Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma discussão sobre o poder de polícia materializado na prática policial cotidiana dos policiais da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para desenvolver o tema poder de polícia foi imprescindível abordar os elementos que o constituem, que são: a discricionariedade da atividade de polícia, os termos do mandato de polícia, as formas de controle da ação policial e os aspectos da autonomia e subordinação da força policial. / This study intends to present a discussion about police power based on the daily police work developed by the police officers of the Military Police of the state of Rio de Janeiro. In order to accomplish this proposal it was fundamental to focus in its constitutional elements, which are: police discretion, the terms of the mandate of the police, control of police work and aspects of both autonomy and subordination of the police force.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Elias Pavani.pdf: 1086012 bytes, checksum: d5c1abf926843beb6b839505a6efd0f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / The paperwork deals with offices, in particular, the limits imposed by legal system about at-will appointment to their candidate. The study starts from the analysis of public administration in Brazil, its characteristics and the implemented reforms over the years in order to improve it and to overcome rooted patrimonial practices in the Brazilian state. After examining the offices in general, the approach rests on the at-will appointments, the reason for its existence, the discipline afforded to them under national legal system, as well as the limits prescribed by law or arising from the constitutional principles on the appointment to their future occupants. This term paper deals with the control being exercised by the Public Administration itself, the Legislative (either directly or with the aid of the Court of Auditors) or by the Judiciary in relation to the appointment act and it seeks to identify possibilities of illegality (in the broadest sense) of that act, either for an offense against law or principles. The study points out that, unlike the understanding enshrined in binding precedent n. 13 of the Supreme Court, the appointment of relatives to offices, a practice known as nepotism, does not necessarily imply in offense to constitutional principles. The conclusion reached is in the sense that, in the absence of a formal law about the requirements to be met by the future occupant of an office, only the examination of the case peculiarities allows identifying potential harm to the Federal Constitution. / O trabalho aborda os cargos públicos de provimento em comissão, em especial, os limites impostos pelo ordenamento jurídico quanto à nomeação dos seus titulares. O estudo tem início a partir da análise da Administração Pública no Brasil, suas características e as reformas implementadas ao longo dos anos com o propósito de aprimorá-la e de superar práticas de natureza patrimonialista enraizadas no Estado brasileiro. Após o exame dos cargos públicos de uma forma geral, a abordagem recai sobre os cargos comissionados, a razão de sua existência, a disciplina a eles conferida pelo ordenamento jurídico nacional, bem como os limites previstos em lei ou decorrentes dos princípios constitucionais à nomeação dos seus futuros ocupantes. O trabalho trata do controle a ser exercido pela própria Administração Pública, pelo Poder Legislativo (diretamente ou com o auxílio do Tribunal de Contas) ou pelo Poder Judiciário em relação ao ato de nomeação, e busca identificar as hipóteses de ilegalidade em sentido amplo de tal ato, seja por ofensa à lei ou a princípios jurídicos. O estudo aponta que, diferentemente do entendimento consagrado na Súmula Vinculante n. 13 do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a nomeação de parentes para cargos de provimento em comissão, prática conhecida como nepotismo, não implica, necessariamente, ofensa a princípios constitucionais. A conclusão a que se chega é no sentido de que, inexistindo lei em sentido formal a respeito dos requisitos a serem atendidos pelo futuro ocupante de um cargo comissionado, apenas o exame das peculiaridades do caso concreto permite identificar eventual ofensa à Constituição Federal.

Social service’ information is crucial for a client’s possibilities to participate and influence. In this survey study we focus on the social workers’ relation to information:  What are the prerequisites for informing and how do they use their discretion? Previous research has shown communication problems due to insufficient or inadequate information material. Organizational support and social worker/client relationship have been shown as important factors for participation. The meaning and use of concepts such as participation and influence has also changed over time. No similar study has been carried out before, which makes the present study explorative. Through a mixed method questionnaire, we have tried to capture 125 respondents’ experiences of and attitudes to the clients' need for information. The study shows previously unidentified circumstances. One is that the vast amount of information provided to the client is perceived as a problem in itself. Another is the social workers’ emphasis on the clients’ understanding of the information. We perceive these circumstances as a sign of a juridification of social work, partly as a result of a cooptation process. Social service incorporate new elements in a way that strengthens the organisation's power at the expense of the street level bureaucrats’ discretion.

