<p>During its lifetime, a road goes through a number of different stages; pre-study,</p><p>inquiry of the road, work plan, documenting stage, building stage and operating</p><p>stage. The operating stage is the one that takes the longest time and costs the</p><p>most. Those have a tendency of becoming unnecessarily high because the project</p><p>engineers don’t always take the management and maintenance prerequisites into</p><p>conditions.</p><p>To decrease the management and maintenance costs, the Swedish Road</p><p>Administration SouthEast has been in need of a work procedure that makes the</p><p>roaddesign engineers take the management and maintenance of the road into</p><p>consideration. This shall be achieved by a checklist where the most common</p><p>designs that lead to increased management- and maintenance costs are compiled</p><p>and listed.</p><p>Through interviews with project leaders in management, the most common</p><p>problems have been identified, analyzed and summarized under the headlines</p><p>winter-road, vegetation, road equipment and road designs.</p><p>To elucidate the problem from several points of view, interviews were</p><p>implemented with project leaders in investment and roaddesign engineers. During</p><p>these interviews opinions emerged about the way the checklist should be designed</p><p>and used.</p><p>The checklist was designed with the analyzed points, which emerged after the</p><p>interview with a project leader in management, in regard. Taken into</p><p>consideration were the opinions of the project leaders in investment and</p><p>roaddesign engineers.</p><p>This resulted in a checklist consisting of two parts. Part 1 consists of aspects that</p><p>should be taken into consideration in the beginning of the road-planning and Part</p><p>2 of aspects that should be considered in the finishing phase of it.</p><p>Then, the checklist was tested on an existing road build plan by means of having</p><p>its roaddesign engineer filling out the checklist and make comments to the</p><p>answers. The checklist got good response.</p><p>The management and maintenance costs are not always taken into consideration.</p><p>Mainly because other aspects, such as safety, aesthetics and the opinions of the</p><p>roads users and other parties, are prioritized.</p><p>Furthermore the communication between the project leaders in management and</p><p>in maintenance is poor due to lack of time, and as a result similar mistakes are</p><p>made over and over again.</p><p>The checklist gives the project leaders in investment and the roaddesign engineers</p><p>help to put management and maintenance costs in focus. The checklist is also a</p><p>support for the project engineers by giving them the means to comment on their</p><p>choices and thereby remember why they chose a certain design.</p>

During its lifetime, a road goes through a number of different stages; pre-study, inquiry of the road, work plan, documenting stage, building stage and operating stage. The operating stage is the one that takes the longest time and costs the most. Those have a tendency of becoming unnecessarily high because the project engineers don’t always take the management and maintenance prerequisites into conditions. To decrease the management and maintenance costs, the Swedish Road Administration SouthEast has been in need of a work procedure that makes the roaddesign engineers take the management and maintenance of the road into consideration. This shall be achieved by a checklist where the most common designs that lead to increased management- and maintenance costs are compiled and listed. Through interviews with project leaders in management, the most common problems have been identified, analyzed and summarized under the headlines winter-road, vegetation, road equipment and road designs. To elucidate the problem from several points of view, interviews were implemented with project leaders in investment and roaddesign engineers. During these interviews opinions emerged about the way the checklist should be designed and used. The checklist was designed with the analyzed points, which emerged after the interview with a project leader in management, in regard. Taken into consideration were the opinions of the project leaders in investment and roaddesign engineers. This resulted in a checklist consisting of two parts. Part 1 consists of aspects that should be taken into consideration in the beginning of the road-planning and Part 2 of aspects that should be considered in the finishing phase of it. Then, the checklist was tested on an existing road build plan by means of having its roaddesign engineer filling out the checklist and make comments to the answers. The checklist got good response. The management and maintenance costs are not always taken into consideration. Mainly because other aspects, such as safety, aesthetics and the opinions of the roads users and other parties, are prioritized. Furthermore the communication between the project leaders in management and in maintenance is poor due to lack of time, and as a result similar mistakes are made over and over again. The checklist gives the project leaders in investment and the roaddesign engineers help to put management and maintenance costs in focus. The checklist is also a support for the project engineers by giving them the means to comment on their choices and thereby remember why they chose a certain design.

