Les sociologues des sciences "antidifférenciationnistes" annoncent ou décrivent l'effacement des frontières entre science et industrie. La figure archétypale de cette nouvelle science hétéronome serait le "chercheur-entrepreneur", imprégné d'un "esprit d'entreprise" qui lui permettrait de mieux communiquer avec le monde marchand, idée que l'on retrouve sous la forme d'une doxa dans certains discours politiques. Cet antidifférenciationnisme, très proche du constructivisme social, repose sur une radicalité épistémologique fort controversée qui s'offre en réponse aux échecs du fondationnalisme. L'objet de ce travail est de penser l'autonomie de la science en neutralisant les querelles métaphysiques qui découlent de cette radicalité. Il débouche sur la production d'une série de concepts que je mobilise pour l'analyse d'une enquête menée auprès de 81 chercheurs créateurs d'entreprises (complétée par une série d'études de cas), ce qui m'amène à nuancer les thèses antidifférenciationnistes.

Ce dépôt correspond au mémoire de synthèse du dossier d'habilitation à diriger des recherches dont le titre général est "Dirigeants d'entreprise et élites économiques en France et en Allemagne au XXe siècle. Formations, trajectoires individuelles et stratégies des firmes". Il comporte également un mémoire de recherche (également déposé) et un recueil de 23 articles publiés.

The purpose of this dissertation is to describe, explain and understand how slowness appeared when some decisions were made in the area of welfare policy and how this slowness was eliminated. The study focuses on major changes. It is argued that such changes follow another logic than small gradual adjustments. Four breaking points have been selected for a deeper analysis: the pension policy decisions of 1913 and 1994 and the housing policy decisions of 1935 and 1992. These decisions led to the emergence of fundamentally new institutional structures concerning the relation between the central government and the citizens. The study shows that an established institutional structure within a welfare policy area generated mental constructs and decision rules that governed political decision-making. This governance resulted in slowness in the form of lengthy decision-making processes. The fundamental institutional structure was being altered only when the mental constructs were broken down. A common feature was that the decisions were first made when discontent with the prevailing order became so strong that it overwhelmed the fear of a new institutional structure. The general tendency was also to shape the fundamental changes in relation to the citizens so that the changes could be portrayed as small. The established mental constructs are the determining explanation for slowness. The interest organizations played a secondary role, as their interests are shaped in accordance with the mental constructs. Their resistance was declined at the same time when the mental constructs were broken down. The individuals – agents of change – that constantly worked for the change of system in reality appear to be significantly more interesting than hindering organization. Their influence showed a recurring pattern.

Record Companies in Sweden- 100 years of music business institutionalisation This thesis is about the development of Record Companies in Sweden over more then hundred years. The Aim is to understand the role of the record company in the change of the music industry by narrating and interpreting its development. The Record Companies did dominate the music industry in Sweden from its birth 1903 until after year 2000, when new forms of music business were born. Despite this the remaining record companies still have similarities with the firs gramophone company from 1903. The empirical story is based on some 20 interviews with central actors in the music industry together with a mapping of the independent music producers, published 2004 and material from other studies on the music business. The story is in it self an important contribution to research since it appears to be the first one done in this way. The conception of the record company as the dominant actor in the organisational field, the music industry, very soon became an institution. This institution has been created and developed in an institutional process that here is analysed in four themes: delimitations, dominant logics, and organising and ownership structure/actors. During the process the limitations for the record company and the organisational field is changing. The logic is being push towards either art or comers during different periods, different forms of organising are created and developed and actors turn up and disappear. A main conclusion is that the cognitive processes highlight the institutionalisation but also the normative and the regulative processes helps to explain. At the same time this must, as in the model developed in the thesis, be connected to the four themes in order to create the holistic understanding of the institutionalization of the music business in Sweden being demanded in the aim of the thesis. In the model the actors are being emphasized as most important in the creation, remaining, developing, changing and at the and also liquidation of the institutional conception of the record company as the dominant form of music business. Partly this could be explained by and in itself explain the lack of a strong common organization in the music business together with the rather limited impact from attempts of regulations. New and old actors are now defined as institutional entrepreneurs as they are creating the new music industry, forcing the record companies to step aside from its dominant role in the same way as the music publishers once did. They might even give the dominance back to the publishers, or maybe there will not bee yet another institution in the music industry or any dominant role. Maybe it will change into something completely different? The model developed and used in this thesis is proposed for use in other longitudinal studies especially in other art businesses and similar organizational fields. / Avhandlingen framlagd vid Göteborgs universitet.