I denna studie har tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med yrkesverksamma dagbarnvårdare som arbetar i en kommun i Sverige. Syftet med studien är att utforska dagbarnvårdares förhållningssätt och inställning till sin anmälningsskyldighet och om det finns faktorer som påverkar deras beslut att göra en orosanmälan. Med hjälp av en tematisk analys på intervjumaterialet framkom fyra huvudteman: Var går gränsen, Organisationens stöd, Privat och professionell och Svart på vitt. Var går gränsen handlar om att det finns en svårighet i att veta när det är dags att göra en orosanmälan till socialtjänsten och hur man upptäcker att ett barn far illa. Organisationens stöd innefattas av chefens och kollegornas stöd i anmälningsprocessen. Privat och professionell handlar om det upplevda dilemmat av att vara privat och professionell på samma gång. Svart på vitt belyser behovet av att mer kunskap och utbildning kring anmälningsplikt såväl som kring tecken på att barn bar illa. Resultatet kopplas till tidigare forskning samt handlingsteori och handlingsutrymme. / In this study ten qualitative interviews were conducted with professional home daycare providers in a Swedish municipality. The aim of the study is to explore home daycare providers approach and attitudes towards their mandatory reporting and to find out if there are any factors that affects their decision of reporting to the child protective service. With a thematic analysis four main themes were found; Where is the limit, The support from the organization, Private and professional and Black on white. Where is the limit implies that there is a difficulty of making a decision when to report child maltreatment to the child protective service and how to discover child maltreatment. The support of the organization includes support from the manager and colleagues in the process of reporting. Privat and professional includes the experienced dilemma of being private and professional at the same time. Black on white intend to discuss the need of getting more knowledge and education regarding mandatory reporting as well as signs of maltreatment. The result has been analyzed with previous research and the theory of action and discretion.

Perceptual differences in how citizens and police view police-initiated contacts can result in individual and communal tension, mistrust, and social strife, which complicate the relationships needed in order to thrive and promote safe environments. To examine how police officers interpret these contacts, this case study sought to explore the nature of citizen-police relations from the perspective of police officers in a city in the northwest part of the United States. Social contract and procedural justice theories were used to examine the circumstances that officers cited for taking enforcement actions, including operational definitions of police fairness and legitimacy from the Queensland Community Engagement Trial. Data were collected from interviews with 10 officers during police ride-alongs and from departmental data related to officer performance. These data were inductively coded and then analyzed using a naturalistic inquiry approach. Findings suggest that police officers were amenable to creating formal, quasi-contractual agreements between police and citizens based on a shared understanding of how police exercised power and discretion to guide the citizen-police interaction. Participants perceived that, under certain circumstances, explaining police discretion to citizens may decrease the level of community tension police officers experience. These findings support the theoretical constructs of procedural justice and have implications for social contract theory. This type of arrangement encourages positive social change by strengthening the ties with community members, which in turn promotes officer and public safety.

Vår studie syftar till att undersöka hur socialsekreterare på försörjningsstödsenheten upplever att deras yrkesroll och maktposition kan ha en påverkan på mötet med klienter. För att kunna besvara studiens syfte har vi valt att genomföra fem kvalitativa intervjuer med erfarna socialsekreterare som arbetar på försörjningsstödsenheten. Studiens resultat påvisar att socialsekreteraren kan uppleva svårigheter med att förhålla sig till de organisatoriska förutsättningarna i arbetet med klienterna då de skapar ett begränsat handlingsutrymme. De slutsatser som man kan dra utifrån vår studie är att faktorer som tidsbrist, bristande språkkunskaper och klientens kännedom om sina rättigheter och skyldigheter kan begränsa mötet mellan klient och socialsekreterare. Vi kan dra slutsatserna att detta skapar en komplex yrkesroll för socialarbetaren då de måste tillfredsställa klienternas behov men samtidigt även representera organisationen i mötet. Vi kan konstatera att socialsekreterarens yrkesroll i kombination med deras maktposition kan ha en påverkan i mötet med klienter. / Our study aims to examine how the social workers at the social assistance unit experience that their professional role and their position of power can have an impact on the client meeting. To be able to answer the purpose of the study, we have chosen to conduct five qualitative interviews with experienced social workers within the social assistance unit. The results of the study show that the social workers are limited in their work as they must relate to the organization's laws and guidelines which in turn creates a limited discretion. The results highlight limitations that may arise in the meeting and what improvements that can be made to achieve a more equal meeting. The conclusions that can be drawn from our study are that factors such as lack of time, lack of language skills and the client's knowledge of their rights and obligations can limit the meeting. We can draw the conclusions that this creates a complex professional role for the social worker as they must satisfy the client's needs but also represent the organization. We can state that the social worker’s professional role in combination with their position of power can have an impact in the client meeting.

