The Work has been performed to, and in cooperation with Vetlanda Energi och teknik AB. District heating for commercial purpose started in the USA in 1877. Today the network has grown into big and complex systems, which demand maintenance and service to keep up the security of the delivery. When a district heating network expand, it becomes difficult to perform reliable calculations. For this purposes there are a few suppliers who design and deliver systems for documentation and calculation of district heating networks. Vetlanda Energi och Teknik AB is in the position where they must get a system for documentation and calculation for district heating, and therefore they need a basis to get a system. The target is to write a requirement specification that will follow the basis. The Swedish market has been inventoried, and suitable systems have been selected. There is very little information printed about documentation and calculation for district heating networks. Mostly information, in this issue, comes from suppliers and users. The systems and their functions have been compared to each other. Together with the demands from Vetlanda Energi och Teknik AB the specification has been written. The biggest and the most visible difference between the systems, is the structure. The systems are built on different platforms like AutoCad and MapInfo. The systems also make a difference in what way the functions are settled up. Some systems have all their functions in the same program and some other systems split up their functions and create different modules. This is affecting the user friendlyness and the design of the functions. The amount and kind of information that can be documented is about the same, yet with some important differences. Which system to choose is much depended on the size of the organisation. A bigger company with more staff and more competence can choose a more difficult system while a smaller company maybe have to pick an easier system so that the system really come in use.

<p>The Work has been performed to, and in cooperation with Vetlanda Energi och teknik AB.</p><p>District heating for commercial purpose started in the USA in 1877. Today the network has grown into big and complex systems, which demand maintenance and service to keep up the security of the delivery. When a district heating network expand, it becomes difficult to perform reliable calculations. For this purposes there are a few suppliers who design and deliver systems for documentation and calculation of district heating networks.</p><p>Vetlanda Energi och Teknik AB is in the position where they must get a system for documentation and calculation for district heating, and therefore they need a basis to get a system. The target is to write a requirement specification that will follow the basis.</p><p>The Swedish market has been inventoried, and suitable systems have been selected. There is very little information printed about documentation and calculation for district heating networks. Mostly information, in this issue, comes from suppliers and users. The systems and their functions have been compared to each other. Together with the demands from Vetlanda Energi och Teknik AB the specification has been written.</p><p>The biggest and the most visible difference between the systems, is the structure. The systems are built on different platforms like AutoCad and MapInfo. The systems also make a difference in what way the functions are settled up. Some systems have all their functions in the same program and some other systems split up their functions and create different modules. This is affecting the user friendlyness and the design of the functions. The amount and kind of information that can be documented is about the same, yet with some important differences.</p><p>Which system to choose is much depended on the size of the organisation. A bigger company with more staff and more competence can choose a more difficult system while a smaller company maybe have to pick an easier system so that the system really come in use.</p>

Bakgrund: Årligen drabbas cirka 100 000 patienter i Sverige av vårdskador på grund av otillräcklig dokumentation. Bristande kommunikation mellan vårdpersonal är en av huvudfaktorerna för vårdskador. Med anledning av detta syftar denna litteraturöversikt till att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenheter och attityder gentemot omvårdnadsdokumentation. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av omvårdnadsdokumentation. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med kvalitativa artiklar och induktiv ansats. Resultat: Tidskrävande och svårhanterligt datasystem med bristfällig utbildning av de nya systemen samt stora krav från samhället gjorde det svårt att dokumentera. Trots att sjuksköterskorna ansåg att det var tidskrävande förstod de vikten av en fullständig dokumentation och patientsäkerheten den ger. Sjuksköterskorna ansåg däremot att bristen på stöd från organisationen försvårade deras möjligheter till en fullständig dokumentation. Slutsats: Mer forskning fokuserad på väsentligheten av ökat stöd vid utbildning när det gäller införandet av ett nytt system eller lära sig det elektroniska dokumentationssystemet från grunden behövs. Att tillåta sjuksköterskor att få mer individanpassad hjälp när det gäller vidareutbildningen, skulle kunna ha en positiv inverka mot en mer professionell och regelrätt dokumentation. / Background: Each year approximately 100,000 patients in Sweden suffer from healthcare injuries due to the insufficiency of documentation. Lack of communication between healthcare staff is one of the main factors for healthcare injuries. In view of this, this literature review aims at highlighting the nurse's experiences and attitudes towards nursing documentation. Aim: The aim was to highlight nurses' experiences of nursing documentation. Method: A literature review with qualitative articles and inductive approach. Results: Time consuming and difficult to manage computer systems with inadequate training of the new systems and large demand from the community made it difficult to document. Although the nurses felt that it was time-consuming, they understood the importance of a complete documentation because of the patient safety it provides. Nurses on the other hand, consider that the lack of support from the organization made it difficult for them to complete documentation. Conclusion: More research focusing on the essentials of increased supports when implementation of a new system or learn the electronic health system from scratch is needed. To allow nurses to receive more personalized assistance with regard to further education, could have a positive impact on a more professionally and accurate documentation.

