Etudier la dynamique politique de la constitution du problème public des OGM au prisme de sa médiatisation télévisuelle, tel est l’objet de cette recherche. A rebours des théories sociologiques classiques des problèmes, dont le constructivisme est devenu l’indéniable référence, cette thèse aborde la question selon une approche pragmatiste. Elle montre que les problèmes se font moyennant des épreuves et des enquêtes qui font émerger des publics qui configurent le préjudice subi et rendent leur situation digne d’une préoccupation de l’Autorité politique. Considérer les problèmes comme une expérience, c’est référer leur origine à la survenue d’une nouveauté qui modifie le rapport au monde et exige une demande de sens. Tel que le montre cette thèse, la constitution du problème public des OGM est inséparable de la prise en compte de l’émergence spectaculaire dans les années 70 de ce que l’on considère comme l’un des plus grands événements scientifiques de l’histoire du monde, à savoir les manipulations génétiques. Le lien que tisse cette recherche entre événement et problème public est à la fois central et original pour comprendre comment au milieu des années 90, les OGM alimentaires sont, de manière assez singulière, constitués comme problème public par un ensemble d’acteurs sociaux parmi lesquels la télévision. Si les problèmes publics font émerger une arène sociale de dispute composée de multiples scènes publiques, la télévision fait partie de ces scènes qui accueillent et participent au procès de publicisation. En tant qu’opérateur de signification, le dispositif télévisuel joue un rôle fondamental dans l’individuation de l’événement scientifique et du problème public qu’il engendre. Par l’ensemble de ses opérations de médiation, ses cadrages et contre-cadrages, il participe avec les publics politiques et d’autres acteurs, à la problématisation et à la déproblématisation de la question. Cette dynamique collective est au cœur de l’hypothèse générale défendue par cette thèse, qui est que le problème représente un grand moment de transformation au cours duquel la société s’auto-réfléchit et s’auto-produit. / The aim of this research is to analyze the political dynamics of the formation of genetically modified organisms as a public problem through television mediation. In an effort to distance this work from classic sociological theory of public problems, best embodied by constructivism, this thesis follows a pragmatic approach. Such as theoretical standpoint enables us to demonstrate that problems are formed through processes of enquiry which lead to the formation of specific publics. These publics will reconfigure the perceived consequences of problems, and try to make a situation worthy of consideration by public authorities. To refer to problems as experiences is to consider their origin as an occurrence of novelty, which alters one’s relationship to the world, and establishes a demand for meaning. As it is shown in this work, the formation of GMOs as a public problem is inseparable from the awareness of the spectacular emergence of genetic manipulation in the 70’s, which can be considered as one of the major scientific events of the known world.The strong connection between events and public problems is both paramount and innovative, as it allows us to understand how in the mid 90’s GM food organisms are formed as public problems by a variety of social agents, among which the television. If public problems create an arena of dispute composed of many public scenes, the television acts as a public scene which harbors and engages in the publicization process. As a provider of problematization, it plays a key role in singling out the scientific event and the public problem it gives rise to, through framing, reframing, and various mediation operations which include political publics and agents. In this work, the collective dynamics at work are central to the hypothesis that a problem constitutes a key moment of transformation during which society engages in self-reflexive and self-productive processes.

