<p>När specialpedagogen använder handledning som verktyg söker hon åstadkomma förändring genom att ge pedagogerna råd. Fokus i samtalet riktas framförallt på barnet och på pedagogens arbete. Specialpedagogen kan ses som en slags expert på området barn i svårigheter och den pedagogiska praktiken. När specialpedagogen använder handledning som rum för reflektion söker hon åstadkomma förändring genom att ställa frågor för att stimulera pedagogens tänkande och stödja hennes utforskande av hur problemet kan förstås. Specialpedagogen kan då ses som en slags expert på att föra reflekterande samtal och samtalets fokus riktas huvudsakligen mot pedagogen. Specialpedagogernas repertoar innehåller därmed såväl förmåga att handleda genom att ge pedagogerna råd med utgångspunkt i det enskilda barnet som att stimulera pedagogernas reflekterande över aspekter av sitt arbete.</p><p>Avhandlings syfte är att undersöka hur elva specialpedagoger beskriver och genomför handledning med pedagoger i förskola och grundskola. Intresset riktas mot samtalens innehåll och mot de påverkansprocesser som äger rum i samtalet. Handledningssamtalen studeras ur specialpedagogens perspektiv.</p><p>Specialpedagogers handledningssamtal kan bidra till att vidga synen på objektet för den specialpedagogiska verksamheten såväl som befästa ett individperspektiv på området. I denna studie dominerar användningen av handledning som verktyg. Utmaningen förefaller ligga i att söka skapa villkor som även gynnar användningen av handledning som rum för reflektion.</p>

När specialpedagogen använder handledning som verktyg söker hon åstadkomma förändring genom att ge pedagogerna råd. Fokus i samtalet riktas framförallt på barnet och på pedagogens arbete. Specialpedagogen kan ses som en slags expert på området barn i svårigheter och den pedagogiska praktiken. När specialpedagogen använder handledning som rum för reflektion söker hon åstadkomma förändring genom att ställa frågor för att stimulera pedagogens tänkande och stödja hennes utforskande av hur problemet kan förstås. Specialpedagogen kan då ses som en slags expert på att föra reflekterande samtal och samtalets fokus riktas huvudsakligen mot pedagogen. Specialpedagogernas repertoar innehåller därmed såväl förmåga att handleda genom att ge pedagogerna råd med utgångspunkt i det enskilda barnet som att stimulera pedagogernas reflekterande över aspekter av sitt arbete. Avhandlings syfte är att undersöka hur elva specialpedagoger beskriver och genomför handledning med pedagoger i förskola och grundskola. Intresset riktas mot samtalens innehåll och mot de påverkansprocesser som äger rum i samtalet. Handledningssamtalen studeras ur specialpedagogens perspektiv. Specialpedagogers handledningssamtal kan bidra till att vidga synen på objektet för den specialpedagogiska verksamheten såväl som befästa ett individperspektiv på området. I denna studie dominerar användningen av handledning som verktyg. Utmaningen förefaller ligga i att söka skapa villkor som även gynnar användningen av handledning som rum för reflektion.

By questioning the feeling of uneasiness coming from seeing the real body, I aim to cast a light upon the relation between the body and the objects that are displayed on it. Starting with a doubt that the object would not only change the surface of human, I investigate how the body of human totally embodies its representational object to itself.

