The problem of the formation of the beaded pipe ends by reduction described in this work. Patent and literature review ways to reduce the longitudinal varying wall thickness is made. Technology for the production of pipes for pipe-rolling plant is shown. An improved method for calculating changes in wall thickness of the pipe in the reducing mill developed. Mode calculation thinning ends of the pipe before the reducing mill is made. / В данной работе описана проблема образования утолщенных концов труб при редуцировании. Выполнен патентно-литературный обзор способов снижения продольной разностенности при редуцировании труб. Приведена технология производства труб на ТПА-80. Разработана усовершенствованная методика расчета изменения толщины стенки трубы в редукционном стане. Выполнен расчет режима утонения концов труб перед редукционным станом.

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This thesis considers Kant's departure from moral naturalism. In doing so, it explores the relationship between ethics, naturalism, normativity and freedom. Throughout this exploration, I build the case that Kant's ethics of autonomy allows us to make better sense of ethics than Hume's moral naturalism. Hume believes that morality is ultimately grounded in human nature. Kant finds this understanding of ethics limiting. He insists that we are free - we can critically reflect upon our nature and (to an extent) alter it accordingly. This freedom, I contend, renders the moral naturalist's appeal to nature lacking. Of course, a Kantian conception of freedom - some form of independence from the causal order - is fairly unpopular in contemporary circles. In particular, a commitment to naturalism casts doubt on such a notion of freedom. I argue with Kant that such a conception of freedom is essential to the conception of ourselves as rational agents. The critical turn, unlike naturalism, warrants this conception of freedom, accommodating the point of view of our rational agency. It thus allows Kant's ethics of autonomy to better grasp certain key elements of morality - normativity and our agency - than Hume's moral naturalism.

This dissertation explores the need to involve churches in mission according to the Lord Jesus Christ, whose mission was indeed holistic and comprehensive. To achieve this goal, the study calls upon churches to move from a “maintenance Christianity” status, which has been almost a way of life for churches, to a holistic and comprehensive approach to mission. Practically speaking, this is to be illustrated through a case study of churches in the North Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The churches in this part of the world present many challenges that sustain such an exploration, namely, misunderstanding regarding mission, lack of well-skilled and visionary church leaders, maintenance Christianity mentality, spirit of tribalism among Christians, and poverty. The study concludes with practical recommendations on how the issues raised through the dissertation can be applied to a broader field than the churches in the North Kivu Province. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology) / M. Th. (Missiology)

One of the greatest challenges facing the clothing industry worldwide, including South Africa is to provide well fitting garments to a broadly defined target population (Ashdown, Loker & Rucker 2007:1; Schofield, Ashdown, Hethorn, LaBat & Salusso 2006:147). Yu (2004:32) further states that from the consumers’ perspective, physical and psychological comfort as well as appearance play an important role in determining a well fitting garment and these are most likely to be shaped by the individual’s personal values. According to Kaiser (1998:290), personal values refer to standards or principles that guide an individual’s actions and thoughts that help to define what is important by guiding one’s choices or preferences of how the garment should fit. Hence garment fit and the subsequent appearance serves as a personal expression, communicating some personal values to others (Kaiser 1998:290) that can be achieved through the fitting of the garment. When female consumers encounter garment fit problems either through body shapes, garment sizing or garment size label communication, an emotional experience may result due to the failure to attain the personal values they are aiming to uphold or achieve. Cognitive appraisal theory of emotions is one of the theories among others that attempts to understand why people experience emotions. Lazarus (2001:55) defines cognitive appraisal theory of emotions as a quick evaluation of a situation with respect to one’s wellbeing. The answers to these evaluations directly cause the emotions experienced by a person. Since clothing can be used to express personal values to others (Kaiser 1998:146), the social standards appraisal dimension which can be one of the evaluative questions in the theory of cognitive appraisal concerning a situation, was the relevant evaluative component which this study focused on. This appraisal dimension evaluates whether the situation, in this case the negative experience of an ill-fitting garment affects what the consumer aspires to achieve socially through garment fit. Numerous studies such as Horwaton and Lee (2010); Pisut and Connell (2007) and Alexander, Connell & Presley (2005) on the garment fit problems from a consumer’s perspective have mostly been conducted in developed countries with limited research focusing on the consumers and their emotional experiences with garment fit. Understanding the factors that contribution to the garment fit problem currently being faced by female consumers in South Africa is an essential step in creating awareness of how this problem affects female consumers emotionally and the influence it has on their purchasing decisions. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to determine the female consumers’ personal values attributed to garment fit and to identify the emotions resulting from the perceptions of garment fit. This study predominantly employed an exploratory qualitative research approach. Data were collected from a purposive and convenient sample of 62 females from the UNISA – Florida Campus and King David High School in Victory Park in Johannesburg, South Africa through a self-administered questionnaire. Data on the demographic profile that included the ethnicity and age of the participants as well as data on the psychographic profile of the participants concerning frequently patronized clothing retailers, garment fit preferences and self-reported body shapes were collected through closed-ended questions. These data were analysed using the quantitative method of descriptive analysis. In addition to the psychographic profile of the most frequently patronized clothing retailer and garment fit preferences, participants were further requested to provide reasons as to why they mostly patronized the clothing retailer they ranked number 1, and to provide a reason for their preferred garment fit option. Content analysis, a qualitative method, was used to analyse the reasons provided by the participants for both these questions. Content analysis was also performed on additional information on body shape and garment sizing as well as data on garment size label communication. Furthermore, the means-end chain approach through the hard laddering exercises was used to explore and determine the female consumers’ personal values and emotions depicted through the perceptions of garment fit. Data from the hard laddering interviews on body shapes and garment sizing were carefully coded and categorized into attributes, consequences and personal values. Data were presented through the hierarchical value maps (HVMs) which were constructed through the software program Mecanalyst V 9.1. The analysis established that attributes such as quality of garments, various garment styles, availability of sizes, and fashionable styles directed female consumers’ most frequented clothing retailers. These attributes seemed to be aligned with their personal values they seek when shopping for garments. The findings also showed that most female consumers in this study preferred semi-fitting pants, a blouse and garments in general, a reasonable number of the participants preferred tight-fitting pants (31%), and some participants preferred loose-fitting pants, a blouse and garments in general. The specific personal values such as the comfortability of the garment, modesty, cover-up perceived body shape “flaws” and slimming effect which female consumers in this study desire to achieved through clothing also influenced their garment fit preference. With regard to the perceived self-reported body shapes of the participants, the study reflected that the majority of the participants were triangular body shaped. The study further found that female consumers in this study have expectations of how a garment ought to fit their body. Their expectations seem to be shaped by certain personal values such as “confidence”, “freedom” or “look good” which they aspire to achieve through clothing and garment fit. However, due to variations in body shapes, problems of garment sizing they encounter when purchasing ready-to wear garments and the incorrect information communicated on the size labels or the lack thereof, the majority of the female consumers failed to achieve their personal values. As a result mainly negative emotions such as “frustrated”, “sad”, “confused” and “depressed” were expressed by the participants. With regards to the effect of the perceived garment fit on the purchasing decision, the study found that fit of the garment is an important determinant of making a purchase. However, where female consumers in this study showed an interest of purchasing, while aware of some fit problems, the study found that exceptional conditions such as the possibility of altering the garments and design features such as colours that would conceal their perceived “figure flaws, made it easier for them to decide to purchase. The study further highlighted that some participants only purchased their ready-to-wear garment at certain shops where their needs were catered for and only when they had enough time to try-on the garment they intend to purchase instead of relying on the garment sizing and garment size label communication. Where participants indicated they would not purchase a garment with fitting problems, the study found that some female consumers in this study copied the designs of the garments in the clothing retailers and had someone reproduce it for them, whilst a few female consumers refused to purchase a garment whose size label was incorrectly communicated. Lastly the study also revealed that most female consumers thought that body shape, garment sizing and garment size label communication contribute to garment fit problems female consumers are currently facing in South Africa. It is, therefore, recommended that clothing manufacturers consider the various body shapes in their garment charts, know the needs of their target market and also use uniform sizing and size labelling systems that are easily understood by consumers that purchase ready-to-wear garments from retailers in South Africa. / Life & Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Consumer Science)