Work-related activation policies are currently developing in most western welfare states. Sweden is no exception and activation policies were introduced in the 1990s in many municipal social services organizations in Sweden. The Swedish form of activation policies requires social assistance recipients to participate in mandatory activation program in return for financial support. This dissertation investigates the street-level implementation practices of activation policies within the context of the Swedish welfare state. The purpose of the study is to examine how street-level workers in the municipal social service systemtranslate activation policy into practice in their interactions with the clients and what factors that structure their implementation practices. The research project is a multiple-case study that examines the street-level practices in two municipal social service settings in Sweden, Skärholmen city-district in Stockholm municipality and Osby municipality and their local activation programs. The data collection consists of observations of the staffs’ daily operations, interviews with local politicians and other key personnel, and the analysis of formal policy and program documents. Theoretically this dissertation builds on the street-level bureaucracy perspective (Lipsky, 1980), which suggests that organizational working conditions shape street-level workers implementation practices through their development of informal coping strategies. But this study extends the street-level buraucracy approach by including political-institutional factors and normative assumptions about public support and social assistance recipients into the analysis. Findings from the study suggest that street-level implementation practices entail a number of informal coping strategies that removes activation policy from formal policy goals. Implementation practices entail, for example, mass referrals instead of individual assessments and tailor-made solutions. Clients were sorted and categorized on the basis of moral perceptions about behavioral deficits instead of employment needs. These informal practice strategies were the results of both coping strategies and normative assumptions that interacted with the organizational context in which these practices took place.

Ridterapi har på senare tid börjat användas som en komplettarande behandlingsmetod för psykosocial problematik. I dagsläget finns ännu inte mycket forskning inom ämnet och behandlingsmetoden är vare sig speciellt känd eller etablerad. I denna uppsats görs en kartläggning av socialsekreterares uppfattning och kännedom om ridterapi. Undersökningen var i form av en enkät och genomfördes i Uppsala län där socialsekreterare som arbetar med placeringar på HVB-hem medverkade. Vi ville se om olika faktorer som exempelvis ett eget djurintresse, kunskap om behandlingsmetoden, kön och ålder kunde påverka deras inställning till ridterapi. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att våra respondenters generella attityd till behandligsmetoden var positiv och att de i hög grad kunde tänka sig att göra sådana placeringar och de olika faktorerna vi jämfört med i undersökningen påverkade inte resultatet nämnvärt. Dock visade det sig att det var många som inte kände till vad ridterapi var. / Recently it has been more common to use Equine assisted therapy (EAT) as a complementary treatment for psychosocial issues. Today, not much research has been done in this area and therapy method is neither known nor established. In this essay a survey has been done in the purpose to get a grip of social workers attitude toward and knowledge about EAT. The survey was performed in Uppsala County and social workers who put clients in care or residence homes (HVB) were queried. We wanted to investigate how different factors such as an interest in animals, knowledge about the therapy method, gender or age could affect the respondents attitude toward EAT. The result from our investigation has shown that our respondents had an overall positive attitude toward EAT and that they to a high degree would make such a placement. The different factors that we compared with did not affect the result in a high degree. However, our results also showed that the majority of our respondents did not know about EAT or what it can be used for.

The aim of this study was to describe and understand parents’ perspectives in aid assessment for children according to The Swedish Act (1993:387) concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments (Lag 1993:387 om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade, LSS). The study took place in the county of Kronoberg, Sweden, and was based on a total of nine qualitative interviews. Four interviews were made with parents’ of children who has interventions according to LSS (1993:387) and five interviews were made with LSS case workers. In our study we saw that parents’ perspectives often is the largest amount of information that case workers take into account when assessing aid and as a case worker you listen to the parents perspectives to capture the child’s and the family’s needs. It also came clear that the parents’ perspective is not only about the child’s needs, but also includes the parent’s own needs and their family’s needs. The parents in the study felt that they made the decision about the choice of aid and considered themselves as the one who decides the family’s requirements. It turned out that treatment and understanding from the case workers was important for gaining access to the best help and making parents feel listened to. Parental responsibility was of great importance for the assessment, and it often led to disagreement between parents and case workers. During the study, we saw that power existed in the relationship between case workers and parents, but that it could be moved and changed during the time of aid assessment.

Studies show that 10-15 percent of Sweden's population, 65 years or older are estimated to have depression or depression symptoms. The symptoms of depression among elderly people are less than symptoms of young people. This could cause that elderly people with depression are not always discovered. Studies show that elderly people who live in residential homes show more signs of depression than elderly people living at home. If elderly people live in a supporting environment, can it prevent that a depression developed. The prevention of depression among elderly people is a topic that is not discussed among previously research. The purpose of this study is to examine how the unit managers of the residential homes for elderly people look at the prevention of depression. This study is qualitative where six unit managers in charge of residential homes have been interviewed. The interviews were based on different themes; how the unit managers approach the prevention of depression among elderly people and how they describe the discretion to take preventive treatment for depression among elderly people, also the unit manager views on elderly peoples depression. The study is made in a small number of municipalities which means that it can not be generalized. The result may not be the same if the study had been made on a larger scale. The results of the study show that the unit managers of the residential homes for elderly people work to prevent depression in different ways. An explanation of why the unit managers works different are based on the unit manager ideas and interpretations of depression among elderly people. Also the unit manager priorities, past experience, number of years as a professional and their views about elderly people’s depression are factors that affect the unit manager work. The unit manager views on its way to approach the prevention of depression, the political guidelines and decisions have impact on the way the unit manager work to prevent depression among elderly people in the residential home.