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p>Standardized assessment instruments have increasingly come to be used in social work. Although national studies of ASI and DOK's reliability and validity has only been examined to a limited extent. In order to improve knowledge of assessment instruments conditions, relevance and scope, this present literature study highlights the background and the application of the interview methods ASI and DOK, used in swedish abuse and dependent care. In answering the survey questions, a qualitative content analytical method has been used. ASI and DOK are multidimensional interviews which take into account that several areas affecting the client's treatment outcome. Assessment instruments differ in respect of use, approach to the assessment of client needs and help troubled, the basis for the interview estimates and its rating scales. International research shows that the ASI and DOK include a number of methodological problems that affect the reliability and validity in self-reported data. Assessment instruments different question areas, however, lacks a theoretical framework that allows any assumptions about the causal relationships between key areas of life and substance abuse problems. In accordance with a social constructionism perspective, ASI and DOK's usability are time and culture bound and must therefore be seen as methods that are in a constant process of change to generate as reliable knowledge as possible.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>assessment instrument, social work, Addiction Severity Index, ASI, documentation system, DOC, structured interviews, addiction, substance abuse.</p>

ABSTRACT Standardized assessment instruments have increasingly come to be used in social work. Although national studies of ASI and DOK's reliability and validity has only been examined to a limited extent. In order to improve knowledge of assessment instruments conditions, relevance and scope, this present literature study highlights the background and the application of the interview methods ASI and DOK, used in swedish abuse and dependent care. In answering the survey questions, a qualitative content analytical method has been used. ASI and DOK are multidimensional interviews which take into account that several areas affecting the client's treatment outcome. Assessment instruments differ in respect of use, approach to the assessment of client needs and help troubled, the basis for the interview estimates and its rating scales. International research shows that the ASI and DOK include a number of methodological problems that affect the reliability and validity in self-reported data. Assessment instruments different question areas, however, lacks a theoretical framework that allows any assumptions about the causal relationships between key areas of life and substance abuse problems. In accordance with a social constructionism perspective, ASI and DOK's usability are time and culture bound and must therefore be seen as methods that are in a constant process of change to generate as reliable knowledge as possible. Keywords: assessment instrument, social work, Addiction Severity Index, ASI, documentation system, DOC, structured interviews, addiction, substance abuse.

Bakgrund: Florence Nightingale ligger till grund för omvårdnadsdokumentation som är en del av omvårdnadsprocessen och en av legitimerade sjuksköterskors skyldigheter. Ofullständig omvårdnadsdokumentation är ett återkommande problem. Den vårdsökande personens delaktighet samt sjuksköterskors attityder och förhållningssätt påverkar omvårdnadsdokumentationen.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av omvårdnadsdokumentation inom öppenvård och slutenvård.  Metod: En litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats genomfördes där tolv artiklar med kvalitativ metod analyserades i fem steg av Friberg. Resultat: Analysen ledde till en huvudkategori: Utmaningar vid omvårdnadsdokumentation, två kategorier: Genomförande av elektronisk omvårdnadsdokumentation och Annat som styr omvårdnadsdokumentationen samt fem underkategorier. Sjuksköterskor i sluten- och öppenvård hade erfarenheter av att utföra omvårdnadsdokumentation. Genomförande av elektronisk omvårdnadsdokumentation upplevdes nödvändig då den gav tillgång till viktig information. Elektronisk omvårdnadsdokumentation upplevdes som tidskrävande särskilt vid tekniska fel eller vid användning av nya dokumentationssystem. Individuella idéer, lagar, arbetsmiljö och chefens påverkan var bidragande till sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av omvårdnadsdokumentation.   Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskor upplevde olika utmaningar vid omvårdnadsdokumentation. Utbildningar i användning av, forskning på arbetsmiljö och ledarens påverkan på omvårdnadsdokumentation kan vara betydelsefull för utvecklingen av området. / Background: Florence Nightingale laid the basis of nursing documentation. Nursing documentation is part of the nursing process and is an obligation of registered nurses. Incomplete nursing documentation is a recurring problem. Participation of the person seeking care and nurses' attitudes influence nursing documentation. Aim: To describe nurses' experiences of nursing documentation in inpatient and outpatient care. Method: A literature review with an inductive approach that analyzed twelve qualitative articles using the five steps of analysis according to Friberg. Results: The analysis gave a main category: challenges in nursing documentation two categories: implementation of electronic nursing documentation and other things controlling nursing documentation and five sub-categories. Nurses in inpatient and outpatient care had experience in nursing documentation. Implementation of electronic nursing documentation was considered necessary as it provided access to important information. Electronic nursing documentation was experienced as time-wasting especially because of technical errors and when new documentation systems were used. Individual ideas, laws, working environment and leaders’ influence contributed to nurses' experiences. Conclusion: Nurses experienced challenges during nursing documentation. Training in the use of electronic documentation systems, research on the influence of the work environment and leadership on nursing documentation could be important for the development of the field.

