Orientador: Alcides Hector Rodriguez Benoit / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T23:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Petrelli_HumbertoZanardo_D.pdf: 2782393 bytes, checksum: 4bd2b40eeac4996da0aff849d01db77b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem o objetivo de demonstrar que para adquirir a "excelência" (aretê), segundo Platão (427-347 a.C.), é necessário combinar a técnica (tekhnê) e o entusiasmo (enthoysiasmos). Possuir e utilizar somente a técnica ou somente o entusiasmo evidencia o domínio de um método insuficiente para alcançar a "excelência". Isto porque, mesmo que se entenda o entusiasmo como "um deus trabalhando dentro de um homem" e agindo em favor de um indivíduo em seus esforços por "excelência", per se é algo apenas potencial, virtual, que auxilia a potencialização, a existência real e plena da "excelência". Neste sentido, a técnica é necessária por ser a força que impele o executar de qualquer tipo de atividade com precisão, com conhecimento e regularmente, uma vez que é condição sine qua non tanto para um comportamento autônomo, bem como para a boa aprendizagem e execução de qualquer tarefa. Por fim, a nossa devida compreensão desse processo, a saber, conjunção adequada da "técnica" e do "entusiasmo" erigindo a "excelência", será construída através do estudo dos diálogos Sofista, Mênon, Fedro, Banquete, Cármides, Filebo, Íon, Fédon, Protágoras, Górgias, Timeu, República de Platão, fundamentais ao exercício que nos propomos / Abstract: This work aims to demonstrate that to acquire "excellence" (aretê), according to Plato (427-347 BC), it is necessary to combine both technique (tekhnê) and enthusiasm (enthoysiasmos). Having and using only the technique or just the enthusiasm makes evident the mastery of an insufficient method for achieving "excellence". This is because, even if you understand the enthusiasm as "a god working inside of a man" and acting on behalf of an individual in their efforts to "excellence", per se it is only volitional act by itself is something only potential, virtual, which helps potentiation, the actual existence and complete of "excellence". In this sense, the technique is needed once it is the force that impels to performance of any kind of activity accurately, with knowledge and regularly, since it is conditio sine qua non for either an autonomous behavior and, for good learning and execution any task. Finally, our proper understanding of this process, namely, the proper conjunction of "technique" and "enthusiasm" and thus establishing "excellence", will be constructed through the study of the dialogues, Sophist, Meno, Phaedrus, Symposium, Charmides, Philebus, Ion, Phaedo, Protagoras, Gorgias, Timaeus, Plato¿s Republic, fundamental to the exercise that we undertake / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

Undervisningen som till störst del bedrivs i Sverige idag är arbete i matematikläroboken. Forskning visar att eleverna inte upplever att detta arbetssätt är motiverande eller meningsfullt. Problemlösning har i tidigare forskning visat öka elevernas motivation. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur problemlösning kan påverka motivationen hos elever i årskurs 6. Studien undersöker även hur eleverna upplever undervisningen, både genom arbete i läroboken och problemlösning, och hur interaktionen ser ut i klassrummet under de olika arbetssätten. Resultatet visar att eleverna upplevde arbete med problemlösning i grupper som positivt. De uttrycker även att det är mer givande att få arbeta med mer omfattande uppgifter som ger utmaning än att sitta och räkna massa tal i läroboken. Under arbetet med problemlösning pratade eleverna mer med varandra om matematik, och använde relevanta begrepp, jämfört med arbetet i läroboken då de framför allt pratade med läraren när de behövde hjälp. En slutsats som kan dras från denna undersökning är att det är positivt att arbeta med problemlösning då det upplevs roligare och mer motiverande, men undervisningen behöver fortfarande varieras för att nå alla typer av elever. / The mathematics textbook is dominating the teaching in Swedish schools today. Studies show that students don’t experience this as motivating or meaningful. Recent research has shown that problem solving could increase students’ motivation. The aim of this study is to examine how problem solving affects motivation in 6th grade students. The study also examine how students experience the teaching, both through work in the textbook and with problem solving, and how the interaction appears in the classroom during the different ways of working. The result shows that the students experienced problem solving in groups as positive. They expressed that it is more rewarding to work with more comprehensive tasks that is challenging than calculating in the textbook. During the work with problem solving the students talked more to each other about mathematics and used relevant terms. When they worked with the textbook they mostly talked to the teacher when they needed help. One conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that it is positive to work with problem solving as it is perceived more fun and therefore more motivating, but education still needs to be varied to reach all types of learners.