The aim of this study is, firstly, to determine if there is a difference in the perceptions of academic staff members and students concerning the purpose of their actual assessment practices. Secondly, the aim of the study is to identify what the challenges are that may influence the implementation of effective assessment practices. A case study design, involving the academic staff and students within the Baccalaureus Educationis (BEd) Early Childhood Development, Foundation Phase Programme in the Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, was used. The sample consisted of 30 academic staff members and 114 third-year students who each completed a standardised questionnaire (quantitative data), to get a broader idea of their perceptions and understanding of the purpose of assessment practices. The questionnaire was followed up by face to face interviews (qualitative data) with three staff members and three students in order to validate and supplement the quantitative data. The method employed to analyse the collected data was a concurrent nested, mixed method design. The quantitative data analyses were done using SPSS computer software to determine the frequencies for both staff and students’ perceptions. Statistical data analyses were also performed using a non-parametric chi-square technique. The collected qualitative data was first analysed using manifest and content data analysis. Codes had been developed after which the data was further analysed using SPSS computer software to determine the frequencies for both staff and students’ perceptions. The standards model which represents assessment reform (enquiry or outcomes-based assessment) and the measurement model (traditional assessment) were used as framework to interpret the collected data. The results of my study showed that both academic staff and students perceived the main purpose of assessment as developmental or formative. However, the stated importance of the formative purpose of assessment was not evident in the practice of academic staff. For example, academic staff reported that within their assessment practices, assessment either took place at the beginning of the module, sometimes during the module, but mostly at the end of the module. Furthermore, staff reported that within their assessment practices, self- and peer-assessment and feedback were infrequent occurrences and that feedback to students was almost never followed up with actions. Academic staff perceived the biggest challenge for effective assessment practice to be large class sizes, while students perceived the biggest challenge to be the reliability of assessment, including marking reliability and assessor reliability. I concluded that the standards model of assessment is the desirable model in formal education and especially Higher Education, because it attempts to reflect what has been learned in criterion referenced terms. However, in this study, as well as in the Maclellan study (2001) and LOAP study (Fun, 2005), academic staff declared a commitment to formative purposes of assessment, but students perceived that staff engages in practices that were not in line with the standards model of assessment. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

Bien que devenu un événement rare dans les pays riches, la mortalité maternelle est toujours considéré comme un marqueur du dysfonctionnement du système de soins d'un pays. Le premier travail de cette thèse avait pour objectif d'étudier l'évolution du profil de la mortalité maternelle en France entre 1998 et 2007 à partir des données de l'Enquête Nationale Confidentielle sur les Morts Maternelles (ENCMM). Le ratio de mortalité maternelle (RMM) est resté stable, avec 9 décès pour 100 000 naissances vivantes. Il se situe dans la moyenne basse des pays européens ayant un système renforcé de mesure, ce qui est relativement satisfaisant compte-tenu de l'évolution du profil des femmes et de l'augmentation observée ailleurs. La principale cause de décès était l'hémorragie obstétricale. La proportion des morts maternelles évitables n'a pas évolué et est restée au tour de 50%. Ces résultats soulignent qu'une réduction du RMM est envisageable. Pour cela, une meilleure compréhension de ses déterminants est essentielle. Le deuxième travail a abordé la question des disparités régionales. Cette analyse a montré que le risque de mort maternelle en postpartum, après prise en compte des certaines caractéristiques individuelles des femmes, était supérieur dans les DOM et en Ile-de-France, comparé au reste de la France métropolitaine, et que des facteurs liés au contenu et à l'organisation des soins pourraient être impliqués. La pertinence des leçons tirées de l’étude de la mortalité maternelle dépend de la validité de sa mesure. Le dernier travail avait pour objectif d’évaluer les écueils des statistiques de routine de mortalité pour étudier la fréquence et les causes de mortalité maternelle. La sous-estimation du RMM dans les statistiques de mortalité a diminué significativement au cours du temps. Cependant, les inexactitudes sont plus importantes que le RMM ne le montre ; en effet, pour 2007-2009 une mort maternelle sur trois de l’ENCMM n’est pas repérée dans les statistiques de mortalité et le profil de causes diffère de celui issu de l’ENCMM. / While maternal mortality has become a very rare event in developed countries, it remains a marker of the performance of a country’s health system. The first work of this thesis was to study the evolution of maternal mortality profile in France between 1998 and 2007 using data from the Confidential enquiry into maternal deaths (ENCMM). The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) remained stable, with 9 deaths per 100,000 live births, it is in the low average of other European countries that also have enhanced measurement systems, which is consider satisfactory in view of the evolution of profile of women and the rise of MMR observed elsewhere. The main cause of death was obstetric hemorrhage. The proportion of avoidable maternal deaths has not changed and remained around 50%. These results emphasize that reducing the MMR is possible, for this, a better understanding of its determinants is essential. The second work explored regional disparities of maternal mortality. The results showed that the risk of postpartum maternal death was higher, after taking women's individual characteristics into account, in the overseas districts (DOM) but also in Ile-de-France, compared with the rest of metropolitan France; we thus deduce that factors related to care may be involved.The relevance of lessons learned from the study of maternal mortality depends on the validity of the data used. The last work assessed the pitfalls of routine mortality statistics to study the frequency and profile of maternal mortality. The underestimation of MMR in mortality statistics has decreased significantly over time. However, inaccuracies are greater than suggested by the MMR; the routine statistics failed to identify one third of the maternal deaths identified by the ENCMM and the causes profile differs from that resulting from the ENCMM.