Bakgrund: Omvårdnadsdokumentation är en viktig del av sjuksköterskans arbete. På grund av utvecklingen inom vården, lagar och patienternas olika problem, behövs alltmer dokumenteras, vilket leder till att omvårdnadsdokumentationen förändras ständigt. För att förbättra dokumentationen och dess kvalité är det viktigt att sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av omvårdnadsdokumentation undersöks. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av faktorer på arbetsplatsen som påverkar omvårdnadsdokumentation i slutenvård. Metod: Litteraturstudien baserades på empiriska studier. Databearbetning utfördes enligt en manifest kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Databearbetning av tio artiklar resulterade i tre kategorier: Teknik, Kommunikation, och Organisation. Erfarenheterna var delade mellan sjuksköterskor som ansåg att tekniken bakom de elektroniska dokumentationssystemen var positiv och andra som erfor den som negativ. Dessutom var sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av omvårdnadsdokumentation inom slutenvården som ett kommunikationsverktyg delad mellan de som ansåg att den var lämplig och andra som upplevde den dålig. Även ledningen och deras kontroll över sjuksköterskorna var faktorer på arbetsplatsen som påverkade omvårdnadsdokumentationen. Konklusion: Vårdkedjan bör hållas samman genom en tydlig kommunikation och en stöttande organisation. Vidare forskning bör utreda hur elektronisk omvårdnadsdokumentation kan förenklas och hur patienten upplever delaktigheten i omvårdnadsdokumentationen. / Background: Nursing documentation is an important part of the nurse's work. Because of developments in healthcare, laws and the patients’ varying problems, documentation is increasingly needed, leading to nursing documentation constantly changing. For improving nursing documentation and its’ quality, it is important to explore the nurses' experiences of factors that affect nursing documentation in an inpatient setting. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to explore nurses' experiences regarding factors at the workplace affecting nursing documentation in inpatient setting. Methods: The literature study was based on empirical studies. Data analysis was performed according to a qualitative manifest content analysis. Results: The analysis of ten articles resulted in three categories: Technique, Communication, and Organization. The experiences differed between nurses who considered thetechnology behind the electronic documentation systems as positive and others who experienced it as negative. In addition, the nurses' experiences of nursing documentation in an inpatient setting as a communication tool differed between those who considered it appropriate and others who experienced it poorly. Moreover, nurses’ experiences of nursing documentation were affected by the management and their control over the nurses. Conclusion: The chain of care should be hold together through a clear communication and a supportive organization. Further research should investigate how electronic nursing documentation can be made simpler and how the patients experience participation in nursing documentation.

Der Einsatz elektronischer Dateneingabeinstrumente im medizinischen Bereich verbessert die Kollaboration zwischen Patienten, Arzt und Fachpersonal durch adaptive Inhalte, Plausibilitätsprüfung und vereinfachte Eingabemethoden. In einem interdisziplinären Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Lehrstuhls für Multimediatechnik der TU Dresden und des Multiple Sklerose Zentrum Dresdens wurde ein Touchscreen-basiertes System für die Selbstbefragung von Multiple Sklerose Patienten entwickelt, evaluiert und in das etablierte neurologische Dokumentationssystem MSDS eingebunden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Einfluss von Fragebögen bei Patientenkonsultationen beschrieben, die Evaluation Touchscreen-basierter Eingabemethoden und entwickelter Gestaltungskonzepte für elektronische Selbstbefragungen dargestellt sowie der Einsatz der entwickelten Benutzerschnittstelle für Multiple Sklerose Patienten mit dem MSDS aufgezeigt.

Der Einsatz elektronischer Dateneingabeinstrumente im medizinischen Bereich verbessert die Kollaboration zwischen Patienten, Arzt und Fachpersonal durch adaptive Inhalte, Plausibilitätsprüfung und vereinfachte Eingabemethoden. In einem interdisziplinären Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Lehrstuhls für Multimediatechnik der TU Dresden und des Multiple Sklerose Zentrum Dresdens wurde ein Touchscreen-basiertes System für die Selbstbefragung von Multiple Sklerose Patienten entwickelt, evaluiert und in das etablierte neurologische Dokumentationssystem MSDS eingebunden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Einfluss von Fragebögen bei Patientenkonsultationen beschrieben, die Evaluation Touchscreen-basierter Eingabemethoden und entwickelter Gestaltungskonzepte für elektronische Selbstbefragungen dargestellt sowie der Einsatz der entwickelten Benutzerschnittstelle für Multiple Sklerose Patienten mit dem MSDS aufgezeigt.