Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Auftreten verschiedener magnetischer Phasen (Ferro-, Antiferro-, Paramagnetismus) im Kondo-Gitter-Modell (engl. Kondo-lattice model, KLM). Mit dem KLM wird die Wechselwirkung itineranter Elektronen mit lokalisierten magnetischen Momenten beschrieben. Zur Berechnung wichtiger Kenngrößen wird der Green-Funktions-Formalismus verwendet, der schließlich zu einer Näherungslösung führt. Es wird gezeigt, dass eine hinreichend gute Näherung, insbesondere die explizite Betrachtung von Doppelbesetzungen, notwendig ist, um die Resultate nicht zu verfälschen. Es ist damit möglich, Phasendiagramme in Abhängigkeit wichtiger Modellparameter bei verschwindender Temperatur zu berechnen. Um Ergebnisse bei endlichen Temperaturen zu erhalten, wird eine Möglichkeit zur Berechnung der freien Energie eingeführt, die das KLM wesentlich direkter beschreibt als die Standardabbildungsmethode der Rudermann-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida-Wechselwirkung. Neben der Berechnung des reinen KLMs erlauben diese Methoden auch eine Beschreibung von Systemen mit gebrochener Translationssymmetrie. Konkret werden verdünnte magnetische Halbleiter und dünne magnetische Filmsysteme betrachtet. Es entstehen hier zusätzliche Effekte wie der Ladungstransfer von magnetischen zu unmagnetischen Gitterplätzen oder umgekehrt. Insgesamt zeigt sich außerdem eine qualitative Übereinstimmung mit verschiedenen experimentellen Daten. / This thesis is concerned with the existence of magnetic phases (ferro-, antiferro-, paramagnetism) in the Kondo-lattice model (KLM). The KLM describes an interaction between itinerant electrons and localized magnetic moments. For the calculation of important quantities the Green''s function formalism is used which leads to an approximative solution of the problem. It is shown that a sufficient approximation, in particular the explicit treatment of double occupations, is necessary to avoid a falsification of the results. Thereby it is possible to calculate magnetic phase diagrams in dependence of important model parameters at vanishing temperature. To get results at finite temperature a possibility for the calculation of the free energy is introduced, which describes the KLM more directly than the standard procedure of the Rudermann-Kittel-Kasuya-Yoshida interaction. Besides the calculation of the pure KLM these methods permit a description of systems with a reduced translational symmetry. More precisely diluted magnetic semiconductors and thin magnetic films systems are treated. In these system new effects arise such as the charge transfer from magnetic to non-magnetic sites and vice versa. All in all there is also a qualitative agreement with several experimental data.

As medidas defensivas contra tomadas de controle constituem o núcleo de estudo desta dissertação. São instrumentos jurídicos adotados principalmente por companhias abertas com dispersão acionária, visando à proteção contra uma eventual tentativa de tomada de controle. O assunto é de especial interesse no atual momento do mercado de capitais brasileiro, que vem apresentando significativo desenvolvimento nos últimos anos e propiciando meios para a proliferação no Brasil de companhias abertas com dispersão acionária. O estudo do tema é feito concomitantemente à crescente utilização no Brasil de proteções contra tomadas de controle, inclusive por companhias não dotadas de dispersão acionária. Algumas medidas defensivas são inspiradas na experiência prática de outros países e vêm sendo transplantadas para o Brasil sem a adequada harmonização às características do nosso regime jurídico. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos da utilização de medidas defensivas e, na medida do possível, a admissibilidade da adoção de determinadas defesas no Brasil. São também abordados os balizamentos para a postura da administração de companhias diante de tentativas de tomada de controle. São estudados os padrões de tratamento do tema nos principais modelos existentes na experiência internacional, a fim de fornecer subsídios para a criação de uma identidade brasileira no tratamento das defesas contra tentativas de tomada de controle. / The defensive anti-takeover measures constitute the core area of study in this dissertation. These are legal devices adopted mainly by publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion, aiming at protection against an eventual takeover attempt. The subject is of special interest at the current moment of the Brazilian capital markets, which have shown significant development in the recent years, providing means for the proliferation in Brazil of publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion. The study of the issue is done concomitantly with the increase of utilization in Brazil of anti-takeover protections, including by companies without widespread ownership dispersion. Some defensive measures are inspired by the practical experience of other countries, being transplanted to Brazil without the proper harmonization with the characteristics of our own legal system. This work analyzes the effects of the utilization of defensive measures and, to the extent possible, the admissibility of adoption of certain defenses in Brazil. The boundaries for the behavior of the management of companies under takeover attempts are also approached. The patterns for the treatment of this issue in the main existing models in foreign experience are studied, so as to provide subsidies to the creation of a Brazilian identity in the treatment of the defenses against takeover attempts.