Design is reemerging again as an active system of enquiry for cultural production with a wide ranging set of methods - not only to address short-term formal problems and limited functions, but as a discipline that is uniquely placed in its relations to other fields of visual culture, special settings and textual production. A new generation of designers are currently reassessing the positions within graphics, product design and architecture and picking up loose ends of progressive historic developments.

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Ce mémoire porte sur l’articulation de la morale en droit. Il soulève la question de l’objectivité de la morale dans la théorie du droit de Ronald Dworkin. Celui-ci doit pouvoir établir les critères de justification de la morale pour asseoir son autorité en droit. Il conteste la validité de la règle de reconnaissance de Hart qui exclue la morale comme source et comme justification inhérente au droit. Dans son dernier livre, Justice for Hedgehogs (2011), Dworkin présente sa thèse de l’unité de valeur entre le droit, la morale personnelle et la morale politique. Pour réussir à intégrer la morale au droit, il doit en défendre l’objectivité. Il développe une conception de la rationalité pratique et de la vérité propre à la morale. Sa conception de la rationalité pratique est rapprochée de celle d’Alasdair MacIntyre. Celui-ci rejette la prétention issue des Lumières d’une rationalité pratique universelle et neutre. Il développe une conception de la rationalité pratique fondée sur le concept de tradition d’investigation. Il fait l’histoire des principales traditions d’investigation depuis l’antiquité jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Il considère la tradition aristotélicienne supérieure, celle-ci réussissant mieux à donner objectivité et intelligibilité à la morale. Des points de convergence ou de divergence sont identifiés dans les conceptions de la morale de Dworkin et de MacIntyre. Ce rapprochement porte sur leurs positions respectives face aux principaux fondements théoriques en philosophie morale, leurs conceptions de la rationalité pratique et leurs définitions des notions de droit et de justice. / The subject of this thesis is the relation between morals and law. It raises the question of the objectivity of morals in Ronald Dworkin’s theory of law. Dworkin has to set sound justification criteria of morals in order to establish its authority in law. He disputes the validity of the rule of recognition of Hart which negates that morality is an inherent part of law. In his last book, Justice for Hedgehogs (2011), Dworkin present his thesis on the unity of value between law, personal morality and political morality. To succeed in integrating morality into law, he has to defend its objectivity. He develops a particular concept of rationality and truth applicable to morality. His concept of practical rationality is drawn together with Alasdair Macintyre’s own concept of rationality MacIntyre rejects the Enlightment’s claim of a universal and neutral rationality. He develops a concept of practical reasoning based on the concept of traditions of enquiry. He makes the history of the most important traditions of enquiry from Ancient Greece to today. He considers that the Aristotelian tradition of enquiry is superior, since it gives objectivity and intelligibility to morality. Points of convergence and points of divergence are identified in the concepts of morality of Dworkin and MacIntyre. These common aspects are found in the theoretical fundamentals in philosophy, in their concepts of practical rationality and in their definition of the notions of law and justice.