Thesis (PhD (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Title page: Dept. of Genetics, Faculty of Science / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is the type strain for the genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae. There has been only one report that claimed the complete nucleotide sequence of GLRaV-3 (isolate NY-1, AF037268). Here we report the complete sequence of the South African GLRaV-3, isolate GP18 (EU259806) and show a significantly extended 5’ end. We used RLM-RACE to determine the 5’ end of GP18 and found the 5’ UTR to be 737 nt compared to 158 nt in the NY-1 sequence. This extended UTR was found in all other South African isolates of GLRaV-3 that were tested. In two collaborative studies the existence of the extended 5’ UTR was confirmed and further investigated. In the first study (Coetzee et al., 2010), metagenomic data generated by next generation sequencing (Illumina Genome Analyzer II) was analysed for GLRaV-3 specific sequences. Sequences similar to the GP18 isolate confirmed the sequence of the extended 5’ UTR. In the second study (Jooste et al., 2010), three genetic variants were identified and their respective 5’ UTRs studied. Great diversity was observed between the 5’ UTRs of the different genetic variants, however within a variant the 5’ UTR was found to be highly conserved. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 is a positive sense, single stranded RNA virus that has been shown, like other closteroviruses, to produce subgenomic (sg) RNAs during replication. These sgRNAs are deployed for the expression of the ORFs on the 3’ half of the genome. In this study a dsRNA blot confirmed the presence of three, 3’ coterminal sgRNAs species [sgRNA(ORF3/4), sgRNA(ORF5) and sgRNA(ORF6)] in GLRaV-3-infected plant material when using a probe directed at the coat protein gene. The specific 5’ terminal nucleotides for these sgRNAs as well as four additional sgRNAs [sgRNA(ORF7), sgRNA(ORF8), sgRNA(ORF9) and sgRNA(ORF10-12)] were determined by RLM-RACE for GLRaV-3 isolate GP18. The construction of a GLRaV-3 mini-replicon, analogous to RNA1 of Lettuce infectious yellows virus, for the evaluation of putative sg-promoters is also described. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is ‘n lid van die Closteroviridae familie en die hooflid vir die genus Ampelovirus. Tot dusver was daar net een studie wat die volledige nukleïensuurvolgorde van GLRaV-3 gerapporteer het (isolaat NY-1, AF037268). In hierdie studie rapporteer ons die volledige volgorde van ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse GLRaV-3, isolaat nl. GP18 (EU259806) wat noemenswaardig langer is aan die 5’ kant. RLM-RACE is gebruik om die 5’ eindpunt van GP18 te bepaal en daar is gevind dat die 5’ ongetransleerde streek (UTR) 737 nt lank is in vergelyking met die 158 nt van die NY-1 volgorde. Die verlengde 5’ UTR is gevind in alle Suid-Afrikaanse monsters wat getoets is. Die verlengde 5’ UTR is bevestig en verder bestudeer tydens twee samewerkingsprojekte. In die eerste studie (Coetzee et al., 2010), is metagenomiese data gegenereer deur volgende-generasie volgordebepaling (Illumina Genome Analyzer II) en geanaliseer vir GLRaV-3 spesifieke volgordes. Volgordes soortgelyk aan die GP18 isolaat het die verlengde 5’ UTR volgorde bevestig. In die tweede studie (Jooste et al., 2010), is drie genetiese variante van GLRaV-3 geidentifiseer en hulle onderskeie 5’ UTR volgordes bepaal en bestudeer. Daar is groot diversiteit tussen die 5’ UTRs van die verskillende genetiese variante gevind, maar tussen isolate van dieselfde variant is die volgordes gekonserveerd. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 is ‘n positiewe-sin, enkelstring RNA virus wat al voorheen bewys is om, soos ander closterovirusse, subgenomiese (sg) RNAs te produseer tydens replisering. Hierdie sgRNAs word ingespan vir die uitdrukking van die ORFs op die 3’ helfte van die virusgenoom. In hierdie studie is ‘n dsRNA klad gebruik om die voorkoms van 3’ ko-terminale sgRNAs [sgRNA(ORF3/4), sgRNA(ORF5) and sgRNA(ORF6)] te bevestig in GLRaV-3 geinfekteerde plantmateriaal deur gebruik te maak van ‘n peiler teen die kapsiedproteïengeen. Die spesifieke 5’ terminale nukleotiedes vir hierdie sgRNAs sowel as vier additionele sgRNAs [sgRNA(ORF7), sgRNA(ORF8), sgRNA(ORF9) and sgRNA(ORF10-12)] is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van RLM-RACE op die GLRaV-3 isolaat GP18. Die konstruksie van ‘n GLRaV-3 mini-repliserings konstruk, analoog aan die RNA1 van Lettuce infectious yellows virus, vir die evaluasie van moontlike sg-promotors word ook beskryf.