In this study, the oxygen-deficient TiO2, SrTiO3 systems and transition metal ion (Cr or V) doped TiO2, SrTiO3 and SrZrO3 systems have been investigated. We prepared samples as polycrystals, single crystals and thin films for various desires. Their structural, physical and electronic properties were measured by bulk-sensitive techniques (X-Ray Diffraction, SQUID and Electro Paramagnetic Resonance) or surface-sensitive techniques (Photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy). The measurement of SQUID and EPR showed not only their magnetic properties but also the valence state of Cr dopant. We verified the valence state of Cr ions in oxides and found the key parameters of sample synthesis which control the valence state of Cr ions. Segregated phases such as SrCrO4 were formed when the samples were synthesized under O2 rich environment. The surface properties of Cr doped SrZrO3 films are also discussed. We found the synthesis conditions which influence on not only the behavior of Cr ions but also the resistive-switching behaviors. Various resistive-switching behaviors seem to depend on the surface chemistry of films. We found that the accumulation of Cr3+ on film surface provides a clean interface without any non-stoichiometric oxides and that this sharp interface termination results in a good performance of resistive-switching.

Le présent travail est dédié à l’étude d’un procédé hybride couplant l’électrodialyse à membrane bipolaire et l’échange d’ions. Cette étude est appliquée au traitement de solutions diluées d’acide acétique. L’objectif est double : acquérir une compréhension théorique des processus de transfert et des mécanismes qui impactent la consommation énergétique de ce système hybride et, de façon plus appliquée, proposer une configuration de cellule qui permette d’éliminer l’acide de la solution traitée en la transférant vers un compartiment de concentration. Cette configuration doit permettre d’obtenir le taux de purification le plus élevé possible tout en minimisant la consommation d’énergie. Des critères visant à optimiser le choix des résines échangeuses d’ions (fortes ou faibles) dans les compartiments de dilution sont proposés. L’intérêt de l’utilisation d’une résine cationique forte sous forme H+ dans le compartiment de concentration est par ailleurs mise en évidence, conduisant à une diminution de la résistance du compartiment et de ce fait de la consommation d’énergie. Une étude réalisée sur des systèmes « couplés » et « découplés » a permis d’identifier les contributions résistives des différents éléments de l’empilement. Cette approche a conduit à la détermination des paramètres d’un modèle qui permet de prévoir la résistance électrique d’un lit de résine dans une solution donnée. Les consommations spécifiques d’énergie (kWh/kg d’acide transféré) ont été évaluées en fonction du taux de purification souhaité. L’ensemble de l’étude a permis d’établir des recommandations pour la conception de la cellule et pour le choix des paramètres opératoires. / This work is dedicated to the study of a hybrid separation process involving bipolar membrane electrodialysis and ion exchange. This study is applied to the treatment of diluted effluents. The aim is first to acquire a theoretical understanding of transfer processes and mechanisms that affect energy consumption of this hybrid system. Then, in a more applied way, the objective is to be able to propose a cell configuration that allows to remove the acid from the treated solution by transferring it to a concentration compartment. This configuration must allow to obtain the highest purification rates as possible while minimizing energy consumption. Criteria aiming at optimizing ion exchange resins (strong or weak) in dilution compartment are proposed. The interest of the introduction of strong cationic resin under H+ form in the concentrated compartment is highlighted, as it enables reducing compartment resistance and hence energy consumption. Furthermore, experimental measurements successively conducted with “decoupled” and “coupled” systems identified resistive contributions of the different elements of the stack. This approach led to the determination of parameters of a model which predicts the resin bed electrical resistance in a given solution. Specific energy consumption (kWh/Kg transferred acid) was evaluated as a function of the desired purification rate. All the work led to recommendations for the cell design and for the choice of operating parameters.