<p>The energy use in a workshop company has been examined in this work in order to find areas for energy efficiency improvement. The combined oil and electricity heating in the company were compared with other alternative heating systems including cooling of the premises in following combinations:</p><ol><li>Ground source heat pump for heating and cooling</li><li>District heating and absorption cooling</li><li>District heating and low temperate surface water cooling</li></ol><p>Energy use, operation costs and carbon dioxide emissions were calculated for the current heating systems and the three alternatives including cooling. The ground source heat pump for heating and cooling decreases bought energy with 34 MWh annually compared to current heating only. The district heating and low temperate surface water cooling has the largest reduction of operation cost and carbon dioxide. The operation cost decreases with 42 kSEK and the carbon dioxide with 43 metric ton CO₂ annually. The differences between the alternatives were smaller concerning the operation costs. The ground source heat pump alternative had smaller reductions of carbon dioxide than the other two alternatives with district heating.</p><p>An alternative heating and cooling system can also lead to alternative energy use. The choice is between electrical or heat energy. A weighting can be done to evaluate the energy use for heating on basis of how much energy is needed in order to generate the energy the end user buys. A 2.5 factor for electrical energy entails the alternative with district heating and low temperate surface water cooling gets the lowest heating and cooling energy in comparison.</p><p>An inventory of the lighting was also done. The company has already an energy effective lighting but yet another saving of 2 MWh can be done annually without replacement of armatures.</p><p>Finally, the operation time of the compressor was calculated with a mean value of 11 hours per day. The compressor delivers pressure air to machines and tools. There can be a great demand for pressure air in the workshop but the operation time can also be an indication of leakage in the air net.</p>

The energy use in a workshop company has been examined in this work in order to find areas for energy efficiency improvement. The combined oil and electricity heating in the company were compared with other alternative heating systems including cooling of the premises in following combinations: Ground source heat pump for heating and cooling District heating and absorption cooling District heating and low temperate surface water cooling Energy use, operation costs and carbon dioxide emissions were calculated for the current heating systems and the three alternatives including cooling. The ground source heat pump for heating and cooling decreases bought energy with 34 MWh annually compared to current heating only. The district heating and low temperate surface water cooling has the largest reduction of operation cost and carbon dioxide. The operation cost decreases with 42 kSEK and the carbon dioxide with 43 metric ton CO2 annually. The differences between the alternatives were smaller concerning the operation costs. The ground source heat pump alternative had smaller reductions of carbon dioxide than the other two alternatives with district heating. An alternative heating and cooling system can also lead to alternative energy use. The choice is between electrical or heat energy. A weighting can be done to evaluate the energy use for heating on basis of how much energy is needed in order to generate the energy the end user buys. A 2.5 factor for electrical energy entails the alternative with district heating and low temperate surface water cooling gets the lowest heating and cooling energy in comparison. An inventory of the lighting was also done. The company has already an energy effective lighting but yet another saving of 2 MWh can be done annually without replacement of armatures. Finally, the operation time of the compressor was calculated with a mean value of 11 hours per day. The compressor delivers pressure air to machines and tools. There can be a great demand for pressure air in the workshop but the operation time can also be an indication of leakage in the air net.