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’articulation de la morale en droit. Il soulève la question de l’objectivité de la morale dans la théorie du droit de Ronald Dworkin. Celui-ci doit pouvoir établir les critères de justification de la morale pour asseoir son autorité en droit. Il conteste la validité de la règle de reconnaissance de Hart qui exclue la morale comme source et comme justification inhérente au droit. Dans son dernier livre, Justice for Hedgehogs (2011), Dworkin présente sa thèse de l’unité de valeur entre le droit, la morale personnelle et la morale politique. Pour réussir à intégrer la morale au droit, il doit en défendre l’objectivité. Il développe une conception de la rationalité pratique et de la vérité propre à la morale. Sa conception de la rationalité pratique est rapprochée de celle d’Alasdair MacIntyre. Celui-ci rejette la prétention issue des Lumières d’une rationalité pratique universelle et neutre. Il développe une conception de la rationalité pratique fondée sur le concept de tradition d’investigation. Il fait l’histoire des principales traditions d’investigation depuis l’antiquité jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Il considère la tradition aristotélicienne supérieure, celle-ci réussissant mieux à donner objectivité et intelligibilité à la morale. Des points de convergence ou de divergence sont identifiés dans les conceptions de la morale de Dworkin et de MacIntyre. Ce rapprochement porte sur leurs positions respectives face aux principaux fondements théoriques en philosophie morale, leurs conceptions de la rationalité pratique et leurs définitions des notions de droit et de justice. / The subject of this thesis is the relation between morals and law. It raises the question of the objectivity of morals in Ronald Dworkin’s theory of law. Dworkin has to set sound justification criteria of morals in order to establish its authority in law. He disputes the validity of the rule of recognition of Hart which negates that morality is an inherent part of law. In his last book, Justice for Hedgehogs (2011), Dworkin present his thesis on the unity of value between law, personal morality and political morality. To succeed in integrating morality into law, he has to defend its objectivity. He develops a particular concept of rationality and truth applicable to morality. His concept of practical rationality is drawn together with Alasdair Macintyre’s own concept of rationality MacIntyre rejects the Enlightment’s claim of a universal and neutral rationality. He develops a concept of practical reasoning based on the concept of traditions of enquiry. He makes the history of the most important traditions of enquiry from Ancient Greece to today. He considers that the Aristotelian tradition of enquiry is superior, since it gives objectivity and intelligibility to morality. Points of convergence and points of divergence are identified in the concepts of morality of Dworkin and MacIntyre. These common aspects are found in the theoretical fundamentals in philosophy, in their concepts of practical rationality and in their definition of the notions of law and justice.

The diploma thesis is focused on determination of perception of the nuclear power station Temelín as a potential source of a threat perceived by the population living in the area of emergency planning, and determination of perception of possible sources of threat to selected subjects, such as swimming pool, winter stadium, breweries, freezing plant, etc. located in the area of the town České Budějovice. The aim of the diploma thesis is also to find out and compare the level of the current state of awareness and preparedness of the population living in the area of emergency planning of the nuclear power station Temelín informed in particular by guides and calendars published by the authorization holder, and of the population living in the area of the town České Budějovice for the eventuality of emergence of an extraordinary event. The hypothesis of the diploma thesis assumed that awareness and preparedness of the population living in the area of emergency planning of the nuclear power station Temelín should be on higher level in comparison with the population living in the area of the town České Budějovice. It is evident from the results of the questionnaire enquiry that awareness of the population living in both these areas is approximately on the same level, and thus the hypothesis of the diploma thesis was not confirmed. The proposal for improving awareness and preparedness of the population will help to explain the issue given to the population, and results and conclusions will be provided to the Department of Crisis Management of the South Bohemian Regional Authority.