Ce mémoire vise à analyser l’importance du cosmopolitisme dans la pensée de Cicéron. Dans l’introduction, nous présentons d’abord une histoire de la réhabilitation de Cicéron en tant que philosophe et une chronologie de la pensée cosmopolite. La deuxième partie consiste en une analyse de trois textes de Cicéron : De Finibus, De Officiis et De Re Publica, pour trouver une réponse à notre problématique. La conclusion qui sort de cette analyse est que Cicéron a toujours effectué un compromis entre le cosmopolitisme et l’appartenance à une communauté locale, sans prendre catégoriquement un parti, même si son coeur penche davantage vers Rome. Nous avons mis en parallèle ce compromis avec l’ambiguïté de Cicéron quant à la problématique des genres de vie. Ce parallélisme montre que la tension entre cosmopolitisme et appartenance à une communauté locale n’est qu’un cas particulier d’une ambiguïté plus générale des oeuvres de Cicéron, envers la philosophie. / The goal of this thesis is to study the significance of the ideology of cosmopolitanism in Cicero’s philosophical works. In the introduction, we present a history of the rehabilitation of Cicero the philosopher and a chronology of cosmopolitan thought. In the second part we analyse three texts of Cicero: De Finibus, De Officiis and De Re Publica, in search of passages pertaining to cosmopolitanism. From this analysis, we must conclude that Cicero always compromises between cosmopolitanism and his sense of belonging to a local community, even if he is a fervent Roman patriot. Similar to this compromise is the ambiguous answer of Cicero to the problem of which is the best way of life: the political or philosophical life. This similarity informs us that the tension between cosmopolitanism and patriotism is just a special case of a more general ambiguity present in Cicero’s work, toward philosophy itself.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M.) Option recherche" / La découverte des cellules souches embryonnaires et de leur immense potentiel thérapeutique a fait naître de grands espoirs. De nouvelles thérapies révolutionnaires pour traiter certaines des maladies les plus graves dont souffre l'humanité sont désormais envisageables. Le traitement de la vie à son stade le plus précoce est mis en cause. Le statut juridique reconnu au foetus et à l'embryon humain a des répercussions directes sur le domaine de la recherche et sur leur utilisation à des fins thérapeutiques. Nous avons examiné l'état du droit canadien quant au statut juridique du foetus et de l'embryon. De cette étude, nous avons constaté l'incertitude qui prévaut au Canada quant à leur statut. Par la suite, nous avons étudié les différentes normes canadiennes établies pour encadrer l'utilisation des cellules souches embryonnaires à des fins thérapeutiques et nous les avons analysées et comparées pour faire ressortir leurs similitudes et leurs différences. II est ressorti de notre analyse que les textes canadiens se rejoignent généralement sur l'essentiel et qu'il y a eu peu de changements de 1993 à aujourd'hui, en regard des activités de recherche interdites au Canada. Puis, nous avons examiné les systèmes normatifs applicables à ces recherches à l'étranger, soit aux États-Unis et en GrandeBretagne. Nous avons effectué une analyse comparative des trois systèmes normatifs étudiés, en évaluant différents paramètres communs à ces systèmes. Il est ressorti de cette analyse, que la Grande-Bretagne est le pays le plus libéral relativement à ces domaines de recherche, que les États-Unis sont les plus conservateurs sur ces questions et que le Canada se situe entre les deux. / The embryonic stem cells discovery and the immense therapeutic potential glven to them has created big hopes in the world of today. The appearance of new revolutionary therapies to treat sorne of the most serious known diseases are now conceivable. However, the treatment of life to its earliest stage is questionned. The legal status recognized to the foetus and the embryo has, in fact, a direct effect to the research area and industry as weil as to its therapeutic use. Therefore, we have examined and studied the CUITent canadian law with respect to the legal status of the foetus