As medidas defensivas contra tomadas de controle constituem o núcleo de estudo desta dissertação. São instrumentos jurídicos adotados principalmente por companhias abertas com dispersão acionária, visando à proteção contra uma eventual tentativa de tomada de controle. O assunto é de especial interesse no atual momento do mercado de capitais brasileiro, que vem apresentando significativo desenvolvimento nos últimos anos e propiciando meios para a proliferação no Brasil de companhias abertas com dispersão acionária. O estudo do tema é feito concomitantemente à crescente utilização no Brasil de proteções contra tomadas de controle, inclusive por companhias não dotadas de dispersão acionária. Algumas medidas defensivas são inspiradas na experiência prática de outros países e vêm sendo transplantadas para o Brasil sem a adequada harmonização às características do nosso regime jurídico. Este trabalho analisa os efeitos da utilização de medidas defensivas e, na medida do possível, a admissibilidade da adoção de determinadas defesas no Brasil. São também abordados os balizamentos para a postura da administração de companhias diante de tentativas de tomada de controle. São estudados os padrões de tratamento do tema nos principais modelos existentes na experiência internacional, a fim de fornecer subsídios para a criação de uma identidade brasileira no tratamento das defesas contra tentativas de tomada de controle. / The defensive anti-takeover measures constitute the core area of study in this dissertation. These are legal devices adopted mainly by publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion, aiming at protection against an eventual takeover attempt. The subject is of special interest at the current moment of the Brazilian capital markets, which have shown significant development in the recent years, providing means for the proliferation in Brazil of publicly-held companies with widespread ownership dispersion. The study of the issue is done concomitantly with the increase of utilization in Brazil of anti-takeover protections, including by companies without widespread ownership dispersion. Some defensive measures are inspired by the practical experience of other countries, being transplanted to Brazil without the proper harmonization with the characteristics of our own legal system. This work analyzes the effects of the utilization of defensive measures and, to the extent possible, the admissibility of adoption of certain defenses in Brazil. The boundaries for the behavior of the management of companies under takeover attempts are also approached. The patterns for the treatment of this issue in the main existing models in foreign experience are studied, so as to provide subsidies to the creation of a Brazilian identity in the treatment of the defenses against takeover attempts.

Neste trabalho de doutorado utilizou-se um reator anaeróbio em batelada seqüencial contendo biomassa imobilizada em matrizes cúbicas de espuma de poliuretano e agitação mecânica, com volume total de 5.5 L e volume útil de 4.5 L. A agitação do meio líquido foi realizada com quatro tipos de impelidores (turbina tipo hélice, lâminas planas, lâminas planas inclinadas e lâminas curvas, testados individualmente, sempre em número de 3), com 6 cm de diâmetro. A pesquisa foi realizada em quatro etapas experimentais. A etapa 1 objetivou determinar o tempo de mistura no reator para cada tipo de impelidor, ou seja, o tempo necessário para que o meio líquido ficasse totalmente homogêneo. A etapa 2 objetivou selecionar o tipo de impelidor e a respectiva intensidade de agitação que garantisse a minimização da resistência à transferência de massa externa no sistema. As intensidades de agitação testadas variaram de 200 a 1100 rpm, dependendo do tipo de impelidor. A etapa 3 foi realizada com tipo de impelidor e intensidade de agitação definidos na etapa 2, mas variando-se o tamanho da biopartícula (0,5, 1,0, 2,0 e 3,0 cm de aresta). O objetivo desta etapa foi selecionar o tamanho de biopartícula que minimizasse a resistência à transferência de massa interna. De posse das condições operacionais otimizadas (tipo de impelidor, intensidade de agitação e tamanho de partícula de suporte), a etapa 4 constituiu na aplicação das mesmas para o tratamento de um resíduo real, sendo escolhida água residuária de suinocultura. Na etapa 1, os resultados mostraram que os tempos de mistura para todos os tipos de impelidores foram desprezíveis em relação ao tempo total de ciclo. A etapa 2 revelou tempos de partida muito curtos (cerca de 20 dias), em todas as condições testadas, sendo atingidas remoções de DQO próximas de 70%. Além disso, o tipo de impelidor exerceu grande influência na qualidade final do efluente, fato este claramente constatado quando as frações de DQO foram consideradas separadamente (filtrada e suspensa). De acordo com os resultados obtidos na