SammanfattningInom Kristianstad kommun finns det ett problem gällande driften och driftkostnaden för idrottsföreningar med egna idrottsanläggningar. Det driftbidrag som kommunen har möjlighet att ge ut har en låg kostnadstäckning gällande driftkostnaderna. Syftet med undersökningen var att granska problem som idrottsföreningar i Kristianstad kommun har kopplat till driftkostnader och driftbidrag av driften av sina egna idrottsanläggningar ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Frågeställningarna i undersökningen var:-Vilka driftkostnader har idrottsföreningarna och är driftkostnaderna hållbara?-Vilka driftsförhållanden finns för idrottsföreningar i Kristianstad kommun? -Vilka möjligheter finns det för hållbar utveckling gällande drift och driftförhållanden?Med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer, dokumentanalys och en enkätundersökning samlades empiri in från olika idrottsföreningar i Kristianstad. Det genomfördes två semistrukturerade intervjuer, en med en idrottsförening som har en egen idrottsanläggning och en med en idrottsförening som hyr idrottsanläggning från Kristianstad kommun, för att få olika perspektiv på frågan. En enkätundersökning genomfördes med 11 olika idrottsföreningar i Kristianstad och dokument från Kristianstad kommun och från en av idrottsföreningarna i intervjuerna analyserades. Resultatet från intervjuerna, enkätundersökningen och dokumentanalysen analyserades primärt utifrån de teoretiska begreppen hållbar utveckling samt driftsförhållanden.I resultatet framkom det att de största driftkostnaderna för majoriteten utav idrottsföreningarna som deltog i undersökningen var personalkostnader samt kostnader för el/värme. Dessa kostnader hade för de flesta av idrottsföreningarna ökat under de senaste åren samt att deras totala driftkostnader hade ökat. De primära driftförhållanden som påverkar idrottsföreningarna är arbetskraften, de ökande kostnaderna samt det bristande samarbetet med kommunen. Driftbidragen hade för flera idrottsföreningar en låg kostnadstäckning. Mindre initiativ som en maskinpool och arbetspool samt ett ökat samarbete mellan kommun och idrottsföreningar med problem med drift framkom som förutsättningar för att successivt skapa en hållbar utveckling för driftkostnader och drift av idrottsanläggningar. Detta framstod som den mest realistiska inriktningen framför kortsiktiga och mindre realistiska förslag som att bara öka driftbidragen eller förvänta sig förändring. / AbstractWithin the municipality of Kristianstad there is a problem regarding the operation and operating costs of sports associations with their own sports facilities. The operating contribution that the municipality are able to issue has a low-cost coverage for the operating costs. The purpose of the survey was to investigate problems that sports clubs in Kristianstad municipality have linked to operating costs and operating contributions from the operation of their own sports facilities from a sustainability perspective. The questions in the survey were:- What operating costs do sports clubs have and operating costs are sustainable?- What operating conditions exist for sports clubs in Kristianstad municipality?- What opportunities are there for sustainable development regarding operating and operating conditions?With the help of semi-structured interviews, document analysis and a survey, empirical evidence was gathered from various sports clubs in Kristianstad. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted, one with a sports association that has its own sports facility and one with a sports club that rents a sports facility from Kristianstad municipality, with the purpose of getting different perspectives on the issue. A survey was conducted with 11 different sports clubs in Kristianstad and documents from Kristianstad municipality and from one of the sports clubs in the interviews were analyzed. The results of the interviews, questionnaire and document analysis were analyzed primarily from the theoretical concepts of sustainability and operating conditions.The results showed that the largest operating expenses for most of the sports clubs participating in the survey were personnel costs and electricity/heat costs. These costs had increased for most of the sports clubs in recent years and their total operating costs had also increased. The primary operating conditions that is affecting sports clubs are the labor force, the rising expenses and the lack of cooperation with the municipality. The operating grants had a low-cost coverage for several sports clubs. Minor initiatives such as a machine pool and labor pool as well as increased cooperation between the municipality and the sports clubs with operational problems have emerged as a prerequisite for progressively creating sustainable development regarding operating costs and the operation of sports facilities. This proved to be the most realistic approach instead of short term and less realistic proposals, such as just increasing operating surcharges or just expecting things to change.