Syfte – Studien ämnar utveckla en större förståelse för små- och medelstora företags internationaliseringsprocesser och entreprenörskap över tid, samt vilka entreprenöriella element som kan ligga till grund för en global framgång och konkurrenskraft. Studien undersöker svenska företag inom cleantech-sektorerna solenergi, bioenergi, samt transport i syfte att finna insiktsfulla skillnader mellan sektorerna.   Design och metod – Studien är designad som en kvalitativ undersökning, i syfte att tillvarata rik och insiktsfull förståelse från tolv svenska cleantech-entreprenörer, med intervjudata som samlats in i ett tidigare forskningsprojekt. Den kvalitativa inriktningen karaktäriseras av en ambition att utveckla och använda olika teorier inom det aktuella forskningsområdet, där studiens empiri är styrande.   Resultat – Studiens resultat betonar att de tolv cleantech-entreprenörerna växer olika på internationella marknader och har olika behov, beroende på cleantech-sektor. Cleantech-företagen kan inte beskrivas eller förstås som en homogen grupp företag. Internationalisering bland svenska företag kan över tid beskrivas som en förändring från industrisamhället och dess neoklassiska synsätt till ett kunskapssamhälle, där kunden fungerar som medproducent i den dynamiska värdeskapande processen. I en ständigt föränderlig omvärld kan förståelse för förändring vara en entreprenörs viktigaste förmåga och egenskap. Två viktiga insikter är; (1) entreprenörens förståelse för vad som är ett företags kärnkompetens, och hur kärnkompetensen tillvaratas på bästa sätt; (2) entreprenörens förmåga att våga förändra sin verksamhet och att lyckas göra det på rätt sätt, det vill säga förmågan att åstadkomma effectuation.                                                                                                                                                                                        Studien betonar även hur de tolv cleantech-entreprenörerna kan åstadkomma konkurrenskraft och framgång i sina internationaliseringsprocesser genom att uppnå innanförskap i relevanta nätverk. Ett innanförskap i relevanta nätverk är avhängigt entreprenörernas kunskaper, erfarenheter, förmågor och egenskaper att skapa förtroende och värde i bilaterala relationer. Förmågan att som entreprenör se, förstå och utveckla möjligheter kan vara en nyckelfaktor för att uppnå framgång och konkurrenskraft på utländska marknader. Den främsta kunskapen i dagens föränderliga omvärld är erfarenhetsbaserad och tyst kunskap, eftersom objektiv kunskap endast ger en stillbild av den situationsbundna verkligheten. Studien framhäver några insiktsfulla skillnader mellan solenergiföretagen och bioenergiföretagen, samt transportföretaget, och skapar en större förståelse för fenomenet cleantech.   Originalitet – Studiens forskningsområden, SME:s internationalisering och entreprenörskap, sammanflätas med psykologiska (kognitiva) och filosofiska (kunskapsmässiga) element, vilket leder fram till nya perspektiv inom internationell företagsekonomi. / Purpose – The study aims to develop a greater understanding of small- and medium sized enterprises internationalization processes and entrepreneurship over time, as well as the entrepreneurial elements that can form the basis for a global success and competitiveness. The study examines Swedish companies in the cleantech sectors solar energy, bioenergy, and transportation in order to find insightful differences.   Design and methodology – The study is designed as a qualitative survey, in order to take advantage of the rich and insightful understanding from twelve Swedish cleantech entrepreneurs, with interview data gathered in a previous research project. The qualitative approach is characterized by a desire to develop and use different theories in the research field, where the empirical data is conductive.   Findings – The study results emphasize that the twelve cleantech entrepreneurs grows differently within international markets and has different needs, depending on the cleantech sector. The cleantech companies cannot be described nor understood as a homogeneous group of companies. Internationalization of Swedish companies can over time be described as a change from an industrial society and its neo-classical approach into a knowledge society, where the customer serves as co-producer of the dynamic value creation process. In a constantly changing world, understanding change can be the most important entrepreneurial ability and capability. Two important insights are; (1) the entrepreneurs’ understanding of the company’s core competencies, and how the core competencies can serve as an advantage best; (2) the entrepreneurs’ ability to dare make change in their business and being successful doing so correctly, i.e. the ability to achieve effectuation.   The study also emphasizes how the twelve cleantech entrepreneurs can achieve competitiveness and success in their internationalization processes by achieve insidership in relevant networks. Insidership in relevant networks depends on entrepreneurs’ knowledge, experience, abilities and capabilities to create trust and value in bilateral relationships. The ability of the entrepreneur to see, understand and develop opportunities can be a key factor for success and competitiveness in foreign markets. The main knowledge in today's changing business environment is experiential and tacit knowledge as objective knowledge provides only a snapshot of the situation-bound reality. The study highlights some insightful differences between solar companies and bioenergy companies, as well as the transportation company, and create a greater understanding of the phenomenon of cleantech.   Originality – The study's research field, SME's internationalization and entrepreneurship, intertwines with psychological (cognitive) and philosophical (in terms of knowledge) elements, which leads to new perspectives in international business and administration.

