en lumière la dimension structurante des identités culturelles consécutive à une démarche praxéologique où la communication s'inscrit dans une aventure herméneutique sous-tendue par une logique d'archéologie existentielle. Par le fait même, la communication adopte une nouvelle posture épistémologique en devenant « lieu » stratégique d'interprétation du vécu et de transgression de la doxa du développement. / Since the end of the Second World War, the ideology of development has progressively imposed an essentialist and evolutionalist interpretation of the world. In spite of breakdowns and disappointments which have brought out a non-heuristic nature of the unilinear conception of societies, this notion has not totally lost some of its stirring strength. Through decades of inventions and various and continuous connections, it has survived criticism by the re-enchantment of the notion of its thematic variations. Indeed, in the early 1980's, in order to better establish its legitimacy, debate around development / growth has not only embraced environmental questions but has also fragmented, coming into a variety of themes and sub-themes such as the fight against poverty and AIDS, elimination of illiteracy, debt reducing, and so on. In African countries, in Cameroun precisely, this fruitful recomposition of the notion has found a perfect frame for structure and expression in the agricultural stakes. In the same evolutionary dynamic, communication, inextricably linked to development, has known successive modeling, progressively refocusing its devices and strategies to arouse and support social changes. That explains the advent of participative communication, helped by the notion of otherness and the assumption of cultural identities.From an agricultural popular experiment dependent on thematic inventiveness of development, this research considers the complexity of participative dynamics with its issues about identity. Based on the strategy used by active protagonists, this work highlights the structuring dimension of cultural identities resulting of a praxeological approach, in which communication is part of a logic of an underlying hermeneutic adventure, being part of a logics of existential archaeology. For this very reason, communication adopts a new epistemological point of view, becoming the strategic “place” of interpretation of actual experience and of transgression of the doxa of development

SILVESTRE, Maria Elisabeth Duarte, Água doce no Brasil: razões de uma nova política. 2003. 132 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2003. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-17T19:49:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2003_dis_medsilvestre.pdf: 1160566 bytes, checksum: 62d21316cba2fe08ba69a2a5e4008fe6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-17T19:49:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2003_dis_medsilvestre.pdf: 1160566 bytes, checksum: 62d21316cba2fe08ba69a2a5e4008fe6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T19:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2003_dis_medsilvestre.pdf: 1160566 bytes, checksum: 62d21316cba2fe08ba69a2a5e4008fe6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Brazil has new water legislation. This study examines why the 1934 Water Code became inadequate and the reasons that led to the National Water Resources Policy, according to the Law 9433 (January 8, 1997). It is motivated by a central question: does state intervention intend to assure water to actual and future generations, in the amounts and with the quality required for it various use? The primary principle is that society comprises individuals, groups and classes which have different, frequently opposed, interests; public policies, institutions and laws express and intervene in these conflicts. The environmental crisis and the sense of proposals aiming its solution must be considered in the context of the complex links between State, society, individuals and nature. Water policy constitutes a decisive intervention in the appropriation and use of a resource essential to life and production that is becoming scarce. Thus, it is a relevant element for appropriation of labor results and for power relations. The present study points out the historical character of water scarcity worldly and nationally, discuss the rationality of the society-nature relations and the evolution of Brazilian State commitment to the so-called natural resources, in particular, water resources. It intends to demonstrate that the politics of water appropriation and management are rationally designed and fulfill the reproduction necessities of the capitalist system. The Water Code matched the industrialization efforts of the Vargas period. The reflection on the basis of the 1997 Law shows its adaptation to capital needs, at the end of the XX century, and the contradictions that permeate such process. This Law assimilates the world hegemonic conception of State and environmental policies and is similar to diverse countries ongoing reforms, which invariantly tend to expand market. The new policy pretends to be democratic and decentralized, as well, as favor popular participation. In fact, it is a vigorous state intervention. The water legislation,simultaneously, alleviates the government from its constitutional duties and increases the possibilities of control over this vital resource. Despite the discourse of attending all Brazilians, the present Law is especially attentive to hegemonic interests, and it could become an important instrument for capitalistic expansion; it is to say, for the destruction of nature and, in particular, water. However, considering water as public goods, the Law allows resistence figths against water’s commercialization. / O Brasil tem uma nova legislação hídrica. Esse trabalho se propõe a entender o que tornou inadequado o Código de Águas de 1934 e as razões da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos conforme a Lei 9.433 de 8 de janeiro de 1997. Uma pergunta o motiva: trata-se de uma intervenção tendo em vista assegurar água à atual e às futuras gerações nas quantidades e qualidade exigidas? Parte do princípio que a sociedade é formada por indivíduos, grupos e classes sociais que têm interesses diferentes, frequentemente opostos e que as políticas públicas, instituições e leis expressam esses conflitos e neles intervêm. Para compreender a crise ambiental e as propostas que visam superá-la, é necessário situá-las na teia de relações que envolve Estado, sociedade, indivíduo e natureza. A política hídrica, decisiva intervenção do Estado na apropriação e uso de um recurso essencial à vida e à produção que tende a tornar-se escasso, interfere diretamente na apropriação dos frutos do trabalho e nas relações de poder. O presente trabalho assinala o caráter histórico da escassez da água no Brasil e no mundo, discute a racionalidade das relações com a natureza e a evolução da posição do Estado brasileiro frente aos recursos naturais e, em particular, hídricos. Procura mostrar que a apropriação e manejo dos mesmos são racionais no sentido de permitirem a reprodução social. O Código de Águas correspondeu ao esforço industrializante da Era Vargas. Os fundamentos da Lei 9.433 revelam sua adequação às necessidades atuais do capital, as contradições que o permeiam e traços marcantes do Estado e do ambientalismo mundialmente hegemônicos. A reforma brasileira assemelha-se a outras que estão sendo realizadas no mundo e que, invariavelmente, tendem a ampliar o espaço mercantil. A nova política pretende-se democrática e descentralizadora; configura-se, em princípio, como um espaço aberto à participação popular. Trata-se, porém, de uma vigorosa ação do Estado que o desobriga de responsabilidades que até então lhe eram imputadas e aumenta as possibilidades de controle sobre esse recurso. Sob a aparência de atender a todos e proteger os recursos hídricos, a Lei poderá constituir-se em um importante instrumento para a expansão do capital e a destruição da natureza. Apesar disso, ao colocar a água como bem de domínio público, contém abertura legal para as lutas de resistência contra sua mercantilização.