I samband med byggprojekt uppstår det berg- och jordmassor som måste hanteras. De senaste årens ökade bostadsbyggande och stora infrastrukturprojekt i kombination med en ökad miljömedvetenhet har lett till att olika effektiviseringar av massahantering hamnat i fokus. En sådan effektivisering är  en samordnad återvinning av massa centralt mellan olika byggprojekt och som enligt studier kan minska både antalet transporter och total miljöpåverkan, en sådan plats kallas för masslogistikcenter (MLC). Kostnadsstrukturen hos ett MLC är dock outforskat vilket försvårar skapandet av hållbara affärsmodeller. Med detta som motivering är studiens syfte följande: Syftet är att skapa en modell för att beräkna kostnaden av att driva ett MLC Modellbyggnadens struktur och dess viktiga komponenter belästes i en inledande litteraturstudie tillsammans med fakta om masshantering och centraliserad materialhantering. En metod för modellutförande utvecklades med tre större steg: utformande av en konceptuell modell, kvantifierande av modellen till en datamodell och slutligen ett test av modellen för att förbättra den. Litteratur om masshantering belyste det komplexa ämnet där massa beroende på omständigheter och sort kan variera från avfall till handelsvara. Slutligen belystes den teoretiska bakgrund som finns till centraliserad materialhantering med fokus på bygglogistikcenter som visar sig kunna minska kostnader vid byggprojekt. Modellen utvecklades sedan i tre större faser utifrån den valda metoden för modellutförande och modellens utveckling överensstämmer med rapportens tre huvudfrågor. I första fasen anlades en konceptuell modell med stöd av den gjorda litteraturstudien och semistrukturerade intervjuer av personer kunniga inom masshantering och erfarna av aktiviteter i och runt ett MLC. I modellbyggandets andra fas kvantifierades den konceptuella modellen. En aktivitetsbaserad kalkyl passade den konceptuella modellens utformning bäst. Den tredje fasen testade sedan modellen på framtida byggprojekt i norra Norrköping, utifrån detta experiment förbättrades modellen ytterligare. Resultatet sammanfattar aktiviteter i det studerade systemet och resurser som används av dessa aktiviteter. Det kan sammanfattas som att mängden massa, massans typ samt dess föroreningsgrad driver flera kostnader. Allra mest kostsam är den massa som sorteras ut i MLC för kvittblivning. Systemet blir alltså kostnadseffektivt om man så tidigt som möjligt i processen kan sortera ut det material som i så hög grad som möjligt kan återvinnas. Resultatet visar vidare att ett MCL:s kostnadsstruktur påverkas av dess geografiska placering som blir en vägning mellan närhet till projekt och markpris. Närhet till projekt minskar transportkostnader medan billig mark möjliggör i sin tur antingen lägre kostnad för mark eller större möjligheter till lagring som ökar återvinning och minskar deponikostnader. På detta sätt är flera större kostnadsposter också direkt beroende av MCL:s placering. Ett annan vägning mellan kostnader är när krossning ska genomföras, varje krossning innebär en startkostnad samtidigt som behövd lageryta ökar när krossningar görs mer sällan. Slutligen innebär ett MLC en viss planering av såväl transporter som lager, detta driver kostnader för administrativt arbete vars kostnad måste bäras av den minskade deponeringen och transporten som ett MLC kan möjliggöra. Kvantifieringen av modellens massflöden gjordes enligt en tolkning av en ABC-kalkyl med minsta tidsenhet en vecka. Testet av modellen, med data från Optimass, på ett antal projekt i Norrköping gav en rad förbättringar av modellen. Dessutom grundlade testet tillsammans med ett enkelt referensscenario att ca 30 % av driftkostnaderna kunde sparas med ett MLC. Genom att modellen skapats, testats och förbättras har studiens syfte uppfyllts. Denna studie är ett steg i att analysera möjligheterna med ett MLC. Vidare forskning behövs bland annat inom områdena: marknaden för återvunna massor, andra användningsområden för lera och investeringskostnader för ett MLC. / In connection with construction projects, large quantities of rock and soil are excavated and need to be handled. In recent years, increased housing construction and large infrastructure projects in combination with an increased environmental awareness has contributed to an increased interest in rock and soil management. A rock and soil consolidation centre (from now on SCC) is a location where recycling of rock and soil can be coordinated between different construction projects in the area. A centre like this can, according to studies, lower both number of transports needed and the total environmental impact. However, the cost structure of a rock and soil consolidation centre lacks research, which makes it difficult to create sustainable business models. The structure of model building and its important components, together with facts regarding rock and soil management and centralized material handling were studied with a literature study. A method for creating a model was developed using three steps: firstly, designing a conceptual model; secondly, quantifying the model into a computer model and lastly test and improve the model. Literature regarding rock and soil management highlighted the complicated matter of the different uses of rock and soil, where, on one hand, when excavated by a construction/excavation company, it is considered waste and may not be dumped haphazardly. On the other hand, if the rock and soil were collected and deposited into an SCC, it may be sold