En 2007, lors du Grenelle de l’environnement, la France décide de mettre en place la Trame Verte et Bleue (TVB). L’approche réticulaire retenue pour cette politique environnementale d’un genre nouveau doit faciliter la lutte contre « l’érosion de la biodiversité » (loi n°2009-967 août 2009). Le déploiement de la TVB sur le territoire français passe par l’identification des continuités écologiques dans les documents d’urbanismes. Leur intégration dans les documents d’urbanisme suscite de nombreuses interrogations et nous permet de renouveler les questionnements dialectiques associant cartographie et participation. Alors que ces deux termes peuvent a priori sembler inconciliables, nous proposons dans cette étude un cheminement qui permet de les articuler. Nous formulons une proposition méthodologique permettant de pluraliser les sources de connaissance au sein d’une démarche de conception participative. Cette dernière se caractérise par une démarche qualitative, exploratoire et inductive qui s’appuie sur le cadre méthodologique de la théorie ancrée. L’itinéraire méthodologique emprunté amène progressivement les participants aux ateliers à produire et à travailler à partir de photographies et de cartes, décontextualisées ou classiques. Ces changements de support traduisent une bascule de la vue tangentielle à la vue zénithale. Le travail en groupe ne constitue pas de fait un collectif. Alors pour faciliter le passage de l’individuel au collectif, nous avons permis aux participants d’élaborer et de tester leur argumentaire avant leur entrée dans l’arène publique. Le terrain d’étude mobilisé est la région Poitou-Charentes, où nous avons observé la mise en place du Schéma Régional de Cohérence Écologique (SRCE). Nos observations nous ont permis de proposer et de mettre en application une démarche participative innovante associant une pluralisation des sources de connaissance pour l’identification des continuités écologiques dans le bocage bressuirais. Les différents ateliers de conception participative nous ont permis, non pas la production d’une carte de synthèse, mais la production d’une série de cartes qui viennent enrichir les représentations spatiales des continuités écologiques. / In the wake of 2007’s “Environment conference of Grenelle”,French authorities decided to instate the Green and Blue Ecological Framework (Trame Verte et Bleue - TVB). This new type of environmental policy is design like a network and aims at reducing “biodiversity erosion” (law nr 2009-967, aug 2009). Deploying such frameworks on the national French territory requir to identify ecological continuities within urban planning documents. Integrating such new operational concepts inside urbanism documents triggers plenty of interrogations. Specifically, it calls into question the unlikely couple cartography and participation. While these terms may seem incompatible on a first sight, we argue that the two practices can be articulated, following a set methodology. By being rooted in a participative approach, our methodological proposal allows to pluralize knowledge sources. It is characterized by a scientific posture that is qualitative, exploratory and inductive. The methodological setting is based on the grounded theory. Through implementing our methodology, workshop participants were progressively led to produce and work on the basis of photograph and maps, both decontextualized and regular. Changing media implied a shift from a “tangential” point of view to a “zenithal” perspective. We understood a qualitative difference between “group work” on the one hand and “collective work” on the other hand. In order to facilitate the shift from individual- to collective–grade work, we allowed the participants to conceive and test their argumentative narrative prior to entering the public arena. Our field of study was the region “Poitou-Charentes”, where we observed the deployment of the Regional Ecological Coherence Framework (SRCE in French - Schéma Régional de Cohérence Écologique). Our observations led us to conceive an innovative and participative approach merging plurality of knowledge sources, to identify the ecological continuities in the Bressuire hedgerow. Hinging on participative conception, the various workshops organized resulted in producing a series of maps that expand the scope of spatial representations of ecological continuities, instead of producing a single synthetic map.

Dissertation / This study explores the role of the principal in the management of parent involvement in secondary schools in Northern Province. A literature study investigated existing theories and models of parent involvement; parent involvement in the South African context and the provision of education in South Africa in historical perspective. It also investigated the managerial role of the principal in parent involvement. A qualitative investigation in three secondary schools in Northern Province was done. Data were gathered by means of participant observation in-depth interviews with principals and focus-group interviews with teachers and three parents on the school governing bodies. Analysed data revealed the following findings: principals lack knowledge on parent involvement and schools lack policies and organisational structures dealing with parent involvement as well as home-school relations. As a result of these findings, there is a need to equip principals with ways in which they can involve parents in their schools. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Educational Management)