La situation de l'homme dans le monde pose l'interrogation fondamentale de l'émotion en rapport à la rationalité, Cette position dichotomique opère une transformation, positive ou négative, de l'action humaine dans l'histoire. Cependant, les sentiments sont un océan de tonalités affective variées, propres à la condition humaine de la sensibilité, ce qui place l'affectivité au coeur de l'existant. Ainsi, I'affectivité se traduit par un senti du corps, un processus psychosomatique,plongeant l'individu dans un désir d'être, pour une recherche du bonheur, dans un souci de paix de l'âme et corps. Or, aujourd'hui, ce désir d'être n'est plus un désir, un enthousiasme pour l'effort spirituel, vers la sagesse et la paix entre les hommes comme projet de réalisation ; la fin de l'homme devient le bonheur comme recherche du plaisir et contentement de soi. / The situation of man in the world raises the fundamental issue of the rapport between feeling and rationality, a dichotomy which transforms human action in history in positive or negative ways. However, the fact that feelings encompass a wide spectrum of emotional hues inherent to the human condition places affectivity at the core of reality. As affectivity manifets itself in the body as a psychosomatic experience, so it immerses the individual in a wish for being, in a search for hapiness and a desire for peace of mind and body. Yet in modern times, this desire to be no longer becomes a desire or enthusiasm for spiritual effort nor a striving toward wisdom and peace between men as a project for historical realisation; instead, the aim of mankind has become hapiness as the pursuit of pleasure and self-satisfaction.

Previous research of the theory of Affective Intelligence holds that anxiety in individuals causes learning behavior. If people are anxious they will actively seek new information. This new information gathered while anxious will cause each individual person to cease acting habitually and begin acting in a manner in line with rational choice models. This thesis addresses three hypotheses; (1) that people who feel anxiety engage in greater information seeking behavior and (2) when people feel anxious they will use information sources that are readily available and efficient to use and (3) anxious individuals will turnout to vote more often than those who are not anxious. I began with the replication of the original research methods of Marcus and MacKuen (1993) and Marcus, Neuman and MacKuen (2000). I then tested hypothesis 1 using new measurements of anxiety in order to address the concerns originally posited by Ladd and Lenz (2008) and Valentino et al. (2008). My final test of hypothesis 1 used revised measurements of anxiety and information derived from 2000-2002 NES Panel data, much in the same manner as Marcus, Neuman and MacKuen (2000). I then tested hypothesis 2 using the same 2000-2002 NES Panel data and an information source change variable. I tested my final hypothesis using pooled NES data from 1984, 1988 and 2000. My findings suggest that as Affective Intelligence predicts, people who feel anxious do tend to seek information. Moreover, when anxious, people will use readily available and efficient information sources. My final finding suggests that although people tend to seek information when anxious this does not necessarily translate into greater participation. Finally, I conclude that the theory of Affective Intelligence is generally correct, but, further research using methods that can better demonstrate the causal direction needs to be undertaken to fully validate Affective Intelligence and more testing of the effect of anxiety on political participation is necessary.