for reuse and hence becomes a commercial product. The literature also showed how in theory a centralized construction logistic can lower costs during construction projects. The model was developed in three phases, each corresponding to the three main questions of the study. The first phase focuses on the creation of a conceptual model, which was made possible with sources in the literature and the semi-structured interviews with respondents working in the rock and soil management field. The second phase moved the conceptual model into a computer model. An activity-based calculation was chosen to represent calculation regarding costs in the model, while the last phase focused on testing the model in Norrköping and finding improvements. The result presents activities within the studied system, as well as which resources were used to make these activities happen. The results can be summarized by saying that the volume of rock and soil, what types of rock and soil used and the levels of contamination are the main drivers of a higher total cost. The costliest part is connected to the fee for taking rock and soil waste to landfills. Since this cost can be reduced if a product is recycled, a lot of the cost can be lowered if rock and soil that can be reused is sorted out early. The result also shows that an SCC’s cost structure is affected by its geographical location, which becomes a balance between proximity to projects and cheaper, more accessible land further away from a city. Another crossroad is when to conduct crushing of rocks and soil, since there is a high start-up cost and at the same time more storage is needed if the crushing of rock and soil is carried out less frequently. Lastly an SCC requires some planning regarding its operations and transports which in hand also contributes to increased administrative costs, costs which all need to be lower than the option of driving the rock and soil to a landfill. To quantify the module was done according to an interpretation of an activity-based calculation with a time unit of a week. The test of the model, with data from Optimass on several development projects in Norrköping, resulted in some improvements of the model. The test also could also be compared to a simple reference scenario where approximately 30% of the total cost could be saved with an SCC. It also showed a pay-off time of around a year. By creating, testing, and improving the model the purpose of the study has been accomplished. This study is a step in analysing the possibilities with an SCC. Further research is needed to determine the market for recycled rock and soil products, other usable areas for products such as clay and more accurate calculations regarding the investment costs of an SCC.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att få en ökad förståelse för hur Sveriges miljöpolitik, höga driftkostnader och statligt agerande upplevs ha påverkat småskaliga lantbrukare i Sverige och deras levnadsvillkor. För att undersöka problematiken valdes åtta lantbrukare ut för att delta i semi-strukturerade intervjuer, där de fick uttrycka sina egna perspektiv och uppfattningar om lantbrukaryrket i förhållande till miljöpolitiska strategier och rekordhöga driftkostnader i lantbrukarbranschen. Det utvalda teoretiska ramverket att understödja denna sociologiska studie bestod i Becks tes om risksamhället, alienationsteorin och teorin om livsformsanalys. En doktorsavhandling och fyra vetenskapliga artiklar valdes också ut till studien, vilka agerade som inspirationskälla för intervjuguiden. Det empiriska materialet resulterade i en övergripande slutsats om att den ökade riskmedvetenheten och reflexiviteten har omvandlat lantbruket som livsform. Respondenternas synpunkter indikerar att svenska lantbrukares levnadsvillkor potentiellt är hotade, då lantbrukare finner sig alienerade från staten och upplever sig stundtals vara bortglömda av samhället i stort. I relation till samhälleliga reaktioner under COVID-19 pandemin och det pågående kriget i Ukraina, var den utvalda gruppen av lantbrukare ändå optimistiska kring lantbrukaryrket ur ett framtidsperspektiv. / The aim of this qualitative study was to get a better understanding of how Sweden’s environmental politics, high operating costs and governmental action are perceived to have affected small-scale farmers in Sweden. In order to do this, eight farmers got selected to participate in semi-structured interviews to express their own views and perspectives on farming as a profession in relation to Sweden’s climate mitigation strategies and record-high operating costs. The sociological theories selected to complement the research process were Becks concept of ”risk society”, the theory of alienation and the theory of lifeform analysis. One doctoral thesis and four scientific articles were also used in the study and functioned as a source of inspiration for the interview guide. The empirical data from the interviews led to the conclusion that the increase of ecological risk-awareness and reflexivity has transformed farming as a lifeform. The views of the selected participants indicate that the business conditions of Swedish farmers potentially are threatened, and that farmers find themselves alienated from the government as well as being overlooked by the general public. In relation to societal reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic and current war in Ukraine, the selected group of farmers remained optimistic about the farming profession and what the future holds.