Cette thèse, de nature constructiviste, abductive et qualitative, s'inscrit dans le domaine du management stratégique. Elle s'est nourrie, aux plans théorique, méthodologique et empirique de notre participation depuis dix ans aux travaux de l'Unité de recherche « typicité des produits alimentaires » sur la petite entreprise agro-alimentaire (PEAA) et la qualité des produits de terroir. C'est l'observation de données empiriques inattendues qui a fait émerger sa question principale : comment la typicité de ses produits permet à la PEAA de se distinguer sur un marché différencié ?<br />Au plan théorique, l'Approche Fondée sur les Ressources a été utilisée et la notion de typicité a été examinée au regard de l'apport des sciences cognitives. La méthodologie combine une approche supply chain (SC) et l'élaboration d'études de cas. Les données ont été collectées lors d'entretiens semi-directifs de dirigeants d'entreprise des secteurs fromager, viande ou vinicole (40 PEAA du Massif central, 75 intermédiaires et clients finaux de leurs SC). Les quatre études de cas élaborées se composent chacune de plusieurs entreprises : la PEAA pivot du cas et plusieurs entreprises clientes (grossistes, transformateurs secondaires, GMS, détaillants spécialisés, restaurateurs).<br />La thèse défendue est que grâce à une combinaison singulière et idiosyncratique de ses ressources et compétences, alliée à des choix judicieux de supply chains, la PEAA contribue à la construction de la typicité du produit et, ce faisant, se distingue de ses concurrents. Ainsi, la construction de la typicité d'un produit alimentaire, que l'on admet généralement comme l'expression d'une stratégie de différenciation de filière, apparaît aussi comme moyen et résultante de stratégies de distinction de PEAA et de leurs SC.

This dissertation demonstrates how categorization mindsets (introduced by Ulkumen et al., 2010) moderate the altruistic behavior of consumers in decisions that have consequences to others besides oneself. Categorization mindset refers to a way of thinking about options, and is induced by simple sorting or categorization tasks. Ulkumen et al. (2010) has shown that mindsets can be unidimensional (in terms of being focused on a single, salient dimension) or multidimensional (in that both salient and non-salient dimensions are processed). Across three experiments, this dissertation finds that a multidimensional mindset (compared to a unidimensional mindset) enhances the preference for other-oriented options among highly altruistic individuals, but enhances the preference toward self-oriented options among less altruistic individuals. An investigation of the process underlying the results reveals that the interaction between mindset and altruism results from what we describe as the “breadth of processing route.” This route suggests that multi-dimensional mindsets activates a comparative mode since both salient (self-outcome) and non-salient (other-outcome) dimensions are processed simultaneously, while unidimensional mindsets activate a non-comparative mode given that only the salient dimension of self-outcome is processed. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of the substantive and managerial implications along with suggestions for future research.