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The External Enablers framework was developed to provide structure and terminology for the analysis of entrepreneurial opportunities. External Enablers (EEs) refer to changes in the environment such as regulatory changes, demographic shifts, or new technologies that enable an individual to create and develop ventures (Davidsson, 2015; Davidsson et al., 2020; Kimjeon & Davidsson, 2021). The framework aims to explain the cause-effect relationships between environmental changes and benefits that ventures experience, via EE mechanisms. EE mechanisms connect to responses in entrepreneurs through relational qualities called opacity and agency intensity. However, recent studies have found that entrepreneurs may ignore significant external changes in the environment, regardless of opacity and agency intensity considerations. Consequently, something else might explain agents’ engagement in venture creation. Another shortcoming of the framework is that it has yet to integrate the possibility that EEs might trigger consecutive EEs, in addition to agents acting on them through, for example, cascading effects. This thesis explores entrepreneurial action and its interplay with external enablers. We investigate why certain individuals act entrepreneurially upon multiple EEs. Previous research has stated that entrepreneurs may ignore opacity and agency intensity considerations. Hence, opacity and agency intensity may not be enough to explain why agents act on EEs. We conducted a qualitative multicase study, to identify patterns and relationships for theory building adhering to grounded theory traditions. Four cases from the Swedish wine industry were chosen, two “pioneers” (that is, early entrants in the wine industry in Sweden) and two “followers” (that is, later entrants). The industry serves as an appropriate empirical setting due to its novelty, where the environment changed rapidly, enabling a new industry to emerge from the 90s. Archival material and semi-structured interviews were combined, where a total of 21 interviews were conducted with vineyard founders, owners, and one expert. The findings show that the pioneers faced high opacity and agency intensity. Therefore, we introduce a third relational quality called Enthusiasm Fit. A high enthusiasm fit helps the pioneers “see through” a high opacity and overcome agency intensity, resulting in acting upon multiple and consecutive EEs. We also found that pioneers contribute to creating other EEs, resulting in cascading effects, where one EE generates reactions in another. Moreover, the followers don’t require a high enthusiasm fit but need the cascading effects produced by pioneers, to lower opacity and agency intensity considerations.

Denna analys fokuserar på läsförståelse i relation till multimodala medel, hur arbete med texter och multimodala verktyg påverkar läsförståelse hos elever samt hur entusiasmen hos elever påverkas genom att undervisningen gällande bearbetning av texter sker på ett sätt som är bekant för eleven. Analysen är i grunden objektiv i val av artiklar och presenterar både positiva såväl som negativa aspekter med ett multimodalt förhållningssätt. Artiklarna presenterade i detta arbete innehåller olika modus med primärt fokus på moderna multimodala medel såsom VR, läsning i digitalt format men även text kombinerat med bilder

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Debating Cannae: Delbrück, Schlieffen, and the Great War provides the reader a view of the historical struggle between Alfred von Schlieffen and Hans Delbrück. They argued fiercely about the foundation of the German Empire and the use of history. The first chapter provides the context of the foundation of the German empire. The second chapter explores the debates between Schlieffen and Delbrück by investigating their writings. The third chapter surveys the effect that the Delbrück and Schlieffen culture war had upon the First World War. This work expands the current view of Schlieffen by demonstrating his commitment to his interpretation of history. The reader will gain an appreciation for the impact of the historical struggle between these two historians. Delbrück believed that nationalism needed to be controlled through objectivity and a contextual understanding; in contrast, Schlieffen believed that nationalism needed to direct one’s historical research as well as one’s life.