etapa 3, o tamanho da biopartícula teve influência decisiva no desempenho do sistema, nas condições testadas. As velocidades de dissolução foram aparentemente influenciadas pelo empacotamento do leito de espuma, enquanto que o consumo da fração de DQO correspondente às amostras filtradas foi provavelmente influenciado por fatores mais complexos. Finalmente, o teste realizado com resíduo diluído de suinocultura demonstrou que a operação do reator em estudo para o tratamento deste tipo de água residuária é possível. Os dados operacionais mostraram que o reator permaneceu estável durante o período testado. A agitação mecânica provou ser eficiente para melhorar a degradação da DQO suspensa, um dos maiores problemas no tratamento deste tipo de água residuária. Sendo assim, de acordo com os dados experimentais obtidos ao longo do trabalho, pode-se afirmar que a agitação em reatores em batelada mostrou-se importante não somente para proporcionar boas condições de mistura ou melhorar a transferência de massa na fase líquida, mas também para melhorar a solubilização da matéria orgânica particulada, melhorando as velocidades de consumo de matéria orgânica. / The bench-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor containing immobilized biomass and provided with mechanical stirring employed in this work had total and useful volumes of 5.5 and 4.5 L, respectively. The biomass was immobilized on cubic polyurethane foam matrices, and the agitation of the liquid medium was provided by four types of impellers (propeller, flat-blade, pitched-blade and curved-blade turbines, individually tested, always in a set of three), with 6 cm of diameter. The research was divided into 4 experimental steps. The first one aimed at determining the mixing time in the reactor for each sort of impeller, i.e., the time necessary for the system to be completely homogeneized. As for the second step, its objective was to choose the sort of impeller and the agitation rate suitable for minimizing the external mass-transfer resistance. The agitation rates tests ranged from 200 to 1100 rpm, depending on the impeller type. The step 3 was carried out utilizing the chosen impeller and agitation rate, but varying the bioparticle size (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 cm of side). The aim of these experiments was to determine the bioparticle size that minimized the solid-phase mass transfer. Using these optimized operational conditions (type of impeller and bioparticle size), the step 4 consisted of the utilization of them in the treatment of a real wastewater (diluted swine manure). As for the results, step 1 showed the mixing times were very low compared to the total cycle times employed in the experiments (8 and 24 h). Very short start-up periods were revealed by the second experimental part (about 20 days in average) for all conditions tested, and the removal efficiencies reached approximately 70%. Besides that, the impeller type exerted great influence on the final quality of the effluent, fact clearly observed when the COD fractions were analyzed separately (filtered and suspended). According to the data obtained in the step 3, the bioparticle size influenced decisively on the performance of the system, in the conditions tested. The bed packing apparently influenced the dissolution rates, whereas the consumption of the COD correspondent to the filtered samples was defined by more complex factors. Finally, the test with the diluted swine manure demonstrated that the operation of this reactor with this type of wastewater is feasible, as the operational data showed the reactor remained stable during all the period tested. The mechanical stirring proved to be efficient to improve the degradation of the suspended COD, one of the major problems in the treatment of this type of wastewater. In this sense, according to the experimental data obtained in this work, it can be affirmed the mechanical stirring in anaerobic sequencing batch reactors showed to be not only important to provide good mixing conditions and improve the liquid phase mass transfer, but also to improve the solubilization of the particulate organic matter and increase the overall organic matter consumption rates.