Inledning – Enligt skollagen ska skollunch som serveras vara näringsriktig. En undersökning som gjorts visade att 60 % av skolluncherna inte lever upp till denna lag. Hur den vegetariska skollunchen förhåller sig till denna lag och NNR 2012 har därför undersökts, samt hur elever och köksansvariges attityd till den vegetariska skollunchen ser ut. Syfte – Syftet är att undersöka om vegetariska skollunchers energi- och näringsinnehåll lever upp till NNR 2012 i en kommun i södra Sverige. Ett andra syfte är att undersöka hur attityderna till den vegetariska skollunchen är bland elever och hos en köksansvarig på en skola i södra Sverige. Material och metod – För att besvara syftet har en kvantitativ- och en kvalitativ metod använts. Vegetariska skolluncher (N=20) har energi- och näringsvärdesberäknats med hjälp av Dietist Net, därefter har ett medelvärde av energi- och näringsvärdena från samtliga luncher jämförts med NNR 2012. En standardavvikelse har också beräknats. Skolelever från årskurs 9 samt skolans köksansvarige har intervjuats. Intervjuerna har följt en semi-strukturerad karaktär där ljudet från intervjuerna spelats in, därefter har materialet transkriberats ordagrant och analyserats. Resultat – De vegetariska skolluncherna har en fördelning av energigivande näringsämnen som följer NNR 2012, däremot finns brister av enskilda vitaminer och mineraler samt brister avseende energiintaget. De vitaminer och mineraler som undersökts är protein, vitamin B12, vitamin D, järn, kalcium och selen. Utifrån de intervjuer som gjorts kan ett negativt attitydmönster kring den vegetariska skollunchen urskiljas bland pojkar och köksansvarige. Flickornas attityd upplevdes som mer positiv. Slutsats – Den berörda kommunens vegetariska skollunchers fördelning av energigivande näringsämnen i (E%) följer NNR 2012. Däremot finns brister avseende vitamin- och mineralintaget, samt brister avseende energiintaget. Utifrån den kvalitativa undersökningen kan ingen slutsats dras då undersökningen begränsats. Dock tyder vårt material på att eleverna från den undersökta skolan har en attityd till de vegetariska skolluncherna som skiljer sig åt mellan flickor och pojkar; pojkar är mer negativa. Skolans köksansvarige uppfattades också ha en negativ attityd till den vegetariska skollunchen. Då undersökningen begränsats till ett litet material är resultatet inte generaliserbart men väl hypotesgenererande för fortsatt forskning. / Introduction – According to the school law, the school lunches must be nutritious. However, survey carried out shows that 60 % of school lunches do not follow this law. Hence, it is important to study how the vegetarian school lunch relates to this law and NNR 2012, also the attitude among students and kitchen manager towards the vegetarian school meal. Aims – The aim is to investigate whether a municipality in southern Sweden vegetarian school lunches energy and nutrient lives up to NNR 2012. A second objective is to examine how attitudes to the vegetarian school lunch looks among students and in one kitchen manager of a school in southern Sweden. Materials and Methods – A quantitative and a qualitative method have been chosen. The energy and nutrient content of the school lunches were calculated using Dietist Net and then a means of nutritional values from the calculation from all lunches has been compared with NNR 2012. Students from year 9 and the kitchen manager were interviewed; the interviews were semi-structured. The audio from the interviews was recorded and then the material has been transcribed and analyzed. Results – The vegetarian lunches have a good composite distribution of energy from the macronutrients, flaws with regard to the individual vitamins and minerals. The vitamins and minerals that have been investigated are protein, vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, calcium and selenium. Based on the interviews conducted, it is noted that the attitude to the vegetarian school lunches is negative among the boys who were interviewed, even the kitchen manager had a negative attitude towards the vegetarian school lunch. The girls attitude was perceived as positive. Conclusion – The vegetarian meals served in this school in a municipality in southern Sweden fulfills the requirements of NNR 2012 concerning the distribution of energizing nutrients (E%). There are deficiencies concerning vitamin and mineral intake, as well as deficiencies in energy intake. Based on the qualitative survey no conclusion can be drawn on which the investigation is limited. Our material indicates that the students from the examined school have an attitude to the vegetarian school lunches that differ between boys and girls; boys are more negative. The kitchen manager was also perceived to have a negative attitude to the vegetarian school lunch. The survey is limited which does not make the result generalizable but generate hypotheses for further research.

While William Thackeray’s Vanity Fair is a satire, a humoristic account of the vanities of the different characters in the fictitious society of Vanity Fair, it is also a social criticism of early nineteenth century British society. The essay examines Thackeray’s social critique, which is sometimes explicitly expressed and sometimes more implicit. His criticism is aimed both at the new commodity culture where everything is reducible to money—even people and human relations—and at the class system of the up-and-coming middle classes and the established gentry and aristocracy. When Thackeray sends Becky Sharpe off in a vain pursuit of wealth and social status, he also uses her to expose the vanities of the other characters in Vanity Fair. Their vanities derive from the prevailing commodity culture and are mainly connected to wealth and social status. The essay discusses Becky’s progress from a sociological perspective through the theories of Pierre Bourdieu. His concepts of field, habitus, capital and distinction deal with the power structure in society and what distinguishes different social classes.  Here his theories are used to demonstrate how the different characters in Vanity Fair engage in competition for social status, by using their different forms of capital, and the essay emphasizes the convertibility of these kinds of capital. Bourdieu’s theories contribute to the understanding of how Becky who comes from nowhere, manages to climb to very top rung of the social ladder, but they also demonstrate that her chameleon-like ability to fit in everywhere is an exception to Bourdieu’s general model.