One of the most interesting results of the collapse of the former Soviet Union is the emergence of successful cosmopolitan entrepreneurs from former Soviet republics who have immigrated to countries, such as the United States and Canada, and settled in metropolitan areas like Toronto and have made millions establishing businesses in their new host countries. I have chosen to study successful cosmopolitan entrepreneurs from the former Soviet Union because this group has immigrated from a place where the free market economy and privatization did not exist prior to the 1980s, so the important intellectual issue, is how did immigrants who grew up most of their lives in a state-controlled communist system where entrepreneurship was forbidden learn to become so adept at starting businesses in a market economy when they moved to Toronto. One of the central questions that this dissertation aims to address is: How did experiences in the former Soviet communist economy and in the transitional economy affect the role that human capital, financial capital, and social capital played in establishing businesses in Toronto. This study is based on thirty two interviews that I have conducted with two cohorts of immigrants from the former Soviet Union, those who immigrated to Toronto in the late 1970s and early 1980s and those that immigrated in the late 1980s and 1990s. To address how Russian immigrants established businesses in Toronto, I used three bodies of literature, including (1) transitional economy, (2) ethnic and class dimensions of entrepreneurship, and (3) transnationalism to examine how each of the following factors: 1) social capital, 2) financial capital, 3) human capital, and 4) home country experience, specifically experience in the former Soviet communist economy and experience in the transitional economy affected the Russian entrepreneur at each stage of business development in Toronto.

Cette recherche s'attache à l'observation des dynamiques émergentes de développement économique des territoires ruraux, par le prisme de la marchandisation des activités récréatives. Elle propose alors de comprendre les effets de l'économie liée à l'activité des entrepreneurs de l'encadrement sportif de nature sur les systèmes territoriaux, touristiques et ruraux. Les sports de nature sont des activités récréatives qui se sont dotées depuis quelques dizaines d'années d'une dimension commerciale et qui s'inscrivent désormais largement dans les territoires ruraux. Dès lors, les sports de nature constituent localement des filières professionnelles, suivant lesquelles les opérateurs se structurent, se localisent ou échangent dans le but de développer leurs activités. Celles-ci s'accompagneraient alors d'impacts économiques et territoriaux. Toutefois, ces retombées sont particulièrement complexes à discerner ou à évaluer, se diffusant ou se dissimulant suivant les caractéristiques socio- spatiales des sports de nature marchands. Des logiques spatiales puis territoriales apparaissent au sein même du marché du tourisme sportif de nature, si l'on observe le groupe des entrepreneurs de l'encadrement marchand représentant l'essentiel de l'offre commerciale de sports de nature en milieu rural. Cette complexité sociale et territoriale, nous a conduit à détailler les effets des modes de structuration du marché du tourisme sportif de nature en milieu rural conditionnant "l'effet territoire", les avantages liés à la territorialisation des entrepreneurs, à la fois du côté : des systèmes productifs, des systèmes sociaux et des systèmes administratifs. Cette recherche se base sur l'exemple du département de l'Ardèche pour illustrer ces mécanismes socio-spatiaux. Nous utilisons ce terrain, dans l'objectif d'appuyer des logiques introduites à l'échelle nationale, que nous confirmons avec une étude approfondie du territoire de l'Ardèche. Nous avons recourt, pour cela, à une approche quantitative, statistique et cartographique d'un côté puis qualitative en s'appuyant sur des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès d'un échantillon d'entrepreneurs des sports de nature, d'une part, puis des acteurs de la gestion locale concertée de ces activités, d'autre part. Cette démarche a pour objectif de confirmer les dynamiques quantitatives, observées en Ardèche avec des éléments issus des discours des acteurs et des opérateurs locaux des sports de nature. Enfin, cette recherche pose les fondements du concept de système économique sportif de nature local. Celui-ci propose une modélisation des effets respectifs de l'espace (sous-système spatial) sur les acteurs du marché des sports de nature (sous-système des acteurs) en prenant l'exemple de l'Ardèche. La représentation des interactions entre ces sous-systèmes permet une lecture de la complexité du marché du tourisme sportif de nature. Ces interactions représentent, dans un sens les effets de ce marché sur le territoire, et de l'autre, l'avantage comparatif fournit par le territoire et la proximité entre ses acteurs.