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work we have studied the magnetic, optical and structural properties of ZnO nanoparticles pure and doped with different concentrations of Fe and Mn synthesized by three different synthesis methods; co-precipitation (CP), hydrothermal (SH) and thermal decomposition (DT). The samples were characterized by measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analyzed allied to Rietveld refinement method, absorption in the UV-Vis region, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and magnetization measurements as a function of field and temperature (MvsH, MvsT). Through XRD analysis we have observed a dependence of the nanoparticle size with increasing temperature for both CP and SH methods well as a change in morphology with temperature for the samples system synthesized by SH. XRD analysis through the Williamson-Hall plot and TEM images show that particles obtained by SH and CP methods present an anisotropic growth, different of the particles obtained by DT method, that they present a spherical-like shape. The XRD results for Zn1-xFexO systems obtained by the CP and SH present only one phase but from point of view magnetic properties we have observed that these samples present transition at low temperature (T = 10 K) similar to an antiferromagnetic ordering. However, the Zn1-xFexO samples obtained by DT synthesis we have observed a paramagnetic behavior evidenced by MvsT curves. Therefore, at room temperature the MvsH curves indicated a ferromagnetic behavior. All Mn-doped ZnO samples present a paramagnetic behavior. The UV-Vis results show for all systems a slow increase in gap band with increases of dopant concentration. / Neste trabalho estudamos as propriedades magnéticas, ópticas e estruturais de nanopartículas de ZnO puras e dopadas com diferentes concentrações Fe e Mn sintetizadas por três diferentes métodos de síntese; co-precipitação (CP), hidrotérmico (SH) e decomposição térmica (DT). As amostras foram caracterizadas por medidas de difração de raios X (DRX) e analisadas juntamente ao método de refinamento Rietveld, absorção na região UV-Vis, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão (MEV e MET) e medidas de magnetização em função do campo e da temperatura (MvsH, MvsT). Através das análises de DRX, nós temos observado uma dependência do tamanho da nanopartícula com o aumento da temperatura para ambos os métodos CP e SH, bem como uma variação na morfologia com a temperatura para o sistema de amostras sintetizado pela SH. Análises do gráfico de Williamson-Hall e imagens de MET mostram que as partículas obtidas através dos métodos SH e CP apresentam um crescimento anisotrópico, diferentemente das obtidas pelo método de DT, as quais apresentam morfologia esférica. Além disso, os resultados de DRX mostram que os sistemas Zn1-xFexO obtidos pela CP e SH apresentam somente uma fase, porém do ponto de vista das propriedades magnéticas observamos que as amostras apresentam uma transição em baixa temperatura (T = 10 K) similar a um ordenamento antiferromagnético. Por outro lado, as amostras de Zn1-xFexO obtidas pela síntese de DT observamos um comportamento paramagnético evidenciados pelas curvas de MvsT. No entanto, em temperatura ambiente as curvas de MvsH indicaram um comportamento ferromagnético. Todas as amostras de ZnO dopadas com Mn apresentam um comportamento típico de um material paramagnético. Resultados de absorção de UV-Vis para todos os sistemas estudados mostram um leve aumento na energia de gap com o aumento da concentração do dopante.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we study the structural and magnetic properties of pure and TM-doped CeO2 nanoparticles (TM: Mn, Cr, Co and Fe) obtained by the co-precipitation and hydrothermal methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results allied to the Rietveld refinement method indicate that all samples present single-phase with structure isomorphous to the CeO2. Average crystallites size was determined using the full width at half maximum from XRD patterns and their sizes were from of 7 to 13 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images 10% doped samples show the presence of particles with spherical-like morphology and average sizes in good agreement with the estimated by XRD. From ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy absorption measurements we estimated the optoelectronic gap of the samples, which vary between 2.87 and 3.44 eV. Analyses from magnetization curves as a function of temperature (MvsT) using Curie-Weiss law show that the number of paramagnetic ions per molecule (n) increases with the increasing of the Mn concentration. Already for 10% doped samples with different ions the (n) obeys the following order Mn ˂ Fe ˂ Cr ˂ Co for samples obtained by co-precipitation and Co ˂ Cr ˂ Mn ˂ Fe for the samples obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. Magnetization curves as a function of the magnetic field (MvsH) show that the the systems present a weak ferromagnetic behavior at 5K and paramagnetic at temperature higher than 200 K. / Neste trabalho estudamos as propriedades estruturais e magnéticas de nanopartículas de CeO2 pura e dopadas com diferentes concentrações de metais de transição (MT: Mn, Cr, Co e Fe) obtidas pelo método de co-precipitação e de síntese hidrotérmica. Resultados de difração de raios X (DRX) aliados ao método de refinamento Rietveld indicam a formação de uma única fase isomorfa ao CeO2, cujos tamanhos médios das nanopartículas variam entre 7 e 13 nm quando sintetizadas por co-precipitação e entre 8 e 12 nm quando obtidas por síntese hidrotérmica. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) das amostras dopadas com 10% dos metais de transição mostram a presença de partículas com morfologia tendendo à esferas e tamanhos médios das partículas em bom acordo com os tamanhos estimados por DRX. Através de medidas de absorção na região do ultravioleta ao visível (UV-vis) estimamos o gap optoeletrônico das amostras, os quais variam entre 2,87 e 3,44 eV. Resultados das medidas de magnetização em função temperatura (MvsT) usando a lei de Curie-Weiss indicam que o número de íons paramagnéticos por molécula cresce de forma sistemática com o aumento da concentração de Mn nos dois métodos de síntese. Já para o caso das amostras dopadas com 10% do MT, esse número obedece a seguinte ordem Mn ˂ Fe ˂ Cr ˂ Co para o sistema obtido por co-precipitação e Co ˂ Cr ˂ Mn ˂ Fe para o sistema obtido por síntese hidrotérmica. Medidas de magnetização em função do campo magnético (MvsH) mostram que as nanopartículas apresentam um possível ordenamento ferromagnético fraco em 5K e um comportamento típico de um material paramagnético acima de 200K. / São Cristóvão, SE

Dans la réalisation de nouveaux composants innovants de la spintronique, de grands espoirs sont placés sur les semi-conducteurs magnétiques dilués (DMS). L’enjeu technologique est de développer des matériaux ayant à la fois des propriétés semi-conductrices et ferromagnétiques. Le but de ce travail est de réaliser une étude nanostructurale et magnétique détaillée du système Fe :SiC candidat prometteur pour devenir un semi-conducteur magnétique dilué à température ambiante. Cependant les propriétés magnétiques du matériau (6H-SiC) implanté avec des métaux de transitions (MT) dépendent fortement de sa microstructure (concentration et nature du dopant, précipitation du dopant…). Afin d’appréhender l’ensemble des propriétés nanostructurales et magnétiques, nous avons étudié le système Fe :SiC à l’échelle de l’atome en utilisant la sonde atomique tomographique (SAT) couplée à la spectrométrie Mössbauer 57Fe. Des monocristaux 6H-SiC (0001) de type p et n (~10+18/cm3) ont été multi-implantés en 56Fe et 57Fe à différentes énergies et différentes fluences conduisant à une concentration atomique de (6% et 4%) de 20 à 120 nm de la surface. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons pu suivre l’effet de la nanostructure du système Fe :SiC en fonction de la concentration de fer et des températures d’implantation et de recuit. Nous avons établi de nouveaux résultats : nature et dimension des nanoparticules, évaluation précise du nombre d’atomes de fer dilué dans la matrice SiC. Les différentes contributions ferromagnétiques et paramagnétiques sont identifiées et clairement expliquées grâce au couplage de techniques expérimentales comme la SAT, la spectrométrie Mössbauer, la magnétométrie SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). Nous avons réussi à déterminer des conditions optimales pour l’obtention d’un DMS à température ambiante. En effet dans les échantillons implantés 4% Fe à 380°C, plus de 90% des atomes de Fe sont dilués. Ces atomes de Fe dilués contribuent majoritairement aux propriétés ferromagnétiques mesurées par SQUID et par spectrométrie Mössbauer à 300 K. Ces différents résultats expérimentaux mettent en lumière la possibilité de réalisation d’un nouveau (DMS) à température ambiante / Great hopes are placed on diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) for new components of spintronics. The challenge is to develop materials with both semiconducting and ferromagnetic properties. The aim of this work is to carry out a detailed nanostructural and magnetic study of the Fe: SiC candidate promising system to become a magnetic semiconductor diluted at room temperature. However, the magnetic properties observed in (6H-SiC) implanted with transition metals (TM) depend strongly on the material microstructure (content and nature of the dopant, precipitation of the dopant, etc.). In order to understand all the nanostructural and magnetic mechanisms, we studied the Fe: SiC system at the atomic scale using atom probe tomography (APT) and Mössbauer spectrometry. p and n single crystalline 6H-SiC near (0001)-oriented samples were submitted to multi-step implantations with 56Fe and 57Fe ions at different energies and fluences leading to an iron concentration (Cat =6 and 4%) at a depth between 20 nm and 120 nm from the sample surface. In this work, we were able to follow the effect of the nanostructure of the Fe: SiC system as a function of the iron concentration and the temperatures of implantations and annealing. We have established new results: nature and size of the nanoparticles, precise evaluation of the number of iron atoms diluted in the SiC matrix. The ferromagnetic and paramagnetic contributions are identified and clearly explained by the coupling of experimental techniques such as APT, Mössbauer spectrometry, SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) magnetometry. We were able to put the material in optimal conditions for obtaining a DMS at room temperature. Indeed, the implanted samples (4% Fe) at 380°C more than 90% Fe atoms were distributed homogeneously. These Fe atoms are the main source of the ferromagnetic properties measured by SQUID and Mössbauer spectrometry at 300 K. These experimental results highlight the possibility of obtaining a new (DMS) at room temperature.