<p>Contrary to later Muslim tradition, the first Muslims initially looked favorably upon assimilating Jewish and Christian religious and cultural practices. As Muslim collective religious identity conjoined with political power, Muslims changed their religious policy from imitation to distinction; they began to define themselves both above and against their arch-religious rivals. They visibly and publicly materialized their unique brand of monotheism into a distinct religious community.</p><p>This dissertation is the first attempt to map the Muslim religious discourse that expressed this deliberate turn away from Jews, Christians, and others across pre-modern Islamic history. First, I argue that this discourse functions as a prism through which to view the interplay of religion and politics; a key function of both empire and religion in a pre-modern Muslim context was to uphold hierarchical social distinctions. Next, I show that Muslims imagined these distinctions in very concrete terms. In contrast to conventional studies that emphasize the role of abstract doctrine in making Islam a distinct religion, this study highlights the aesthetic mediation of Muslim distinction through everyday quotidian practice such as dress, hairstyle, ritual, festivals, funerary rites, and bodily gestures - what Sigmund Freud has called, "The Narcissism of Minor Differences." These acts of distinction illustrate that Muslim religious identity was not shaped in a social and cultural vacuum; its construction overlapped with that of ethnicity, gender, class, and the even the human. What this study reveals, then, is how Muslims attempted to fashion more than just a distinct religion, but an ideal moral order, or social imaginary. In this robust Muslim social imaginary, human beings were mimetic creatures; becoming, or subject-formation, was inextricably related to belonging, being part of a community. Despite the conscious attempt of religious scholars to normalize Muslim distinction, this study contests that both elite and ordinary Muslims continued to imitate, and ultimately assimilate, foreign practices within a Near Eastern cultural landscape of sharedness. </p><p>Drawing upon approaches from religious studies, history, and anthropology, this interdisciplinary study foregrounds both text and theory. It interweaves theories of difference, imitation (mimesis), power, embodiment, semiotics and aesthetics with a broad range of Arabic literary texts spanning theology, law, Quranic exegesis, prophetic traditions, ethics, mysticism, historical chronicles, and biography. More specifically, this study highlights the critical role of prophetic utterances (hadith) in shaping the Islamic discourses of Shari'a and Sufism. It foregrounds the contributions of two pre-modern Damascene religious scholars in their historical contexts: the controversial Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328), and the underappreciated Najm al-Din al-Ghazzi; (d. 1651), who authored a remarkable encyclopedia of mimesis and distinction hitherto ignored in both Euro-American and Islamic scholarship.</p> / Dissertation

The Katha Upanishad and Plato’s Phaedo are two texts are both part of a philosophical and religious canon that form existential cornerstones in two respective systems of thought. Both texts claim to be formulations of eternal and unchangeable truths, a claim that to a considerable extent has been accepted historically. Furthermore, they show striking similarities as to how they express views of ultimate value. The parallels that can be drawn between these texts do not end there, however. This essay argues that the central message in both texts served an additional function: That of beneficially affecting the hierarchic position of the authors in their respective societies. Conceptualising their historical contexts as fields of power in the manner of modern sociology applied historically, the following essay will analyse the two texts in the light of established strategies for elevating, upholding and defending one´s position in society. The analysis shows that these strategies in all probability had a relevant role in the shaping of both texts.

This thesis develops a pragmatic theory of metaphors and slurs. In the pragmatic literature, theorists mostly hold the view that the framework developed by Grice is only applicable to the sentence-level pragmatic phenomena, whereas the subsentential pragmatic phenomena require a different approach. In this thesis, I argue against this view and claim that the Gricean framework, after some plausible revisions, can explain subsentential pragmatic phenomena, such as metaphors and slurs. In the first chapter, I introduce three basic theses I will defend and give an outline of the argument I will develop. The second chapter discusses three claims on metaphor that are widely discussed in the literature. There I state my aim to present a theory of metaphor which can accommodate these three claims. Chapter 3 introduces the notion of "phrasal implicature", which will be used to explain phrase-level pragmatic phenomena with a Gricean approach. In Chapter 4, I present my theory of metaphor, which I call "phrasal implicature theory of metaphor" and discuss certain aspects of the theory. The notion of phrasal implicature enables a new conception of what-is-said and a different approach to the semantics-pragmatics distinction. Chapter 5 looks into these issues. In Chapter 6, I compare my theory of metaphor with three other theories. Finally, in Chapter 7, I develop a phrasal implicature theory of slurs, which I argue outperforms its rivals in explaining various uses of slurs.