L’esthétique de Madame de Staël and Mary Shelley discute l’art de l’improvisation et le concept de l’enthousiasme dans les écrits de ces deux auteurs. Dans ce projet, j’explore l’esthétique d’improvisation et d’enthousiasme de Madame de Staël dans Corinne, en me référant à son autre roman Delphine, à sa pièce de théâtre Sapho, et à ses nouvelles ainsi qu’à ses textes philosophiques comme De l’Allemagne, De l’influence des passions, et De la littérature. J’argumente que Madame de Staël représente à travers le caractère de Corinne une esthétique anti-utilitaire. J’explique qu’elle évoque des valeurs cosmopolites qui valorisent une culture indigène qui est en opposition avec l’impérialisme de Napoléon. De plus, j’examine comment les improvisations de Corinne dérivent d’un enthousiasme qui est associé à la définition que Platon offre du terme. Ceci est évident par la signification que Madame de Staël présente du terme dans De L’Allemagne. J’interprète la maladie de Corinne comme étant d’origine psychosomatique qui est manifesté par la perte de son génie et par un suicide lent qui est une expression de colère contre la patriarchie. Le caractère de Corinne permet à Madame de Staël d’explorer le conflit que les femmes artistes éprouvaient entre ayant une carrière artistique et adhérant à l’idéologie domestique. Chapitre deux se concentre sur l’intérêt que Shelley démontre sur l’art de l’improvisation comme elle l’exprime dans ses lettres à propos de l’improvisateur Tommaso Sgricci. Malgré sa fascination avec la poésie extemporanée, Shelley regrette que cette forme d’art soit évanescente. Aussi, j’examine son enthousiasme pour un autre artiste, Nicolò Paganini. Son enchantement avec se violoniste virtuose est lié à des discours concernant le talent surnaturel des improvisateurs. J’argumente qu’il y a un continuum d’improvisation entre les balades orales du peuple et les improvisations de culture sophistiqué des improvisateurs de haute société. J’estime que les Shelleys collaboraient à définir une théorie d’inspiration à travers leurs intérêts pour l’art de l’improvisation. Chapitre trois considère le lien entre cosmologie et esthétique d’inspiration à travers la fonction de la musique, spécialement La Création de Joseph Haydn, dans The Last Man de Shelley. J’examine la représentation du sublime des Alpes dans le roman à travers de discours qui associent les Alpes avec les forces primordiales de la création. Les rôles de la Nécessité, Prophétie, et du Temps peuvent être compris en considérant la musique des sphères. Chapitre quatre explore les différentes définitions de terme enthousiasme dans les écrits de Shelley, particulièrement Valperga et The Last Man. Je discute l’opinion de Shelley sur Madame de Staël comme suggéré dans Lives. J’analyse les caractères qui ressemblent à Corinne dans les écrits de Shelley. De plus, je considère les sens multiples du mot enthousiasme en relation avec la Guerre civil d’Angleterre et la Révolution française. Je présente comment le terme enthousiasme était lié au cours du dix-septième siècle avec des discours médicales concernant la mélancolie et comment ceci est reflété dans les caractères de Shelley. / The Aesthetics of Madame de Staël and Mary Shelley discusses the art of improvisation and the concept of enthusiasm in the writings of these two authors. In this project, I explore Madame de Staël’s aesthetics of improvisation and enthusiasm as represented in Corinne by drawing from her other novel Delphine, her play Sapho, and her short stories as well as her philosophical texts such as De l’Allemagne, De l’influence des passions, and De la littérature. I argue that Madame de Staël embraces through Corinne an anti-utilitarian aesthetic. I maintain that she represents a cosmopolitanism that values indigenous culture as opposed to Napoleon’s Imperialism. Furthermore, I examine how Corinne’s improvisations derive from an enthusiasm that can be associated to Plato’s elucidation of the term in Phaedrus and in Ion. This is evident by Madame de Staël’s own definition of enthusiasm as presented in the closing chapters of her De l’Allemagne. I interpret Corinne’s illness that is manifested in the loss of her genius as having psychosomatic origins and as being a slow suicide that is an expression of anger against patriarchy. The character of Corinne allows Madame de Staël to explore the conflict that women artists faced between having an artistic career and adhering to the domestic ideology. Chapter two focuses on the interest that Shelley takes in the art of improvisation as is manifested in her letters about the improvisator Tommaso Sgricci. Despite her fascination with extempore poetry, she regrets that this art form is evanescent. Moreover, I examine her enthusiastic response to another artist, Nicolò Paganini. Her fascination with this virtuoso violinist is linked to discourses about the unnatural talent of improvisatores. I argue there is a continuum of improvisation from the ballad form of the common people to the high-cultured improvisatore. I hold that the Shelleys were collaborating in defining the theory of inspiration through their interest in the art of improvisation. Chapter three considers the link between cosmology and aesthetics of inspiration through the function of music, especially Joseph Haydn’s The Creation, in Shelley’s The Last Man. I examine the representation of the sublimity of the Alps in the narrative through discourses that associate the Alps with the primordial forces of creation. The roles of Necessity, Prophecy, and Time can be understood in the novel by taking into account the notion of the music of the spheres. Chapter four explores the different meanings of the word enthusiasm in Shelley’s writings, primarily in Valperga and The Last Man. I discuss Shelley’s views on Madame de Staël as presented in Lives. I analyze Corinne-inspired characters in Shelley’s texts. In addition, I consider the meaning of enthusiasm in Shelley’s writings in relation to the English Civil War and the French Revolution. I present how enthusiasm was linked in the seventeenth-century to medical discourses about melancholia and how this is reflected in Shelley’s characters.