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude du carbure de silicium, dopé avec du fer dans le but de réaliser un semi-conducteur magnétique dilué à température ambiante pour des applications à la spintronique. Le dopage en fer a été réalisé par implantation ionique de type multi-énergie (30 - 160 keV) à différentes fluences, conduisant à une concentration atomique constante de 2 % de 20 à 100 nm. Il a été suivi d’un recuit à haute température dans le but d’homogénéiser la concentration en dopants. Les implantations se sont déroulées à une température de 550 °C. L’optimisation des propriétés magnétiques et électroniques du SiC–Fe, de même que la compréhension des mécanismes physiques à l’origine du magnétisme induit, ont nécessité une caractérisation poussée de la microstructure des matériaux implantés. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été d’une part, de réaliser une étude à l’échelle atomique de la nanostructure en fonction des conditions d’implantations (température, fluence) et des traitements thermiques post-implantation, et d’autre part, de déterminer les propriétés magnétiques des matériaux implantés. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré par Sonde Atomique Tomographique, la présence de nanoparticules dont la taille moyenne augmente avec la température de recuit. La cartographie chimique des nanoparticules a permis de révéler l’existence de phases riches en Fe pour les échantillons recuits. L’étude magnétique (spectrométrie Mössbauer et Squid) a montré que la contribution ferromagnétique est due principalement aux nanoparticules magnétiques et/ ou aux atomes de fer magnétiques dilués dans la matrice. La corrélation entre les propriétés structurale et magnétique a permis de montrer que les atomes de fer dilués dans la matrice et substitués sur sites de silicium contribuent au signal ferromagnétique en dessous de 300 K. Nous avons donc montré dans ce travail, que la taille et la nature des phases présentes dans les nanoparticules dépendent des conditions d’implantation et des températures de recuit et qu’il est nécessaire de recuire les échantillons à haute température pour faire apparaître un ordre ferromagnétique. / This PhD thesis focuses on the study of SiC, doped with Fe in order to elaborate a diluted magnetic semiconductor at room temperature for spintronic applications. The iron doping was carried out by ion implantation of multi-energy type (30-160 keV) at different fluences, leading to a 2% constant atomic concentration between 20 to 100 nm, followed by a high temperature annealing in the goal of homogenizing the dopant concentration. The implantation temperature during this process is 550 °C, in order to avoid amorphization. The optimization of the magnetic and electronic properties of SiC-Fe, as well as the understanding of the physical mechanisms at the origin of induced magnetism, require a thorough characterization of the microstructure of the implanted materials. The objectives of this work are, on the one hand, to carry out an atomic scale study of the nanostructure according to the implantation conditions (temperature, fluence) and the post-implantation annealing and the other hand, to characterize the magnetic properties of implanted materials. In this work, we have shown by atom probe tomographic, the existence of nanoparticles whose the average size increases with the annealing temperature. The chemical mapping of the nanoparticles shows the presence of the Fe-rich phases for the annealed samples. Magnetic study (Mössbauer spectrometry and Squid) shows the ferromagnetic contribution is due to the magnetic nanoparticles and/or the diluted Fe atoms in the matrix. The correlation between structural and magnetic properties allowed showing that diluted Fe atoms and substitute to Si sites contribute to the ferromagnetic contribution below 300 K. In coupling many characterization techniques in order to give a detailed description of the different studied samples, we have shown that the size and nature of the phase present in the nanoparticles depend on the implantation conditions and the annealing temperatures and consequently it is necessary to anneal our samples at high temperature to reveal ferromagnetic order.