and embryo. Following this study, we have noticed the uncertainty that prevails in Canada concerning the said legal status. Afierwards, we have examined ail the different canadian norms and regulations already established regarding the use of embryonic stem cells for therapeutic ends. We also did the comparaison between those norms and regulations so as to see their differences and similarities. It appears from our analysis that ail the canadian litterature generally treat the subject in the same way and that there have been few changes from 1993 up until now with respect to the forbidden researchs activities in Canada. We also have analysed the foreign law standards and regulations in United States and Great Britain concerning those forbidden researchs activities. We did the exercise of comparing the state of the law in these three countries with different parameters. It emerges from that that Great Britain is the most liberal country, United States being the most conservative and Canada being in between them.

Notre laboratoire a récemment découvert un mode d’expression des gènes mitochondriaux inédit chez le protozoaire biflagellé Diplonema papillatum. Outre son ADNmt formé de centaines de chromosomes circulaires, ses gènes sont fragmentés. Le gène cox1 qui code pour la sous unité I de la cytochrome oxydase est formé de neuf modules portés par autant de chromosomes. L’ARNm de cox1 est obtenu par épissage en trans et il est également édité par insertion de six uridines entre deux modules. Notre projet de recherche a porté sur une étude globale des processus post-transcriptionnels du génome mitochondrial de diplonémides. Nous avons caractérisé la fragmentation de cox1 chez trois autres espèces appartenant aux deux genres du groupe de diplonémides à savoir : Diplonema ambulator, Diplonema sp. 2 et Rhynchopus euleeides. Le gène cox1 est fragmenté en neuf modules chez tous ces diplonémides mais les modules sont portés par des chromosomes de taille et de séquences différentes d’une espèce à l’autre. L’étude des différentes espèces a aussi montrée que l’édition par insertion de six uridines entre deux modules de l’ARNm de cox1 est commune aux diplonémides. Ainsi, la fragmentation des gènes et l’édition des ARN sont des caractères communs aux diplonémides. Une analyse des transcrits mitochondriaux de D. papillatum a permis de découvrir quatre autres gènes mitochondriaux édités, dont un code pour un ARN ribosomique. Donc, l'édition ne se limite pas aux ARNm. De plus, nous avons montré qu’il n’y a pas de motifs d’introns de groupe I, de groupe II, de type ARNt ou d’introns impliqués dans le splicéosome et pouvant être à l’origine de l’épissage des modules de cox1. Aucune complémentarité significative de séquence n’existe entre les régions flanquantes de deux modules voisins, ni de résidus conservés au sein d’une espèce ou à travers les espèces. Nous avons donc conclu que l’épissage en trans de cox1 chez les diplonémides fait intervenir un nouveau mécanisme impliquant des facteurs trans plutôt que cis. L’épissage et l’édition de cox1 sont dirigés probablement par des ARN guides, mais il est également possible que les facteurs trans soient des molécules protéiques ou d’ADN. Nous avons élucidé les processus de maturation des transcrits mitochondriaux de D. papillatum. Tous les transcrits subissent trois étapes coordonnées et précises, notamment la maturation des deux extrémités, l’épissage, la polyadénylation du module 3’ et dans certains cas l’édition. La maturation des extrémités 5’ et 3’ se fait parallèlement à l’épissage et donne lieu à trois types d’intermédiaires. Ainsi, un transcrit primaire avec une extrémité libre peut se lier à son voisin. Cet épissage se fait apparemment sans prioriser un certain ordre temporel alors que dans le cas des transcrits édités, l’édition précède l`épissage. Ces études donnant une vue globale de la maturation des transcrits mitochondriaux ouvrent la voie à des analyses fonctionnelles sur l’épissage et l’édition chez D. papillatum. Elles sont le fondement pour finalement élucider les mécanismes moléculaires de ces deux processus post-transcriptionnels de régulation dans ce système intriguant. / Our laboratory has recently discovered