One of the most interesting results of the collapse of the former Soviet Union is the emergence of successful cosmopolitan entrepreneurs from former Soviet republics who have immigrated to countries, such as the United States and Canada, and settled in metropolitan areas like Toronto and have made millions establishing businesses in their new host countries. I have chosen to study successful cosmopolitan entrepreneurs from the former Soviet Union because this group has immigrated from a place where the free market economy and privatization did not exist prior to the 1980s, so the important intellectual issue, is how did immigrants who grew up most of their lives in a state-controlled communist system where entrepreneurship was forbidden learn to become so adept at starting businesses in a market economy when they moved to Toronto. One of the central questions that this dissertation aims to address is: How did experiences in the former Soviet communist economy and in the transitional economy affect the role that human capital, financial capital, and social capital played in establishing businesses in Toronto. This study is based on thirty two interviews that I have conducted with two cohorts of immigrants from the former Soviet Union, those who immigrated to Toronto in the late 1970s and early 1980s and those that immigrated in the late 1980s and 1990s. To address how Russian immigrants established businesses in Toronto, I used three bodies of literature, including (1) transitional economy, (2) ethnic and class dimensions of entrepreneurship, and (3) transnationalism to examine how each of the following factors: 1) social capital, 2) financial capital, 3) human capital, and 4) home country experience, specifically experience in the former Soviet communist economy and experience in the transitional economy affected the Russian entrepreneur at each stage of business development in Toronto.

El objetivo central de ésta investigación es el análisis del Sistema Arbitral de Consumo en España y México, su ámbito de aplicación y sus principales características, así como la Mediación y la Conciliación de una forma general, que tienen lugar dentro del mismo contexto. Por ello se investigaron las distintas normativas que regulan el procedimiento especial en el ámbito del consumo en ambos países respecto a sus bondades, ventajas, limitaciones y los campos de oportunidad, en este sentido se utilizó el método de investigación de estudio de casos de tipo explicativo, apoyándose en fuentes de Investigación Jurídica, como leyes, jurisprudencia y doctrina, concluyendo con propuestas de algunas adiciones de ambos sistemas sustanciales y destacando los logros que se obtendrán de la instalación de una reforma legislativa al sistema en beneficio de la comunidad. / The objective of this research is the analysis of Consumer Arbitration System in Spain and Mexico, its scope and its main features, as well as mediation and conciliation taking place within the context. We investigated the different regulations governing special procedure in both countries regarding their benefits, advantages, limitations and areas of opportunity, in that way the research method of case study explanatory type was used, leaning on sources of legal research, such as laws, jurisprudence and doctrine, concluding with the suggestion of some additions to both substantial systems and highlighting the achievements to be obtained from the installation of a legislative reform to the system, in benefit of the community.

La loi Spinetta du 4 janvier 1978, est la loi fondamentale en matière de construction immobilière . Elle régit à la fois la responsabilité des constructeurs ainsi que les assurances obligatoires (responsabilité et assurance dommages ouvrage) . En raison de ses lacunes et ses imperfections, elle offre au juge judiciaire une marge d'interprétation prépondérante, le conduisant ainsi à faire une oeuvre jurisprudentielle très créatrice, dérogeant parfois au Code civil et au Code des assurances . Dans le souci de parvenir à la protection efficace des maîtres d'ouvrage, commandée par la philosophie de cette loi, le juge s'appuie sur les capacités financières des assureurs pour atteindre cet objectif, au point, finalement, d'élargir l'objet de la responsabilité des constructeurs et de l'assurance construction . Cette action dynamique du juge a ainsi pour résultat de perturber l'équilibre du système d¤assurance construction, notamment en ce qui concerne le mécanisme de préfinancement des dommages et le mécanisme de la subrogation . L'assureur dommages ouvrage ne parvient pas toujours à récupérer les fonds qu'il a avancés . En dépit de ces dysfonctionnements, ce système d'assurance reste selon les professionnels de la construction globalement satisfaisant et de loin le plus protecteur au niveau européen . Reste à savoir si ce système pourra servir de modèle, s'il est un jour question d'harmonisation