an unprecedented mode of expression of mitochondrial genes in D. papillatum, a biflagellate protozoan. In addition to its mtDNA formed of hundreds of circular chromosomes, genes are fragmented. For example, the cox1 gene which encodes the subunit one of the cytochrome oxidase complex, comprises nine modules carried by nine chromosomes. The cox1 mRNA is obtained by trans-splicing and is also edited by the insertion of six uridines between two modules. My thesis project focused on the study of post-transcriptional processes in diplonemid mitochondria. We characterized the fragmentation of cox1 in three other species belonging to two diplonemids genera: Diplonema ambulator, Diplonema sp. 2 and Rhynchopus euleeides. The cox1 gene is fragmented into nine modules in all species but the modules are carried by chromosomes of different size and sequences from one species to another. We have shown that there are no motifs for classical introns, including spliceosomal and archaeal introns, as well as introns of group I and II, that might be implicated in the trans-splicing of cox1 modules. No significant complementarity exists between the flanking regions of two neighboring modules, nor are any conserved residues within a species or across species. We therefore concluded that the trans-splicing of cox1 in diplonemids involves a novel mechanism implicating trans rather than cis-factors. Trans-splicing and editing of cox1 probably involve guide RNAs, but it is also possible that the trans-factors are proteins or DNA molecules. The study of different species has also shown that the insertion of six uridines between two cox1 modules in mRNA is a shared trait in these diplonemids. We discovered that four other mitochondrial genes are also edited in D. papillatum and that RNA editing is not limited to mRNA. So, fragmented genes and RNA editing are common characteristics of diplonemids. We elucidated D. papillatum’s mitochondrial transcript maturation steps. All transcripts undergo three coordinated and precise processes including end processing, trans-splicing and / or editing and polyadenylation. The processing of the 5 'and 3' ends gives rise to three kinds of maturation intermediates. A primary transcript with one free end can bind to its neighbor and trans-splicing occurs without directionality. In the case of edited transcripts, editing precedes trans-splicing. These studies have prepared the ground for functional studies of trans-splicing and RNA editing with the long term goal to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in post-transcriptional regulation in this intriguing system.

[pt] Neste trabalho estudamos a teoria clássica das superfícies mínimas em R3, focando na representação de Enneper-Weierstrass e suas consequências. São exibidos vários exemplos, incluindo as superfícies de Jorge-Meeks e de Jorge-Xavier. Também mostramos princípios do máximo para superfícies mínimas e várias aplicações como, por exemplo, o teorema do semi-espaço. Em seguida, nos concentramos na teoria das superfícies mínimas completas de curvatura total finita e, com esta, podemos analisar o desenvolvimento assintótico de fins mínimos completos mergulhados de curvatura total finita. Por fim, a dissertação culmina com o teorema de Schoen, que afirma que as únicas superfícies mínimas completas, conexas, de curvatura total finita e apenas dois fins - ambos mergulhados - são um par de planos e o catenoide. / [en] In this work we study the classical theory of minimal surfaces in R3, with special focus on the Enneper-Weierstrass representation and its consequences. We exhibit many examples, including the Jorge-Meeks and Jorge-Xavier surfaces. We also show maximum principles for minimal surfaces and many applications as, for instance, the half-space theorem. Afterwards, we focus on the theory of complete minimal surfaces with finite total curvature, with which we can analyse the asymptotic development of complete minimal embedded ends with finite total curvature. This dissertation culminates with the Schoen s theorem, which states that the only complete, connected minimal surfaces with finite total curvature and exactly two ends - both embedded - are a pair of planes or a catenoid.